Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T16:32:47.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ukrainianization, terror and famine: Coverage in Lviv's Dilo and the nationalist press of the 1930s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Myroslav Shkandrij
Myroslav Shkandrij*
Affiliation:
Department of German and Slavic Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
*
∗Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article looks at the press coverage of Ukrainianization, the Soviet terror, and the famine (Holodomor), particularly in the years 1932–33, focusing on the largest Ukrainian daily outside Soviet Ukraine, the Lviv Dilo. It compares this coverage to the reporting in the press of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). It argues that these two years were a turning point in political attitudes. Galician Ukrainians turned away from the Communist Party of Ukraine and support for the OUN began to grow. Ironically, the OUN had not led protests against the famine, but benefited from the lack of a strong response from European governments and international bodies. The article draws on a reading of the Ukrainian press of the 1930s, and on recent research by Polish and Ukrainian scholars.

Keywords

Ukrainian nationalismGalician press1930sfamine and terrorUkrainianization
Type
Special Section: The Autonomy of Minority Literature
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 40 , Issue 3 , May 2012 , pp. 431 - 451
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnmende, Ewald. Muss Russland Hungern? Menschen und Volkerschicksale in der Sowjetunion. Vienna: Wilhelm Braumuller Universitats-Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1935. Print. (Translated as Human Life in Russia. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1936; rpt. Cleveland: John T. Zubal, 1984.).Google Scholar
“Anhliiska presa pro holod na Ukraini.” Dilo, 17 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Areshtovano 1,200 sovitskykh starshyn.” Dilo, 4 Feb. 1937. Print.Google Scholar
Armstrong, John Alexander. Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia UP, 1963. Print.Google Scholar
B.M. “Trahediia ukrainstva v USRR.” Dilo, 12 July 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Babiak, Anna Maria. “Wielki Głod 1932+1933 na łamakh Lwowskiego dyiennika ‘Diło'.” Holocaust-Genozid in der Ukraine 1932–1933. Ed. Blokhyna, Daryna. Munich-Poltava: Nimetsko-ukrainske naukove oniednannia im. prof. Iuriia Blokhina, 2009. 123–42. Print.Google Scholar
Baran, Stepan. “Z nashoi trahedii za Zbruchem.” Dilo, 21 May 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Bertillion, Suzanne. “Le Famine en Ukraine.” Le Matin, 30 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Bezposeredni visty z Radianskoi Ukrainy.” Dilo, 4 Feb. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Bratkivskyi, Iu. “Pered novymy boiamy.” Bilshovyk Ukrainy 4 (1929): 71–87. Print.Google Scholar
Bruder, Franziska. “Den ukrainischen Staat erkämpfen oder sterben!” Die Organisation Ukrainischer Nationalisten (OUN) 1929–1948. Berlin: Metropol, 2007. Print.Google Scholar
“Byimo na velykyi dzvin na tryvohu!” Dilo, 14 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, W.H. Russia's Iron Age. Boston: Little, Brown, 1934. Print.Google Scholar
Conquest, Robert, Dalrymple, Dana, Mace, James, and Novak, Michael. The Man-Made Famine in Ukraine. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984. Print.Google Scholar
Danko, M. “Dyktatura holodu.” Dilo, 29 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Danko, M. “Evropeiska aktsiia proty holodu v Ukraini.” Dilo, 3 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Davies, R.W., et al., eds. The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence 1931–36. New Haven: Yale UP, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
“Den borotby z bilshovyzmom.” Nash klych, 17 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Do kulturnoho svitu!” Dilo, 14 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Do zhinotstva kulturnoho svitu.” Dilo, 14 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Duranty, Walter. “Russians Hungry, but Not Starving.” New York Times, 31 Mar. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Fischer, Louis. Soviet Journey. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas, 1935. Print.Google Scholar
“France: Herriot a Mother.” Time, 31 Oct. 1932. Print.Google Scholar
Golczewski, Frank. Deutsche und Ukrainer 1914–1939. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010. Print.Google Scholar
Gotsky, Roman. “Ruinnytskyi instynkt.” Dilo, 3 May 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“GPU dali perevodyt masovi areshtuvannia.” Dilo, 7 Feb. 1937. Print.Google Scholar
Hetmanchuk, M.P. “Holodomor v Ukrainskii SRR 1932–38 rr. ta reaktsiia na noho ukrainskoi mizhvoiennoi Polshchi.” Viiskovo-naukovyi visnyk 13 (2010):123–31. Print.Google Scholar
“Holod na Radianskii Ukraini.” Dilo, 8 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Holod na Ukraini.” Dilo, 28 July 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Holod na Ukraini.” Dilo, 13 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Holod na Ukraini u opinii svita (Z rozmovy z pos. Z. Pelenskym).” Dilo, 12 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Holova Rady Ligy Natsii u spravi holodu na Radianskii Ukraini.” Dilo, 10 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Iaku garantiiu ‘Dilo’ daie v imeni OUN? Vidhuk endetskoho ‘Kuriera Lvivskoho’ na stattiu ‘Dila'.” Dilo, 4 Nov. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Iefimenko, Hennadii. Natsionalno-kulturna polityka VKP(B) shchodo Radianskoi Ukrainy (1932–1938). Kyiv: Natsionalna Akademiia Nauk Ukrainy, Instytut Istorii Ukrainy 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Jones, Gareth. “Famine grips Russia.” New York Evening Post, 30 Mar. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Jones, Gareth. “Will there be soup?” Western Mail, 17 Oct. 1932. Print.Google Scholar
Jones, Gareth. “Reds Let Peasants Starve: Famine found even in large city in Ukraine.” New York American, Los Angeles Examiner, 14 January 1935. Print.Google Scholar
“Kardinal Innitzer ruft die Welt gegen den Hungertod auf.” Reichspost, 20 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Kaye, Vladimir Julian [Kisilewsky]. London Diaries MG31-D69, 1 36–41. Manuscript Division, Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Kedryn, Ivan. Zhyttia-Podii-Liudy: Spomyny i komentari. New York: Chervona kalyna, 1976. Print.Google Scholar
Khrutsky, S. “Iak nam reaguvaty na suchasnu tragediiu Ukrainy.” Dilo, 2 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Komitety riatunku Ukrainy.” Dilo, 1 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Konrad, Mykola. “Tserkva i natsionalism.” Dilo, 4 May 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Kovalevsky, M. Ukraina pid chervonym iarmom: dokumenty, fakty. Lviv: Skhid, 1937. Print.Google Scholar
Krushelnytska, Larysa. Rubaiut lis: Spohdy halychanky. 3rd ed. Lviv: Astroliabiia, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Kuhutiak, M. Holodomor 1933-ho i Zakhidna Ukraina (Trahediia Haddniprianshchyny na tli suspil. nastroiv zakhidnoukr. hromadskosti 20-30-kh rokiv). Ivano-Frankivsk, 2003. Print.Google Scholar
Kushnezh, R. “Lvivska presa pro Holodomor.” Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal 3 (2006): 199–209. Print.Google Scholar
Kushnezh, R. “Uchast ukrainskoi hromadskosti Polshchi v dopomohovyckh ta protestatsiinykh aktsiiakh proty Holodomoru v Ukraini.” Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal 2 (2005): 131–41. Print.Google Scholar
Liakhovych. “Tserkva i my.” Rozbudova natsii 11–12 (1932): 280–83. Print.Google Scholar
Lyons, Eugene. Assignment in Utopia. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1937. Print.Google Scholar
“Les Kurbas pide na sud za ‘ukhyly'.” Dilo, 18 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
M. “Hodi movchaty!” Rozbudova natsii 7–8 (1933), 159–61. Print.Google Scholar
M.O. “Chekisty y monarkhisty.” Dilo, 29 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Martin, Terry. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2001. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets, V. Ukrainske pidpillia vid U.V.O. do O.U.N Spohady i materiialy do peredistorii ta istorii ukrainskoho orhanizovanoho natsionalismu. Winnipeg: Ukrainian National Federation, 1949. Print.Google Scholar
Martynets, V. Za zuby i pazuri natsii. Paris: Ukrainske slovo, 1937. Print.Google Scholar
“‘Maten’ pro holod u S.R.S.R.” Dilo, 2 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Motyka, Grzegorz. Ukraińska partyzantka, 1942–1960: Dyialalność Organiyacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińskiej Powstańcyej Armii. Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych Pan, Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm, 2006. Print.Google Scholar
Muggeridge, Malcolm. “The Soviets’ War on the Peasants.” Fortnightly Review 39 (May 1933): 558–64. Print.Google Scholar
“Nedavnii komunist kaietsia.” Dilo, 13 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Nuzhda i holod na Ukraini.” Dilo, 18 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Olzhych, Oleh. “Holod i suchasna ukrainska literatura.” Samostiina dumka 2 (1934); rpt. in his Vybrani tvory. Kyiv: Smoloskyp, 2009. 239–47. Print.Google Scholar
Onatsky, E. “Kult uspikhu.” Rozbudova natsii 7–8 (1934): 162–69. Print.Google Scholar
Onatsky, E. U vichnomu misti: Zapysky ukrainskoho zhurnalista. Vol. 4. Toronto: Novyi shliakh, 1989. Print.Google Scholar
Pakharenko, Vasyl. Viti iedynoho dereva (Ukraina skhidna i zakhidna v apokalipsisi XX stolittia). Cherkasy: Brama-Ukraina, 2005. Print.Google Scholar
Papuha, Iaroslav. “Vysvitlennia Holodomoru i vidhuky na noho v hazeti ‘Dilo'.” Naukovi vyklady 1 (2007): 3–35. Print.Google Scholar
Papuha, Iaroslav. Zakhidna Ukraina i Holodomor 1932–1933 rikiv: Moralno-politychna i materialna dopomoha postrazhdlym. Lviv: Astrolabiia, 2008. Print.Google Scholar
Petryshyn, M. Buduiut chy ruinuiut? (Z pryvodu diialnosty organizatsii ukrainskykh natsionalistiv). Prolom, 1932. Print.Google Scholar
Pidhainy, S.O., ed. The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: a White Book. Vol. 1, Book of Testimonies. Toronto: Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror, 1953. Vol. 2, The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Detroit: DOBRUS, 1955. Print.Google Scholar
“Polityka bezprykladnoho khyzhatstva.” Dilo, 10 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Trolomana Polska movchanka pro holod v USRR.” Dilo, 26 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Realizatory nationalnoi spravedlyvosti.” Dilo 22 July 1927. Print.Google Scholar
Samchuk, Ulas. Mariia. Khronika odnoho zhyttia. Buenos Aires: Vydavnytstvo Mykoly Denysiuka, 1952. Print.Google Scholar
Senex. “Moralna neduha.” Dilo, 19 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Shapoval, Iu. I. Ukraina 20-50-kh rokiv: Storinky nenapysanoi istorii. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 1993. Print.Google Scholar
Smolii, V.I., ed. Politychnyi teror i teroryzm v Ukraini XIX–XX st. Istorychni narysy. Kyiv: Naukova dumka, 2002. Print.Google Scholar
Snyder, Timothy. “Life and Death of Western Volhynian Jewry, 1921–1945.” The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization. Ed. Brandon, Ray and Lower, Wendy. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2010. 77–113. Print.Google Scholar
St. “Orhanizatsiia dopomohy holoduiuchym na Ukraini. Novyi pochyn videnskoho kardynala.” Dilo, 23 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Statystyka Holodovoi smerty.” Dilo, 23 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Strakhittia na Ukraini.” Dilo, 6 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Strashne lykholittia naselennia na Ukraini.” Dilo, 6 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Stsiborskyi, Mykola. Ukraina v tsyfrakh. Winnipeg: Nakladom Ukrainskoho natsionalnoho obiednannia, 1940. Print.Google Scholar
Syretskyi, K. “S.O.S.” Rozbudova natsii 9–10 (1933): 206–09. Print.Google Scholar
Tottle, Dougles. Fraud, Famine and Fascism: The Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books, 1987. Print.Google Scholar
Tselevych, Volodymyr. “Ne mozhna movchaty.” Dilo, 3 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Tselevych, Volodymyr. “Shkidlyvi sabotazhnyky.” Dilo, 11 Oct. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Tselevych, Volodymyr. “Ti, shcho vnosiat khaos v ukrainske zhyttia.” Dilo, 25 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Tselevych, Volodymyr. “Treba protydiiaty.” Dilo, 17 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Tvorydlo, M. “Demokratyzm chy avtorytaryzm?” Dilo, 3 Jan. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Ukraina v peredsmertnykh sudorohakh.” Dilo, 27 July 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Ukrainski sotialisty pro lykholittia Ukrainy.” Dilo, 13 Sept. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“V oboroni vmyraiuchoi Ukrainy.” Dilo, 25 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“V Ukraini ‘selo staie pusteleiu’ (Vrazhinnia chuzhyntsia z podorozhi po Sovitskii Ukraini).” Dilo, 21 Feb, 1937. Print.Google Scholar
V.T. “Holod iak zasib narodovbyvstva.” Svoboda, 1 Aug. 1963. Print.Google Scholar
“Ves narid proty hnobyteliv!” Dilo, 16 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Vidhuky holodu na Radianskii Ukraini v evropeiskii presi.” Dilo, 30 Aug. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Volynets, Stepan. “Holos sumlinnia.” Dilo, 26 July 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Z krainy nuzhdy i holodu.” Dilo, 23 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Z zhyttia sovitskoi Ukrainy.” Dilo, 27 Jan. 1937. Print.Google Scholar
“Zhertvy naivnosty chy provokatsiia? Shche z pryvodu protyrelihiinoi demonstratsii chastyny ukrainskoi molodi.” Dilo, 5 May 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Zhuk, A. Riatunkova aktsiia dlia Velykoi Ukrainy. Lviv: Nakladom Ukr. hromad. kom. riatunku Ukrainy, 1933. Print.Google Scholar
Zhuk, A. “Riatunkova aktsiia dlia Velykoi Ukrainy.” Za Ukrainu, 1 Nov. 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Zhyd osterihaie zhydiv pered bilshovyzmom (Korespondentsiia z Ameryky).” Dilo, 14 June 1933. Print.Google Scholar
“Zhydy u sovitakh.” Dilo, 26 Nov 1932. Print.Google Scholar
Zięba, Andrzej A. Lobbing dla Ukrainy w Europie międzywojennej: Ukraińskie Biuro Prasowe w Londyhie oraz jego konkurenci politycyni (do roku 1932). Krakow: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2010. Print.Google Scholar
Zięba, Andrzej A. “Pacyfikacja Małopolski Wschodniej w 1930 roku i jej echo wśród emigracji ukraińsliej w Kanadzie,” Przez dwa stulecia XIX i XX w: studia historyczne ofiarowane prof. Waclawowi Felczakowi. Ed. Frazik, Wojciech et al. Cracow: Wydawnictwo ITKM, 1993. 79–99. Print.Google Scholar
Zolotarev, Vadym. “Kerivnyi sklad NKVS URSR pid chas ‘velykoho teroru’ (1936–1938 rr.): sotsialno-statystychnyi analiz.” Z arkhiviv 2 (2009): 86–115. Print.Google Scholar
Zolotarev, Vadym. “Nachalnytskyi sklad NKVS USRR naperedodni ‘iezhovshchyny': sotaialnostatystychnyi analiz.” Ukraina v dobi “Velykoho teroru”, 1936–1938 rr. Ed. Bohunov, S., Zolotarov, V., Rafalska, T., Radzivil, O., and Shapoval, Iu. Kyiv: Lybid, 2009. 60–83. Print.Google Scholar