Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T23:11:45.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

National Identity, Political Interest and Human Rights in Europe: The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Victor D. Bojkov
Victor D. Bojkov*
Affiliation:
Department of International Relations, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

This article is about national identity, political interest and the creation of international human rights regimes. Geographically, it is focused on Western Europe and the very recent process of establishing the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Both national identity and political interest are seen as important determinants of this process, defining its discourse and outcome. The relationship between the two is complex and recursive. They influence each other to an extent that warrants seeing them as mutually constitutive. On one hand, the social, political and economic projects elites engage in have to resonate positively with dearly held elements of national identity but have also the power to modify them. Being a psychological phenomenon, on the other hand, national identity is a dynamic concept that employs common historically defined memories, traditions and customs but is also subject to the influence of the political context within which it operates.

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , June 2004 , pp. 323 - 353
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 Association for the Study of Nationalities of Eastern Europe 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alston, P., “Appraising the United Nations Human Rights Regime,” in Alston, P. ed., The United Nations and Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Alston, P. and Weiler, J. “An ‘Ever Closer Union’ in Need of a Human Rights Policy: The European Union and Human Rights,” in Alston, P. ed., The EU and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Anderson, B., Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991).Google Scholar
Ash, T., “Catching the Wrong Bus?” in Gowan, P. and Anderson, P. eds, The Question of Europe (London: Verso, 1997).Google Scholar
Axford, B., Berghahn, D. and Hewlett, N., eds, Unity and Diversity in the New Europe (Bern: Peter Lang, 2000).Google Scholar
Bankowski, Z. and Scott, A. “The European Union?” in Bellamy, R. ed., Constitutionalism, Democracy and Sovereignty: American and European Perspectives (Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1996).Google Scholar
Bédarida, F., “France and Europe—From Yesterday to Today,” in Mommsen, W. ed., The Long Way to Europe: Historical Observations from a Contemporary View (Chicago: Edition Q, 1994).Google Scholar
Beetham, D., “What Nature for Economic and Social Rights?” in Beetham, D. ed., Politics and Human Rights (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).Google Scholar
Bentham, J., “Anarchical Fallacies,” in Waldron, J. ed., Nonsense upon Stilts: Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man (London: Methuen, 1987).Google Scholar
Bernhardt, R., “The Convention and Domestic Law,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F. and Petzold, H., eds, The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar
Bianchini, S., “The Changing Notion of Self-Determination: Global Repercussions for the International Community,” in Huttenbach, H. and Privitera, F. eds, Self-Determination from Versailles to Dayton: Its Historical Legacy (Ravenna: Longo Editore, 1999).Google Scholar
Bojkov, V., The European Union and Democratisation in Small European States (Venice: Marsilio Editori, 2001).Google Scholar
Bookbinder, P., Weimar Germany: The Republic of the Reasonable (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Boyle, K., “Stock-Taking on Human Rights: The World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993,” in Beetham, D. ed., Politics and Human Rights (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).Google Scholar
Breuilly, J., Nationalism and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Brown, C., Sovereignty, Rights and Justice: International Political Theory Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Burke, E., Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: P. F. Collier, 1790), edited by C. Eliot the Harvard Classics Series, Vol. 24, Part 3.Google Scholar
Burton, J., World Society (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1972).Google Scholar
Carrascosa, R., “The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union,” EMA thesis, University of Padua, 2001.Google Scholar
Castiglione, D., “From the Charter to the Constitution of Europe? Notes on the Constitutionalisation Process in the EU,” Queens Paper on Europeanisation, Queens University, Belfast, 2002.Google Scholar
Cederman, L.-E., “Nationalism and Bounded Integration: What It Would Take to Construct a European Demos,” European Journal of International Relations, 7, 2, 2001, pp. 139–174.Google Scholar
Citron, S., Le Myth National (Paris: Presses Ouvriers, 1988).Google Scholar
Connor, W., “A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a …” Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1, 4, 1978, pp. 379–388.Google Scholar
Cranston, M., What Are Human Rights? (New York: Basic Books, 1964).Google Scholar
Cranston, M., “Human Rights, Real and Supposed,” in Raphael, D. ed., Political Theory and the Rights of Man (London: Macmillan, 1967).Google Scholar
Craven, M., The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on Its Development (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).Google Scholar
De Búrca, G., “The Drafting of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights,” European Law Review, 126, 2001, pp. 118–134.Google Scholar
De Schoutheete, P., The Case for Europe: Unity, Diversity and Democracy in the European Union (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000).Google Scholar
De Schutter, O., The Questions to Be Decided—Protecting Fundamental Rights, an Issue in the Convention on the Future of Europe, Accessed 21 June 2003 from http://europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/unit/charte/en/questions.html.Google Scholar
Duparc, C., The European Community and Human Rights (Brussels: Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992).Google Scholar
Dworkin, R., Taking Rights Seriously (London: Duckworth, 1977).Google Scholar
Eeckhout, P., “The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Federal Question,” Common Market Law Review, 39, 2002, pp. 945–994.Google Scholar
Eicke, T., “The European Charter of Fundamental Rights—Unique Opportunity or Unwelcome Distraction,” European Human Rights Law Review, 3, 2000, pp. 280–296.Google Scholar
Fichte, J., Addresses to the German Nation, trans. R. Jones and G. Turnbull (London: Open Court, 1922).Google Scholar
Finnis, J., Natural Law and Natural Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980).Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, B., “European Union Law and the Council of Europe Conventions,” in Costello, C. ed., Fundamental Social Rights: Current European Legal Protection and the Challenge of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (Dublin: Trinity College Conference Proceedings, 2000).Google Scholar
Forsythe, D., Human Rights in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Fossum, J., “Identity-Politics in the European Union,” ARENA Working Paper, University of Oslo, 2001.Google Scholar
Fossum, J., “The European Union: In Search of an Identity,” European Journal of Political Theory, 2, 3, 2003, pp. 319–340.Google Scholar
Foster, M., Herder: Philosophical Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Gaja, G., “Opinion 2/94,” Common Market Law Review, 33, 1996, pp. 325–347.Google Scholar
Gellner, E., Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1964).Google Scholar
Gellner, E., Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983).Google Scholar
George, S., “Cultural Diversity and European Integration: The British Political Parties,” in Zetterholm, S. ed., National Cultures and European Integration (Oxford: Berg, 1994).Google Scholar
Giddens, A., The Nation-State and Violence: Volume Two of a Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Haas, P., “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,” International Organization, 46, 1, 1992, pp. 1–35.Google Scholar
Halliday, F., “Relativism and Universalism in Human Rights,” in Beetham, D. ed., Politics and Human Rights (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).Google Scholar
Héritier, A., Policy-Making and Diversity in Europe: Escaping Deadlock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Hobbes, T., Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclestiasti***call and Civill, ed. Macpherson, C. (London, Pengiun Books, 1985 [1651]).Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E., “Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870–1914,” in Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. eds, The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).Google Scholar
Hoffman, J., Sovereignty (Buckingham, England: Open University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Holm, U., “The French Garden Is No Longer What It Used to Be,” in J⊘rgensen, K., ed., Reflective Approaches to European Governance (London: Macmillan Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Holt, J., Magna Carta (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Ivanov, M., “Kak da Talkuvame Termina ‘Nacionalno Malcinstvo'?” [“How Can We Interpret the Term ‘National Minority?’”], Mezhdunarodni Otnoshenia [International Relations], 5, 1997, pp. 55–62.Google Scholar
Jacqué, J.-P., “La Constitution de la Communauté Européenne,” Revue Universelle des Droits de l'Homme, 13, 2, 1995, pp. 398–423.Google Scholar
Koskenniemi, M., “The Effect of Rights on Political Culture,” in Alston, P. ed., The EU and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Krasner, S., “Sovereignty, Regimes and Human Rights,” in Rittberger, V. ed., Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W., “Introduction,” in Kymlicka, W. and Opalski, M. eds, Can Liberal Pluralism Be Exported? Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Lalumiére, C., “Human Rights in Europe: Challenges for the Next Millennium,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F. and Petzold, H. eds, The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar
Larsen, H., “British Discourses on Europe: Sovereignty of Parliament, Instrumentality and the Non-mythical Europe,” in J⊘rgensen, K., ed., Reflective Approaches to European Governance (London: Macmillan Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Leben, C., “Is There a European Approach to Human Rights?,” in Alston, P. ed., The EU and Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Lenaerts, K. and de Smijter, E., “The Charter and the Role of the European Courts,” Maastricht Journal of International Law, 8, 1, 2001, pp. 273–296.Google Scholar
Locke, J., Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, ed. R. Horowitz J. Clay and D. Clay (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Lundberg, E., “The Protection of Social Rights in the European Community: Recent Developments,” in Drzewicki, K., Krause, C. and Rosas, A. eds, Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge (Abo, Finland: Åbo Academy University, Institute for Human Rights, 1994).Google Scholar
MacClancy, J., “The Predictable Failure of a European Identity,” in Axford, B., Berghahn, D. and Hewlett, N., eds, Unity and Diversity in the New Europe (Bern: Peter Lang, 2000).Google Scholar
Macdonald, R., “The Margin of Appreciation,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F. and Petzold, H. eds, The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar
Marcussen, M., Risse, T., Engelmann-Martin, D., Knopf, H. and Roscher, K., “Constructing Europe? The Evolution of French, British and German Nation State Identities,” Journal of European Public Policy, 6, 4, 1999, pp. 614–633.Google Scholar
Marx, K., “On the Jewish Questoon,” in Waldron, J. ed., Nonsense upon Stilts: Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man (London: Methuen, 1987).Google Scholar
Mazzini, G., Selected Writings (London: L. Drummond, 1945).Google Scholar
McCormick, J., “The Crisis of Constitutional Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic,” European Journal of Political Theory, 1, 1, 2003, pp. 121–128.Google Scholar
McCrudden, C., “The Future of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights,” Jean Monnet Working Paper, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 2001.Google Scholar
Meador, J., Habeas Corpus and Magna Carta: Dualism of Power and Liberty (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966).Google Scholar
Mendus, S., “Human Rights in Political Theory,” in Beetham, D. ed., Politics and Human Rights (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).Google Scholar
Menéndez, A., “Chartering Europe: Legal Status and Policy Implications of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 40, 3, 2002, pp. 471–513.Google Scholar
Merlingen, M., Mudde, C. and Sedelmaier, U. “The Right and the Righteous? European Norms, Domestic Politics and the Sanctions against Austria,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 39, 1, 2001, pp. 59–77.Google Scholar
Miller, V., “Human Rights in the EU: The Charter of Fundamental Rights,” Research Paper, House of Commons Library, London, 2000.Google Scholar
Moore, B., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).Google Scholar
Moravcsik, A., The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (London: UCL Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Moravcsik, A., “The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe,” International Organization, 54, 2, 2000, pp. 217–252.Google Scholar
Mumford, L., The Myth of the Machine: The Pentagon of Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich, 1970).Google Scholar
Musolff, A., Schaffner, C. and Townson, M. eds, Conceiving of Europe: Diversity in Unity (Aldershot, England: Dartmouth, 1996).Google Scholar
Newman, M., Democracy, Sovereignty and the European Union (London: Hurst, 1996).Google Scholar
Nowak, M., UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary (Kehl, Germany: N. P. Engel, 1993).Google Scholar
Petzold, H., “The Convention and the Principle of Subsidiarity,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F. and Petzold, H. eds, The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar
Renan, E., Qu'est-ce qu'une Nation, trans. I. Snyder (Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1882).Google Scholar
Risse, T. and Sikkink, K. “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction,” in Risse, T., Ropp, S. and Sikkink, K. eds, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Rosamond, B., “Discourses of Globalization and the Social Construction of European Identities,” Journal of European Public Policy, 6, 4, 1999, pp. 652–668.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, J., The Empire of Civil Society (London: Verso, 1994).Google Scholar
Rousseau, J., The Social Contract (London: Dent, 1966).Google Scholar
Ruggeri Laderchi, F., “Report on Italy,” in Slaughter, M., Sweet, A. Stone and Weiler, J. eds, The European Courts and National Courts: Doctrine and Jurisprudence (Oxford: Hart, 1998).Google Scholar
Ryssdal, R., “The Conscience We Need,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F. and Petzold, H. eds, The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar
Samuel, R., Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity (London: Routledge, 1989).Google Scholar
Sartori, G., Democratic Theory (New York: Praeger, 1965).Google Scholar
Shaw, J., Law of the European Union (Basingstoke, England: Palgrave, 2000).Google Scholar
Smith, A., National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1990).Google Scholar
Smith, A., “National Identity and the Idea of European Unity,” International Affairs, 68, 1, 1992, pp. 55–76.Google Scholar
Smith, A., “A Europe of Nations—Of the Nation of Europe?” Journal of Peace Research, 30, 2, 1993, pp. 129–135.Google Scholar
Smith, A., “National Identity and the Idea of European Unity,” in Gowan, P. and Anderson, P. eds, The Question of Europe (London: Verso, 1997).Google Scholar
Snyder, L., Macro-nationalisms: A History of Pan-movements (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1984).Google Scholar
Spinelli, A., “The Growth of the European Movement since the Second World War,” in Hodges, M. ed., European Integration (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin, 1972).Google Scholar
Stalin, J. “The Nation,” in Franklin, B. ed., The Essential Stalin: Major Theoretical Writings 1905–1952 (London: Croom Helm, 1973).Google Scholar
Teitgen, P.-H., “Introduction to the European Convention on Human Rights,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F. and Petzold, H. eds, The European System for the Protection of Human Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar
Thomas, T., The Nations Right in Magna Charta Discussed with the Thing Called Parliament, ed. A. Hopton (London: Aporia, 1988).Google Scholar
Tilly, C., Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1992 (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992).Google Scholar
Urwin, D., The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945 (London: Longman, 1995).Google Scholar
Van Kley, D., ed., The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Vincent, R., Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).Google Scholar
Vranes, E., “The Final Clauses of the Charter of Fundamental Rights—Stumbling Blocks for the First and Second Convention,” European Integration Online Papers, 7, 7, 2003, http://eiop.or.at/eiop.Google Scholar
Wallace, W., “The British Approach to Europe,” in Mommsen, W. ed., The Long Way to Europe: Historical Observations from a Contemporary View (Chicago: Edition Q, 1994).Google Scholar
Wallace, W., “Rescue or Retreat? The Nation-State in Western Europe, 1945–93,” in Gowan, P. and Anderson, P. eds, The Question of Europe (London: Verso, 1997).Google Scholar
Weber, M., Economy and Society, 1 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).Google Scholar
Wendt, A., Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Wieruszewski, R., “Some Comments Concerning the Concept of Economic and Social Rights,” in Drzewicki, K., Krause, C. and Rosas, A. eds, Social Rights as Human Rights: A European Challenge (Abo, Finland: Abo Academy University, Institute for Human Rights, 1994).Google Scholar
Zank, W., “Cultural Diversity and the Political System: The German Experience,” in Zetterholm, S. ed., National Cultures and European Integration (Oxford: Berg, 1994).Google Scholar
Zehfuss, M., “Constructivism and Identity: A Dangerous Liaison,” European Journal of International Relations, 7, 3, 2001, pp. 315–348.Google Scholar
Zetterholm, S., ed., National Cultures and European Integration (Oxford: Berg, 1994).Google Scholar