Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T04:47:08.218Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The birth of modern Circassian nationalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Sufian Zhemukhov*
Affiliation:
The Elliot School of International Affairs, Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Abstract

This article focuses on problems of the national movement of the Circassians – a small nation in the Caucasus, most of whose population is dispersed all over the world. The paper researches the development of the Circassian movement from 1989–2000 and its contemporary structure since 2005. The modern Circassian movement as a whole has never been approached from a political science viewpoint. This research aims to answer several core questions: What are the different strands of the movement? What principles are they based on? Who are the participants? What political forces support them? How do these political forces interact with each other?

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, Andrea. “North Jersey Circassians ‘In Exile’ Launch Olympic Protest.” North Jersey, 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities. London: Verso, 1983. Print.Google Scholar
Barry, Ellen. “Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century.” New York Times, 20 May 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Besleney, Zeynel A. “Circassian Nationalism and the Internet.” Open Democracy, 21 May 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Chek, Cicek. “Address to the Members of the Russian Duma.” Circassian World, 19 May 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Cherkesy Vystupayut Protiv Olympiady. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 9 Oct. 2007. <http://iwpr.net/node/28372>..>Google Scholar
“Circassian Olympics Legitimizing the Sochi Olympics.” Justice for North Caucasus, Jan. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Derluguian, Georgi M. Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-System Biography. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2005. Print.Google Scholar
Dogan, Setenay Nil. “From National Humiliation to Difference: The Image of the Circassian Beauty in the Discourses of Circassian Diaspora Nationalists.” New Perspectives on Turkey 42 (2007): 77101. Print.Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983. Print.Google Scholar
“Genocide and the 2014 Olympics.” Idea of the Day, New York Times, 14 June 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Goble, Paul. “Circassians Increase Efforts to Secure Recognition of 1864 Genocide.” Window on Eurasia, 11 Oct. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Goble, Paul. “In Vancouver, Circassians Urge Shifting Venue for 2014 Games away from Sochi.” Moldova.org: Politicom, 15 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Hansen, Lars Funch. “Renewed Circassian Mobilisation in the North Caucasus 20 Years after the Fall of the USSR.” Paper presented at ASN 2011 World Convention, New York, 14 Apr. 2011.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. Nations and Nationalisms since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. Print.Google Scholar
“IOC Reply to Circassian Organizations.” No Sochi 2014, 20 Sept. 2007. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Kaya, Ayhan. “Political Participation Strategies of the Circassian Diaspora in Turkey.” Mediterranean Politics 9.2 (2004): 221–39. Print.Google Scholar
Kazenin, Konstantin. “O neizvestnykh Riskakh Cherkesskogo ‘Separatizma'.” Regnum, June 7, 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.regnum.ru/news/1291262.html.Google Scholar
King, Charles. “Imagining Circassia: David Urquhart and the Making of North Caucasus Nationalism.” Russian Review 66.2 (2007): 238–55. Print.Google Scholar
Khodarkovsky, Michael. “The Indigenous Elites and the Construction of Ethnic Identities in the North Caucasus.” Paper presented at Research and Identity: Non-Russian Peoples in the Russian Empire, 1800–1855, Kymenlaakso Summer University, Kouvola, Finland, 14–17 June 2006.Google Scholar
Manning, Paul. “Just like England: On the Liberal Institutions of the Circassians.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51.3 (2009): 590618. Print.Google Scholar
Markedonov, Sergey. “The Circassian Tool.” Circassian World, 20 May 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
“Murat Berzegov, Leader of ‘Circassian Congress,’ Gets Political Asylum in the USA.” Caucasus Knot, 16 July 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
“Open Letter to Circassian Members of the State Council – Khasa of the Adygeya Republic.” Kafkasya Forumu, 13 Nov. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
“Parlament Adygei Prinyal Obrashenie Po Uchastiyu Cherkesov V Sochi.” NatPress, 25 Mar. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.natpress.net/index.php?newsid=4439.Google Scholar
Peter Fitzgerald. Caucasus Regions Map. Wikitravel. August 3, 2008. <http://wikitravel.org/shared/Image:Caucasus_regions_map.png>..>Google Scholar
Polandov, Demis. “Virtual Circassia.” Prague Watchdog, 6 Jan. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Renner, Karl. Staat und Nation. Vienna: Josef Dietl, 1899. Print.Google Scholar
Resolution Of The Parliament Of Georgia On The Recognition Of Genocide Of Circassians By The Russian Empire. No 4701-Ic. May 20, 2011. <http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=63&info_id=31806>..>Google Scholar
Shami, Seteney. “Prehistories of Globalization: Circassian Identity in Motion.” Caucasus Paradigms: Anthropologies, Histories, and the Making of a World Area. Ed. Grant, Bruce and Ya, Lale[ltilde]ın-Heckmann. Berlin: Lit, 2007. 191218. Print.Google Scholar
Shmulevich, A. “Voina Konferentsii Ili Opyat’ Evrei Vinovaty.” 7Kanal, 19 Apr. 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. <http://www.7kanal.com/news.php3?id=274824.Google Scholar
Thomas, Ned. The Welsh Extremist: Welsh Politics, Literature and Society. Talybont, Wales: Y Lolfa, 1973. Print.Google Scholar
Tlisova, Fatima. “The Challenges of the Sochi Olympics and Russia's Circassian Problem.” North Caucasus Analysis 8.33, 16 Aug. 2007. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Tokhtamish, Katia. “Dozens March in New York City for Circassian Recognition & Issues.” Circassian World, 5 Oct. 2007. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Zhemukhov, Sufian. “The Circassian Dimension of the 2014 Sochi Olympics.” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 65, Sept. 2009. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Zhemukhov, Sufian. “Circassian World: Responses to the New Challenges.” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 54, Dec. 2008. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Zhemukhov, Sufian. “Skating on Thin Ice in Sochi.” Open Democracy, 4 June 2010. Web. 15 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar