Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T22:43:03.407Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

National Self-Determination: A Theoretical Discussion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Benyamin Neuberger*
Affiliation:
Open University of Israel, Israel

Extract

The principle of national self-determination has been haunting the world since the French Revolution. In Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union alone 20 new “nation-states” were created in the 1990s—200 years after the French Revolution. They were all established on the basis of the principle of national self-determination. There may be no other term in modern political discourse which is used with more emotion and passion. Recent history has known many wars fueled by conflicting interpretations of self-determination. Woodrow Wilson thought that implementation of the principle of self-determination would lead to a better world, a world without wars and “safe for democracy.” His secretary of state, Robert Lansing, had doubts. He suspected the concept of self-determination to be “loaded with dynamite” and capable of causing even more bloodshed because it “will raise hopes which can never be realized.”

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2001 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Michla Pomerance, Self-Determination in Law and Practice (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982), p. 74.Google Scholar

2. Alfred Cobban, The Nation State and National Self-Determination (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1970), p. 62.Google Scholar

3. For some recent discussions see Avner De Shalit, “National Self-Determination— Political Not Cultural,” Political Studies, Vol. XLIV, No. 5, 1996, pp. 906–20; Michael Freeman, “Democracy and Dynamite: The People's Right to Self-Determination,” Political Studies, Vol. XLIV, 1996, pp. 746–61; Donald Horwitz, “Self-Determination: Politics, Philosophy and Law,” in Ian Shapiro and Will Kymlicka, eds, Ethnicity and Group Rights (New York: New York University Press, 1997), pp. 421–63; Margaret Moore, “On National Self-Determination,” Political Studies, Vol. XLV, No. 5, 1997, pp. 900–13; Charles Tilly, “National Self-Determination as a Problem for All of Us,” Daedalus, Vol. 122, No. 3, 1993, pp. 2936; Guntram Werther, Self-Determination in Western Democracies: Aboriginal Politics in a Comparative Perspective (London: Greenwood, 1992).Google Scholar

4. Rupert Emerson, Self-Determination in the Era of Decolonization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 27.Google Scholar

5. Pomerance, op. cit., p. 1; Alexandre Kiss, “The People's Right to Self-Determination,” Human Rights Journal, Vol. 7, Nos 2–4, 1986, pp. 165–75.Google Scholar

6. Lung-Chu Chen, “Self-Determination as a Human Right,” in Michael Reisman and Burns Weston, eds, Toward a World Order and Human Dignity: Essays in Honor of Myres S. McDougal (New York: The Free Press, 1976), p. 216.Google Scholar

7. J. Faust, “Self-Determination: A Definitional Focus,” in Yonah Alexander and Robert Friedlander, eds, Self-DeterminationNational, Regional and Global Dimensions (Boulder: Westview, 1980), p. 6.Google Scholar

8. Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, “The Berber Question in Algeria: Nationalism in the Making,” in Ofra Bengio and Gabriel Ben-Dor, eds, Minorities and the State in the Arab World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999), pp. 3152.Google Scholar

9. On self-determination in the former Soviet Union see Graham Smith, “Russia— Ethnoregionalism and the Politics of Federation,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1996, pp. 391410; Trent N. Tappe, “Chechniya and the State of Self-Determination in a Breakaway Region of the Former Soviet Union: Evaluation of the Legitimacy of Secessionist Claims,” Columbia Journal of Transnation Law, Vol. 34, 1995, pp. 255–85.Google Scholar

10. H. S. Johnson and B. Singh, “Self-Determination and World Order,” in Alexander and Friedlander, op. cit., p. 354.Google Scholar

11. Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism (New York: Collier, 1967), p. 12.Google Scholar

12. Elie Kedourie, Nationalism (New York: Collier, 1960), p. 132.Google Scholar

13. Umozurike Oji Umozurike, Self-Determination in International Law (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1972), pp. 1819.Google Scholar

14. Amitai Etzioni, “The Evils of Self-Determination,” Foreign Policy, Vol. 89, No. 1, 1992, p. 23.Google Scholar

15. Dov Ronen, The Quest for Self-Determination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 23.Google Scholar

16. Kohn, as quoted by Ronen, Ibid, p. 27.Google Scholar

17. Etzioni, op. cit., pp. 2324.Google Scholar

18. Peter Coulmas, “Das Problem des Selbstbestimmungsrechts,” Europa Archiv, Vol. 48, No. 4, 1993, p. 89.Google Scholar

19. Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Boston: Robertson, 1975), p. 42.Google Scholar

20. Micheal Kryukov, “Self-Determination from Marx to Mao,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1996, pp. 358–59.Google Scholar

21. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Robertson, 1975), p. 42.Google Scholar

22. Georg Brunner, Nationalitätenprobleme und Minderheitenkonflikte in Osteuropa (Gütersloh: Bertelsman, 1993), p. 27.Google Scholar

23. On the post-decolonization approach which developed with the collapse of the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia see Sam Blay, “Self-Determination: A Reassessment in the Post-Communist Era,” Denver Journal of International Law, Vol. 22, Nos 2–3, 1994, pp. 275315; Gerry J. Simpson, “The Diffusion of Sovereignty: Self-Determination in the Post-Colonial Age,” Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol. 32, 1996, pp. 255–86; Martin Rady, “Self-Determination and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1996, pp. 379–90; Elise Giuliano, “Who Determines the Self in the Politics of Self-Determination: Identity and Preference Formation in Tatarstan's Nationalist Mobilization,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 32, No.3, 2000, pp. 295316.Google Scholar

24. Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25. Anthony D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism (New York: Harper, 1971).Google Scholar

26. Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. XII.Google Scholar

27. Arendt Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Explanation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 28.Google Scholar

28. Eric Nordlinger, Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972), p. 12.Google Scholar

29. Lea Brilmayer, “Secession and Self-Determination: A Territorial Interpretation,” Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, 1991, p. 200; Tamara Dragadze, “Self-Determination and the Politics of Exclusion,” Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1996, pp. 341350.Google Scholar

30. Maurice Barres, as quoted in Carleton Hayes, Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 192.Google Scholar

31. See for example Heinrich von Treitschke, Politics (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World Company, 1968).Google Scholar

32. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalist Movements (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 3.Google Scholar

33. Boyd Shafer, Nationalism: Myth and Reality (London: Gollancz, 1955), pp. 2526; Solomon Bloom, The World of Nations: A Study of National Implications in the Works of Karl Marx (New York: A. M. S. Press, 1967), pp. 7375; Lord Acton, “Nationality,” in Essays in Freedom and Power (New York: Meridian, 1965).Google Scholar

34. Khachig Toloyan, “National Self-Determination and the Limits of Sovereignty: Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Secession of Nagorno-Karabagh,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995, pp. 86100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

35. Hans Kohn, NationalismIts Meaning and History (New York: Van Nostand, 1965), p. 6.Google Scholar

36. Moshe Gammer, “Post-Soviet Central Asia and Post-Colonial Francophone Africa: Some Associations,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2000, p. 125.Google Scholar

37. Kiss, op. cit., p. 168.Google Scholar

38. Vladimir I. Lenin, The Right of Nations to Self-Determination (New York: International Publishers, 1951), p. 112.Google Scholar

39. Otto Bauer, Die Nationalitätenfrage und Sozialdemokratie (Wien: Volksbuchhandlung, 1924), p. 291.Google Scholar

40. Walker Connor, The National Question in Marxist–Leninist Theory and Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 40.Google Scholar

41. Patrick Thornberry, “Self-Determination, Minorities, Human Rights: A Review of International Instruments,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 28, 1989, p. 876.Google Scholar

42. Ibid., p. 1880.Google Scholar

43. Rupert Emerson, “The Problem of Identity, Selfhood and Image in New Nations,” Comparative Politics, Vol. I, No. 3, 1969, p. 300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44. J. F. Murphy, “Self-Determination—United States Perspective,” in Alexander and Friedlander, op. cit., pp. 4546.Google Scholar

45. Lee Buchheit, Secession: The Legitimacy of Self-Determination (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), p. 30.Google Scholar

46. James Mayall, “Self-determination and the OAU,” in I. M. Lewis, ed., Nationalism and Self-Determination in the Horn of Africa (London: Ithaca Press, 1983), p. 89.Google Scholar

47. Carl J. Friedrich, Man and His Government: An Empirical Theory of Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), p. 565.Google Scholar

48. Lijphart, op. cit., pp. 4445.Google Scholar

49. Conor Cruise O'brien, “The Right to Secede,” New York Times, 30 December 1971.Google Scholar

50. Allan Buchanan, Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec (Boulder: Westview, 1991), p. 102.Google Scholar

51. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 93.Google Scholar

52. Jack Forbes, “Do Tribes Have Rights: The Question of Self-Determination,” Journal of Human Relations, Vol. 18, 1970, p. 677.Google Scholar

53. Emerson, ‘The Problem of Identity, Selfhood and Image in New Nations,’' p. 300.Google Scholar

54. Albert Hirshman, “Exit, Voice and State,” World Politics, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1978, pp. 90107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

55. Harry Beran, “A Liberal Theory of Secession,” Political Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1984, p. 23.Google Scholar

56. Coulmas, op. cit., p. 85.Google Scholar

57. Patricia W. Blair, The Ministate Dilemma (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1967).Google Scholar

58. Smith, The Ethnic Revival, p. 151.Google Scholar

59. Buchheit, op. cit., p. 106.Google Scholar

60. Ibid., p. 65.Google Scholar

61. Yeats, quoted in Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), p. 460.Google Scholar

62. Robert Dahl and Edward Tufte, Size and Democracy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973).Google Scholar

63. Forbes, op. cit., pp. 670–79.Google Scholar

64. Onyeonoro S. Kamanu, “Secession and the Right to Self-Determination—an OAU Dilemma,” Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1974, p. 360.Google Scholar

65. Pomerance, op. cit., p. 75.Google Scholar

66. Ernest Renan, Qu'est ce qu'une nation? (Paris: Caiman Levy, 1882), p. 58.Google Scholar

67. Kedourie, op. cit., pp. 6291.Google Scholar

68. Beran, op. cit., p. 25.Google Scholar

69. Buchheit, op. cit., p. 86.Google Scholar

70. C. A. McCartney, National States and National Minorities (London: Oxford University Press, 1934), p. 117.Google Scholar

71. Walzer, op. cit., p. 90.Google Scholar

72. Umozurike, op. cit., p. 16.Google Scholar

73. Ibid.Google Scholar

74. Quoted by Pomerance, op. cit., p. 61.Google Scholar

75. Quoted by Hayes, op. cit., p. 53.Google Scholar

76. McCartney, op. cit., p. 117.Google Scholar

77. Bloom, op. cit., pp. 4045.Google Scholar

78. Lenin, op. cit., p. 265.Google Scholar

79. V. I. Lenin, ‘The National Question in Our Programme,’' Selected Works II (Moscow: Cooperative Publishing Society, 1935), p. 322.Google Scholar

80. Kryukov, op. cit., p. 372.Google Scholar

81. Connor, op. cit., pp. 75, 88, 233–35.Google Scholar

82. Ibid., pp. 109–10, 116.Google Scholar

83. McCartney, op. cit., p. 192.Google Scholar