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Access to Advanced Education in the USSR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Sara Ginaite
Sara Ginaite*
Affiliation:
York University (Canada)
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Extract

The goals of social progress, as perceived by Marx and Engels, are the creation of conditions for the achievement of full social equality, and the development of the abilities of all members of society. They uphold the principle that when the means of production are socialized, then the condition of ending not only class contradiction but also class distinction is created. The full realization of equality is possible only given a complex set of conditions arising at the higher stage of communist society.

In 1921 Lenin admitted thet it had become apparent that the system formed in Russia after the revolution (October 1917) had suffered defeat in its attempt to introduce communist principles of production and distribution. Within this complex environment, Lenin put forward a new concept of socialism, very different from his earlier version, that allowed class distinctions and inequality to persist.

Type
Articles
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 15 , Issue 2 , Fall 1987 , pp. 158 - 183
Copyright
Copyright © 1982 by the Association for the Study of the Nationalities of the USSR and Eastern Europe, Inc. 

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References

Notes

1. Rutkevich, M., Towards Social Homogeneity (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1984), pp. 22, 75, 105.Google Scholar

2. Malkova, Z., Education (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985), pp. 8, 9; B. Remennikov, Y. Zhiltsov and V. Obukhov, The USSR: Education, Science and Culture (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1978), pp. 8-10.Google Scholar

3. Klopov, E., Rabochyi klas SSSR (Moscow: Mysl', 1985), p. 67.Google Scholar

4. Smirnov, A., ed., Obshchestvennaya forma truda (Moscow: Ekonomika, 1984), p. 248.Google Scholar

5. Rutkevich, M., op.cit., p. 107.Google Scholar

6. Narodnoye khoziaistvo SSSR v 1984 (Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1985) pp. 6, 53.Google Scholar

7. Dritz, V., ed., Sotsialnaya infrastruktura i sotsialisticheskyi obrez zhizni (Minsk: Nauka i Teknika, 1983), pp. 47, 48; Sotsialnoye peremestchenye studenchestva (Vilnius, For office use, 1982), p. 41.Google Scholar

8. Ginaite, S., Ekonomicheskyi ocherk sotsialisticheskogo obraza zhizni (Vilnius: Mintis, 1980), p. 28.Google Scholar

9. Ibid., pp. 26–29; Ginaite, S. in “Ekonomicheskye nauki” (Moscow, N9, 1975), pp. 19-33.Google Scholar

10. Ibid. Google Scholar

11. Zaslavskaya, T. in Izvestia, 18 April 1986.Google Scholar

12. Stepanyan, T., ed., Internatsionalnoye i natsionalnoye v sotsialisticheskom obraze zhizni (Moscow: Nauka, 1985), pp. 100, 142.Google Scholar

13. Shcherbakov, S. in Izvestia, 7 May 1987 and 29 May 29 1987.Google Scholar

14. Aitov, N., Sotsialnoye razvitye regionov (Moscow: Mysl', 1985), pp. 38, 47.Google Scholar

15. Narodnoye khoziaistvo SSSR v 1985, p. 511.Google Scholar

16. Ibid., p. 29.Google Scholar

17. Makhkamov, L. in Izvestia, 2 March 1987.Google Scholar

18. Vestnik statistiki, N2 (1980), pp. 27–30.Google Scholar

19. Ibid. Google Scholar

20. Stepanyan, T., ed., op.cit., p. 100.Google Scholar

21. Aitov, N., op.cit., p. 137.Google Scholar

22. Nove, A., The Soviet Economic System (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), pp. 69–71.Google Scholar

23. Narodnoye khoziaistvo SSSR v 1985, p. 28.Google Scholar

24. Calculation done by the author based on the following sources: Narodnoye khoziaistvo SSSR v 1985, pp. 5, 8, 9, 28, 29, 404; Vestnik statistiki, N2 (1980), pp. 11-22, 27-30; Vestnik statistiki, N5 (1981), pp. 63-65; Vsesoyuznaya perepis Naselenya 1979 goda (Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 1984), pp. 144, 147, 152-153, 155.Google Scholar

25. Ibid. Google Scholar

26. Ibid. Google Scholar

27. Narodnoye khoziaistvo SSSR v 1985, p. 27.Google Scholar

28. Ibid. Google Scholar

29. Aitov, N., op.cit., p. 82.Google Scholar

30. Stepanyan, T., ed., op.cit., p. 100.Google Scholar

31. Calculation done by the author based on the following sources: Narodnoye khoziaistvo litovskoyi SSR v 1984 (Vilnius: Mintis, 1985), p. 7, 62; Narodnoye khoziaistvo litovskoyi SSR za 40 let (Vilnius: Mintis), p. 124.Google Scholar

32. Isupov, A., Shvartser, N., ed., Vsesoyuznaya perepis nasalenya 1979 goda (Moscou: Finansy i statistika, 1984), p. 122.Google Scholar

33. Narodnoye khoziaistvo litovskoyi SSR v 1984 (Vilnius: Mintis), p. 144.Google Scholar

34. Narodnoye khoziaistvo SSSR v 1985, p. 404.Google Scholar

35. See footnote 24.Google Scholar

36. Vestnik statistiki, N5 (1981), p. 63.Google Scholar