Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T07:53:38.078Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A tale of two presidents: personality cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Abel Polese  and
Slavomir Horák
Abel Polese*
Affiliation:
Institute for International Conflict Resolution and Reconstruction, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland Institute of Political Science, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
Slavomir Horák
Affiliation:
Institute of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article proposes a comparison of the attitudes of the first and second presidents of Turkmenistan to discuss possible overlap between personality cult, as it has been initiated and developed by the two presidents after independence, and nation-building narratives in the country. Nation-building in post-Soviet spaces has been studied comprehensively, but this paper is distinguished by two interpretative frameworks. First, this article is possibly the first comparison of personality cult as it has been constructed by the two Turkmen presidents since 1991. Second, it looks at some specific aspects of the personality cult as possible markers of a Turkmen national identity that becomes, by force of this, de-ethnicized. We suggest that a number of idiosyncratic aspects of the personality cult in Turkmenistan contribute to construct an official nation-building narrative so concentrated on the figure of the president as to minimize the ethnic features of nation-building measures that scholars have noticed in a wide range of cases in the post-socialist region.

Keywords

Turkmenistannation-buildingpersonality cultpresidentCentral Asia
Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , May 2015 , pp. 457 - 478
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Adams, Laura. 2010. The Spectacular State: Culture and National Identity in Uzbekistan. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Laura, and Rustemova, Assel. 2009. “Mass Spectacle and Styles of Governmentality in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1249–1276.Google Scholar
Akbarzadeh, Shahram. 1999. “National Identity and Political Legitimacy in Turkmenistan.” Nationalities Papers 27 (2): 271–290.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis. 1976. Essays in Self-criticism. London: New Left Books.Google Scholar
Anceschi, Luca. 2008. Turkmenistan's Foreign Policy: Positive Neutrality and the Consolidation of the Turkmen Regime. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Anceschi, Luca. 2010. “Integrating Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Making: The Cases of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Survey 29 (2): 143–158.Google Scholar
Apor, Balaizs, Behrends, Jan C., Jones, Polly, and Rees, E. A., eds. 2004. The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorships: Stalin and the Eastern Bloc. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Arel, Dominique. 1995. “Language Politics in Independent Ukraine: Towards One or Two State Languages.” Nationalities Papers 23 (3): 597–622.Google Scholar
Ballyev, Kakamurat, and Odeyev, Osman. 2001. “Slovo Proroka.” Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, May 21.Google Scholar
Barmé, Geremie, ed. 1996. Shades of Mao: The Posthumous Cult of the Great Leader. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Barrington, Lowell. 1995. “The Domestic and International Consequences of Citizenship in the Soviet Successor States.” Europe-Asia Studies 47 (5): 731–763.Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Bremmer, Ian, and Taras, Raymond, eds. 1997. New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, Jeffery. 2000. Thank You, Comrade Stalin!: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cassiday, Julie A., and Johnson, Emily D. 2010. “Putin, Putiniana and the Question of a Post-Soviet Cult of Personality.” The Slavonic and East European Review 88 (4): 681–707.Google Scholar
Cassiday, Julie A., and Johnson, Emily D. 2013. “A Personality Cult for the Postmodern Age: Reading Vladimir Putin's Public Persona.” In Putin as Celebrity and Cultural Icon, edited by Goscilo, Helena, 37–64. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chehabi, Houchang E., and Linz, Juan. 1998. “A Theory of Sultanism 2: Genesis and Demise of Sultanistic Regimes.” In Sultanistic Regimes, edited by Chehabi, Houchang E. and Linz, Juan J., 26–48. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Connor, Walker. 1994. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cummings, Sally. 2002. Power and Change in Central Asia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cummings, Sally. 2009. “Inscapes, Landscapes and Greyscapes: The Politics of Signification in Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1083–1093.Google Scholar
Cummings, Sally. 2013. “Leaving Lenin: Elites, Official Ideology and Monuments in the Kyrgyz Republic.” Nationalities Papers 41 (4): 606–621.Google Scholar
Dagiev, Dagikhudo. 2014. Regime Transition in Central Asia: Stateness, Nationalism and Political Change in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
De Juriew, Dominique. 2000. Mythes politiques et identitaires en Ukraine post-sovietique. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Denison, Michael. 2009. “The Art of the Impossible: Political Symbolism and the Creation of National Identity and Collective Memory in Post-Soviet Turkmenistan.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1167–1187.Google Scholar
Dogan, Erhan. 2006. “AB Katılım Süreci, Neo-Korporatizm ve Türk Siyasetindeki Korporatist Kalıntılar.” In Sivil Toplum ve Dış Politika: Yeni Sorunlar Yeni Aktörler, edited by Doğan, Erhan and Cerit Mazlum, Semra, 35–54. Istanbul: Baglam Yayinlari.Google Scholar
Edgar, Adrienne L. 2004. Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fauve, Adrien. 2015. “A Tale of Two Statues in Astana: The Fuzzy Process of Nationalistic City Making,” Nationalities Papers 43 (3): 383–398.Google Scholar
Fournier, Anna. 2002. “Mapping Identities: Russian Resistance to Linguistic Ukrainization in Central and Eastern Ukraine.” Europe-Asia Studies 54 (3): 415–433.Google Scholar
Gill, Graeme. 1980. “The Soviet Leader Cult: Reflections on the Structure of Leadership in the Soviet Union.” British Journal of Political Science 10 (2): 167–186.Google Scholar
Glyptis, Leda. 2008. “Living Up to the Father: The National Identity Prescriptions of Remembering Atatürk; His Homes, His Grave, His Temple.” National Identities 10 (4): 353–372.Google Scholar
Hierman, Brent, and Nekbakhtshoev, Navruz. 2014. “Whose Land Is It?: Land Reform, Minorities, and the Titular ‘Nation’ in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.” Nationalities Papers 42 (2): 336–354.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terence, eds. [1983] 1992. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horák, Slavomír. 2005. “The Ideology of the Turkmenbashy Regime.” Perspectives on European Politics & Society 6 (2): 305–319.Google Scholar
Horák, Slavomír. 2014. “The Battle of Gökdepe in the Turkmen Post-Soviet Historical Discourse.” Central Asian Survey. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2014.964940 Google Scholar
Horák, Slavomír, and Šír, Jan. 2009. Dismantling Totalitarianism? Turkmenistan under Berdimuhammedow. Silk Road Paper, March. Washington, DC – Stockholm: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute – Silk Road Studies Program in the New Europe.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico. 2010. “'Papa’ Nazarbayev: The Discourse of Charismatic Leadership and Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 10 (3): 435–452.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico. 2011. Party System Formation in Kazakhstan: Between Formal and Informal Politics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico. 2014. “Neopatrimonialism and Beyond: Reassessing the Formal and Informal in the Study of Central Asian Politics.” Contemporary Politics 20 (2): 229–245.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico. 2015. “Cinema and Nation-Building in Kazakhstan.” In Nation-Building and Identity in the Post-Soviet Space: New tools and Approaches, edited by Isaacs, R., and Polese., A. Farnham: Ashgate (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico. Forthcoming. “Nomads, Warriors and Bureaucrats: Nation-Building and Film in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan.” Nationalities Papers 43 (3): 399–416.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico, and Polese, Abel. 2015. Nation Building in Post-Soviet Spaces: New Tools and Approaches. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Isaacs, Rico, and Whitmore, Sarah. 2013. “The Limited Agency and Life-cycles of Personalist Dominant Parties in the Post-Soviet Space: United Russia and Nur Otan.” Democratization 21 (4): 699–721.Google Scholar
Janmaat, Jan G. 2000. Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Ukraine. Educational Policy and the Response of the Russian Speaking Population. Utrecht: Royal Dutch Geographical Society.Google Scholar
Kadyrov, Shohrat. 2003. “Natsiia” piemen. Etnicheskiie istoki, transformatsiia, perspektivy gosudarstvennosti v Turkmenistane. Moskva: Tsentr Tsivilizatsionnykh i regional'nykh issledovanii Rossiiskaia akademiia nauk.Google Scholar
Kaldor, Mary. 2004. “Nationalism and Globalisation.” Nations and Nationalism 10 (1-2): 161–177.Google Scholar
Kevlihan, Rob. 2007. “Beyond Creole Nationalism? Language Policies, Education and the Challenge of State Building in Post-conflict Southern Sudan” Ethnopolitics 6 (4): 513–543.Google Scholar
Kevlihan, Rob. 2013a. Aid, Insurgencies and Conflict Transformation, When Greed Is Good. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kevlihan, Rob. 2013b. “Designing Social Inquiry in Central Asia: A Case Study of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.” Studies of Transition States and Societies 5 (1): 58–68.Google Scholar
Kiepenheuer-Drechsler, Barbara. 2006. “Trapped in Permanent Neutrality: Looking Behind the Symbolic Production of the Turkmen Nation.” Central Asian Survey 25 (1-2): 129–141.Google Scholar
Kolst⊘, Pål. 2000. Political Construction Sites: Nation-Building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kolst⊘, Pål, ed. 2014. Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Kruusvall, Juri, Berry, William, and Vetik, Raivo. 2009. “The Strategies of Inter-ethnic Adaptation of Estonian Russians.” Studies of Transition States and Societies 1 (1): 3–24.Google Scholar
Kuliyev, Avdy. 2006. “2 goda v pravitel'stve 13 let v oppozitsii.” Moskva.Google Scholar
Kulyk, V. 2011. “Language Identity, Linguistic Diversity and Political Cleavages: Evidence from Ukraine.” Nations and Nationalism 17 (3): 627–648.Google Scholar
Kunysz, Nicholas. 2012. “From Sultanism to Neopatrimonialism? Regionalism Within Turkmenistan.” Central Asian Survey 31 (1): 1–16.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet. 2002. “Between the State and Cultural Zones: Nation Building in Turkmenistan.” Central Asian Survey 21 (1): 71–90.Google Scholar
Kuzio, Taras. 1998. Ukraine: State and Nation Building. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kuzio, Taras. 2000. “Nationalism in Ukraine: Towards a New Framework.” Politics 20 (2): 77–86.Google Scholar
Kuzio, Taras. 2006. “National Identity and History Writing in Ukraine.” Nationalities Papers 34 (4): 407–427.Google Scholar
Laitin, David. 1998. Identity in Formation. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene. 2012a. “Discussing Neopatrimonialism and Patronal Presidentialism in the Central Asian Context.” Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 20 (4): 301–324.Google Scholar
Laruelle, Marlene. 2012b. “The Paradigm of Nationalism in Kyrgyzstan. Evolving Narrative, the Sovereignty Issue, and Political Agenda.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45 (1–2): 39–49.Google Scholar
Leese, Daniel. 2007. “The Mao Cult as Communicative Space.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 8 (3-4): 623–639.Google Scholar
Leese, Daniel. 2014. “The Cult of Personality and Symbolic Politics.” In The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism, edited by Smith, Stephen, 339–354. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J., and Stepan, A. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lipovsky, Igor. 1996. “Central Asia: In Search of a New Political Identity.” The Middle East Journal 50 (2): 211–223.Google Scholar
Marat, Erica. 2009. “Nation Branding in Central Asia: A New Campaign to Present Ideas about the State and the Nation.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1123–1136.Google Scholar
Matveeva, Anna. 2009. “Legitimising Central Asian Authoritarianism: Political Manipulation and Symbolic Power.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1095–1121.Google Scholar
Menga, Filippo. Forthcoming. “Building a Nation Through a Dam: The Case of Rogun in Tajikistan.” Nationalities Papers.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert. 1936. “The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action.” American Sociological Review 1 (6): 894–904.Google Scholar
Militz, E. 2015. Media Events and Nation-Building in Azerbaijan in Isaacs, R. and A. Polese. Nation Building in Post-Soviet Spaces: New Tools and Approaches. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Morris, Jeremy. 2005. “The Empire Strikes Back: Projections of National Identity in Contemporary Russian Advertising.” Russian Review 64: 642–660.Google Scholar
Morris, Jeremy. 2009. “Drinking to the Nation: Russian Television Advertising and Cultural Differentiation.” In Globalisation, Freedom and the Media after Communism, edited by Birgit Beumers, Stephen Hutchings, and Rulyova, Natalia, 141–158. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Narkiewicz, Olga. 1986. Soviet Leaders: From the Cult of Personality to Collective Rule. Manchester, UK: Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Ó Beacháin, Donnacha. 2010. “Turkmenistan.” In The Colour Revolutions in the Former Soviet Republics: Successes and Failures, edited by Ó Beacháin, Donnacha and Polese, Abel, 217–236. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ó Beacháin, Donnacha. 2011. “Social and Political Perceptions of the Borat Phenomenon in Kazakhstan: Evidence from a Case Study of University Students.” Studies of Transition States and Societies 3 (3): 51–63.Google Scholar
Ó Beacháin, Donnacha, and Coene, Frederik. 2014. “Go West: Georgia's European Identity and Its Role in Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Objectives.” Nationalities Papers 42 (6): 923–941.Google Scholar
Ó Beacháin, Donnacha, and Kevlihan, Rob. 2013. “Threading a Needle – Kazakhstan Between Civic and Ethno Nationalist State-Building.” Nations and Nationalism 19 (2): 337–356.Google Scholar
Ó Beacháin, Donnacha, and Kevlihan, Rob. Forthcoming. “'Imagined Democracy?’ Nation-Building and Elections in Central Asia.” Nationalities Papers 43 (3): 495–513.Google Scholar
Ó Beacháin, Donnacha, Sheridan, Vera, and Stan, Sabina, eds. 2012. Life in Post-Communist Europe after EU Membership. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peyrouse, Sebastien. 2012a. Turkmenistan. Strategies of Power. Dilemmas of Development. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Peyrouse, Sebastien. 2012b. “The Kazakh Neopatrimonial Regime: Balancing Uncertainties among the ‘Family,’ Oligarchs and Technocrats.” Demokratizatsiya 20 (4): 345–370.Google Scholar
Plamper, Jan. 2003. “The Spatial Poetics of the Personality Cult: Circles Around Stalin.” In The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, edited by Dobrenko, Evgeny and Naiman, Eric, 19–50. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Plamper, Jan. 2012. The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2008. “Does Civic Nation-Building Exist? An Answer from Ukraine.” Paper presented at the ASEN annual conference, London School of Economics, London, April 15–18.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2009. “Une version alternative de la ‘révolution orange': transformations identitaires et ‘nation building spontané'.” Socio-logos 4.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2010. “The Formal and the Informal: Exploring ‘Ukrainian’ Education in Ukraine, Scenes from Odessa.” Comparative Education 46 (1): 47–62.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2011a. “Ukraine: la construction nationale entre le réel et l'imaginaire.” In Nations, Cultures et Entreprises en Europe, edited by Rouet, Gilles, 36–50. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2011b. “Language and Identity in Post-1991 Ukraine: Was It Really Nation-Building?” Studies of Transition States and Societies 3 (3): 36–50.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2013. “Ucrănia: a construção nacional entre o real e o imaginário.” E-Cadernos 19. http://eces.revues.org/1588 Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2014a. “Patterns of Identity Formation in the Post-Soviet Space: Odessa as a Case Study.” In Imagining Identities: Identity Formation in the Age of Globalization, edited by Pultar, Gonul, 171–194. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel. 2014b. “Between Official and Unofficial Temperatures: A Complication to the Hot and Cold Ethnicity Theory from Odessa.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (2): 59–75.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel, and Wylegala, Anna. 2008a. “Odessa and Lvov or Odesa and Lviv: How Important Is a Letter? Reflections on the ‘Other’ in Two Ukrainian Cities.” Nationalities Papers 36 (5): 787–814.Google Scholar
Polese, Abel, and Wylegala, Anna. 2008b. “Sprache und Identitat: Reflexionen aus Odessa und Lwiw.” [Language and Identity: Reflections on Odessa and L'viv]. Ukraine Analyse 49: 13–17.Google Scholar
Polese, A., and Kevlihan, R. 2015. “Locating Insurgency, Informality and Social Movements on a Spectrum: Is there a Theory Linking them all?” Paper presented at the 9th Pan-European Conference on International Relations, Giardini Naxos, Sicily, Italy, September 23–26.Google Scholar
Pomfret, Richard. 2006. “Resource Abundance, Governance and Economic Performance in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.” In Energy, Wealth and Governance in the Caucasus and Central Asia: Lessons Not Learned, edited by Auty, Richard and de Soysa, Indra, 77–93. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Richardson, Tanya. 2008. Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Neil. 2000. Institutions and Political Change in Russia. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Rodgers, Peter. 2007. “Compliance or Contradiction? Teaching ‘History’ in the ‘New’ Ukraine. A View from Ukraine's Eastern Borderlands.” Europe-Asia Studies 59 (3): 503–519.Google Scholar
Sakwa, Richard. 2004. Putin: Russia's Choice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schrift, Melissa. 2001. Biography of a Chairman Mao Badge: The Creation and Mass Consumption of a Personality Cult. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Shulman, Stephen. 2002. “Sources of Civic and Ethnic Nationalism in Ukraine.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 18 (4): 1–30.Google Scholar
Šír, Jan. 2005. “O nekotorykh aspektakh ‘pozitivnogo neitraliteta’ postsovetskogo Turkmenistana.” In Politicheskaia nauka i politicheskie protsessy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii i novykh nezavisimykh gosudarstvakh, edited by Kiselev, K. V., 467–475. Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony. 1991. National Identity. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Smith, Graham. 1994. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Smith, Trevor J. 1998. “The Collapse of the Lenin Personality Cult in Soviet Russia, 1985–1995.” Historian 60 (2): 325–343.Google Scholar
“The First Monument to Turkmenistan's Second President.” 2014. The Chronicle of Turkmenistan, July 30. http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2014/07/the-first-monument-to-turkmenistans-second-president/ Google Scholar
Tucker, Robert. 1979. “The Rise of Stalin's Personality Cult.” The American Historical Review 84: 347–366.Google Scholar
Turkmenbashi, Saparmurat. 2002. Ruhnama. Aşgabat: Türkmen döwlet neşirýat gullugy.Google Scholar
Turkmenbashi, Saparmurat. 2005. Ruhnama. Ashgabat: Turkmenskaia gosudarstvennaia izdatel'skaia sluzhba.Google Scholar
Ventsel, Aimar. 2012a. “Religion and Ethnic Identity: Sakha Shamanic Rock.” Forschungen zur Anthropologie und Religionsgeschichte 42: 247–259.Google Scholar
Ventsel, Aimar. 2012b. “This Is Not My Country, My Country Is the Gdr: East German Punk and Socioeconomic Processes after German Reunification.” Punk and Post-Punk 1 (3): 343–359.Google Scholar
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Withmore, Sarah. 2005. “State and Institution Building Under Kuchma” Problems of Post Communism 52 (5): 3–11.Google Scholar
Wolczuk, Kataryna. 2000. “History, Europe and the ‘National Idea': The ‘Official’ Narrative of National Identity in Ukraine.” Nationalities Papers 28 (4): 672–694.Google Scholar

Turkmen sources

Babaev, Meret. 2009. “S novym kul'tom. Khronika Turkmenistana.” September 7. Downloaded September 22, 2009. http://www.chrono-tm.org/?id=2111 Google Scholar
Berdimuhamedov, Gurbanguly. 2011. Imia dobroe netlenno. Ashkhabat: Turkmenskaia gosudarstvennaia izdatel'skaia sluzhba.Google Scholar
Detstvo i iunost’ Velikogo Serdara, nachalo trudovogo puti. Dokumental'noie izdaniie. 2004. Ashkhabad: Glavnoie arkhivnoie upravlieniie pri Kabinete Ministrov Turkmenistana. Arkhivnyi fond Prezidenta Turkmenistana.Google Scholar
“Entrance Exams: Video Cameras, Skullcaps and the Rukhnama.” 2012. The Chronicle of Turkmenistan. August 12. http://www.chrono-tm.org/en/2012/08/entrance-exams-video-cameras-skullcaps-and-the-rukhnama/ Google Scholar
Esli li u Berdymukhamedova al'ternativa “Rukhname”? 2014. Berlek-Edinstvo. Tsentr geopoliticheskikh issledovanii. Ufa, July 12. http://berlek-nkp.com/analitics/2328-cgi-berlek-edinstvo-esli-li-u-berdymuhamedova-alternativa-ruhname.html Google Scholar
Gutlyýew, T. 2011. “Adam ýüzi mübärek.” Turkmen Dili, May 4.Google Scholar
Jurdekow, Tachmammed. 2010. Ata arzuwyny amala asyryan agtyk [The Grandson Realizing the Grandfather's Dream]. Aşgabat: Türkmen Döwlet Neshiriyat Gullugy.Google Scholar
Mugallym, esger, ilhalar ynsan. Berdimuhammet Annaýewiň Gahrymançylykly omur yoly. 2009. Aşgabat: Türkmen Döwlet Neshiriyat Gullugy.Google Scholar
Musaev, O. 2002. Turkmenbashy, Ruhnama i edinstvo. Ylym, Ashgabat, 243–248.Google Scholar
“O Konstitutsii Turkmenistana epokhi velikogo vozrozhdeniia. Vystuplenie Prezidenta Turkmenistana Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedova na zasedanii Konstitsutsionnoi komissii.” 2008. Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, May 23.Google Scholar
“Our Tasks Remain the Same – Well-Being of People Prosperity of Turkmenistan, Strengthening of Peace.” 2012. Turkmenistan 1–2: 4–18.Google Scholar
“Pod znakom Velikogo Vozrozhdeniia i vseokhvatnykh reform.” 2008. Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, February 6.Google Scholar
“Politika Novogo vozrozhdeniia i Velikikh preobrazovanii Prezidenta Turkmensitana.” 2007. Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, June 27.Google Scholar
“Prezident Turkmenistana oznakomilsia s proektom ocherednogo etapa zastroiki stolitsy.” 2014. Turkmenistan Zolotoi vek, July 24. http://turkmenistan.gov.tm/?id=6942 Google Scholar
“Serdar, prizvannyi narodom i istoriiei.” 2006. Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, December 21.Google Scholar
“Skakun – kryl'ia Vozrozhdeniia.” 2010. Ashkhabat: Turkmenskaia gosudarstvennaia izdatel'skaia sluzhba.Google Scholar
“V Ashkhabadskom vuze ustanovliena statuia ottsa prezidenta.” 2010. Chronika Turkmenistana, February 14. http://www.chrono-tm.org/?id=2433 Google Scholar
“Vo imia sviashchennoi nezavisimosti, v oslavu epokhi Velikogo Vozrozhdeniia.” 2008. Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, October 28.Google Scholar
Ýazgulyýew, D. 2011. “Ýaranjaňlaryň edähedi dowam edýär.” Azatlyk Radiosy, September 8. Accessed September 2, 2014. http://www.azathabar.com/content/article/24321439.html Google Scholar
“Zelenyi flag otchizny – gordost’ i slava naroda.” 2010. Neitral'nyi Turkmenistan, February 19.Google Scholar