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Conflict of Laws in East Africa

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2009

A. Arthur Schiller
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Extract

African law has come of age. It has its own Journal, its own international association, and increasing attention is being turned to various aspects of the field in all quarters of the globe. A quarter of a century ago the view was expressed that Netherlands Indies jurisprudence and the studies of Dutch-trained jurists on the Indies law would be of extreme value when the interpretation of a comparable plurality of legal systems in tropical Africa was undertaken. The suggestion has been realized. In Holland former students of adat law have turned to African native law and custom. In England the experts on African law frequently rely on such Dutch works as are made available to them. I welcome the opportunity of expressing my esteem, as well as my indebtedness, to the scholar who has provided the solid foundation for a very important segment of African, as it was of Indies, law. To Professor Kollewijn I dedicate this fragment on conflict of laws in East Africa.

Type
Research Article
Information
Netherlands International Law Review , Volume 9 , Issue 4: Special Issue: De Conflictu Legum, Essays Presented to RD Kollewijn and J Offerhaus , October 1962 , pp. 430 - 454
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Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1962

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References

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5. These “constitutional” provisions are set forth in the Orders in Council of the various territories. E.g., Tanganyika Order in Council, 1920, Art. 17 (a): “Subject to the other provisions of this Order, such civil and criminal jurisdiction shall, so far as circumstances admit, be exercised in conformity with the Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure and Penal Codes of India and the other Indian Acts and other laws which are in force in the Territory at the date of the commencement of this Order or may hereafter be applied or enacted, and subject thereto and so far as the same shall not extend or apply shall be exercised in conformity with the substance of the common law, the doctrines of equity and the statutes of general application in force in England at the date of this Order and with the powers vested in and according to the procedure and practice observed by and before Courts of Justice and Justices of the Peace in England according to their respective jurisdictions and authorities at that date, save in so far as the said Civil Procedure, Criminal Procedure and Penal Codes of India and other Indian Acts and other laws in force as aforesaid and the said common law doctrines of equity and statutes of general application and the said powers, procedure and practice may … be modified, amended or replaced by other provision in lieu thereof by or under the authority of any Order of His Majesty in Council, or by any Proclamation issued or by any Ordinance or Ordinances passed in and for the Territory; Provided always, that the said common law, doctrines of equity and statutes of general application shall be in force in the Territory so far only as the circumstances of the Territory and its inhabitants and the limits of His Majesty's Jurisdiction permit, and subject to such qualifications as local circumstances may render necessary.” To the same effect, Kenya Order in Council, 1921, Art. 4(2); Uganda Order in Council, 1902, Art. 15(2); Zanzibar Order in Council, 1924, Art. 24.

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28. The editor notes that payment of Galla bride-price does not apply to Moslems marrying by Mohammedan rites; hence the payments are “jehaz” or “ngmo” under the Sheria (Islamic law).

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65. Fazalan Bibi v. Tehran Bibi and another, 8 E.A.L.R. 200 (High Court, 1921).Google Scholar

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68. Sir G. Graham Paul dissented, for he would not agree that the Supreme Court was authorized to exercise its jurisprudence in conformity with the rules of Hindu law when the parties to the suit were Hindus. This would amount to putting Hindus in a class similar to natives, which the Order in Council does not do. Thus the Court should assume – since Hindu law was neither stated nor proved – that the claim was pursued in accordance with the law of the Court, that is, English law.

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74. See supra, note 5.

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76. Art. 17(2) does not curtail exercise of jurisdiction; it merely seeks to fit in English common law and equity with the circumstances of the community.

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98. In re Hassanali Jadavji, deceased, 1 T.L.R.(R.) 729 (Tanganyika High Court, 1947).Google Scholar

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115. The Moslem law of the land was likewise held to be ousted by applied Indian Acts which fit the circumstances of the case, in Nathu Rahim v. Merali Walli, 2 E.A.L.R. 29 (EACA, 1907)Google Scholar, and Wakf Commissioners for Zanzibar v. Wallo Ramchor, 1 Z.L.R. 227 (H.B.M.'s Ct., Zanzibar, 1908).Google Scholar

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118. Kenya Order in Council, 1921, Art. 4(2); cf. note 5, supra.

119. The doctrine of this case was applied, in an attempted disposition by trust of house and land separately at Dar es-Salaam, Khatijabai v. Kassam Sunderji Samji and others, 22 E.A.C.A. 301 (on appeal from the High Court of Tanganyika, 1955).Google Scholar

120. Abdulla Janmahomed v. Mahomed Valli Dharsi and others, 1 Z.L.R. 258 (H.B.M's Ct., Zanzibar, 1909).Google Scholar

121. Cf. Kingdon, , The Conflict of Laws in Zanzibar (1940), 28 ff.Google Scholar

122. Mohamed v. Abdulla, 5 Z.L.R. 26 (1938)Google Scholar, following Abdullah bin Sleyyum el Makeri v. The Administrator-General, 2 Z.L.R. 29 (H.H. Sultan's Ct., Zanzibar, 1921)Google Scholar, and Mbwana v. District Commissioner, Pemba, 5 Z.L.R. 20 (H.H. Sultan's Ct., Zanzibar, 1938).Google Scholar Accord: Kossim bin Mohamed Barwani v. Awadh bin Salim bin Awadh, 8 Z.L.R. 24 (H.H. Sultan's Ct., Zanzibar, 1948).Google Scholar

123. Dr. Francis Charlesworth v. Naranji Rawji and others, 1 Z.L.R. 186 (1906).Google Scholar

124. The British and the Sultanate Courts were not integrated until the Zanzibar Courts Decree, 1923.

125. Athman bin Mohamed v. Ali bin Salim and another, 6 E.A.L.R. 91 (1915).Google Scholar

126. Khamis bin Ahmed v. Ahmed bin Ali bin Abdurehman and others, 1 E.A.C.A. 130 (1934).Google Scholar

127. Hussein bin M'Nasar v. Abdulla bin Ahmed, 17 K.L.R. 95 (1937).Google Scholar

128. Baraka binti Said Bahmishi v. Salim bin Abed Basawadi, 20 (1) K.L.R. 34 (1942).Google Scholar

129. Masood bin Said and another v. Said bin Salim bin Mohamed Ghulwn, 14 E.A.C.A. 32 (1947).Google Scholar

130. Anderson, , Islamic law, 99Google Scholar, suggests that the Kadhis courts might be equated with native tribunals, and thus would not be bound by the Indian Evidence Act.

131. Mtwana bin Saleh v. Administrator-General and others, 7 Z.L.R. 166 (H.B.M's Ct., Zanzibar, 1940).Google Scholar

132. To the same effect, Seif bin Mahomed El-Mauli v. Administrator-General, Zanzibar Civil Appeal No. 21 of 1947Google Scholar (unreported), cited by Anderson, , Islamic Law, 71 n.I.Google Scholar

133. The author notes that the reports of the Kenya Court of Review, as well as the volume of opinions of the Uganda High Court on cases originating from the Buganda courts were not available to him at this time.

134. Cf. the brief survey in Schiller, , “Conflict of Laws in Indonesia,” Far Eastern Quarterly, 2 (1942), 31, 43 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

135. Cf. Kingdon, , op. cit. supra, note 121, 31 ff.Google Scholar

136. Vollenhoven, , Het Adatrecht van Nederlandsch-Indie, 1 (1925), 133 ff.Google Scholar