Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T21:17:57.732Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Suddenly Everyone Started to Love Our Anthem, Our Flag”: Identity Construction, Crisis, and Change in (Almost) Sovereign Kosovo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2019

Alissa Boguslaw*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, The New School for Social Research, New York, New York, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

How, amidst a crisis of sovereignty and identity, did once-rejected national symbols become meaningful to Kosovo’s Albanians? Having declared independence in 2008, a 2014 study found that less than one-third of Kosovo’s citizens identified with their newly adopted state symbols. As meanings are always shifting, depending on the contexts in which their forms appear and the actors involved, theories of social construction have focused on the representational aspects of meaning-making: the ways in which the forms stabilize (or destabilize) the constructs they depict. Instead of focusing on the representational—the determinable, measurable, and rational aspects, this article investigates the discursive mechanisms that mobilize meanings and configure contexts, extending Robin Wagner-Pacifici’s alternative theory of events. Through discourse and semiotic analysis, it tracks Kosovo’s new flag and anthem through the construction, crisis, and transformation of three social realities: political independence, national identity, and the world of international competitive judo, illuminating how changing meanings change, shifting contexts shift, and how to interpret actors’ fleeting emotions. In the Kosovo case, the construction is the crisis, as well as the change.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albertini, Matteo. 2012. “Kosovo: An Identity Between Local and Global.” Ethnopolitics Papers 15: 334.Google Scholar
Albrecht, James F. 2017. “Public and Police Corruption in Eastern Europe.” In Public Corruption: Regional and National Perspectives on Procurement Fraud, edited by Gottschalk, Petter and Stanislas, Perry, 4771. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group).Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Ante, Arta. 2010. State Building and Development. Hamburg, Germany: Diplomica Verlag.Google Scholar
Asylum Statistics.” 2016. Eurostat. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_statistics. (Accessed June 2016.)Google Scholar
Beaumont, Peter. 2008. “Joy and Defiance on Kosovo’s Greatest Day.” The Guardian. February 16, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/17/serbia.kosovo. (Accessed May 22, 2018.)Google Scholar
Bieber, Florian. 2011. “Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western Balkans.” Europe-Asia Studies 63 (10): 17831802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilefsky, Dan. 2013. “Kosovo’s Thaçi Aspires to Statesmanship, but Guerrilla Past Haunts Him.” The New York Times, July 12. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/13/world/europe/kosovos-thaci-aspires-to-statesmanship-but-guerrillapast-haunts-him.html. (Accessed June 8, 2018.)Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Bodnar, John. 1992. Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, and Cooper, Frederick. 2000. “Beyond ‘Identity.’Theory and Society 29 (1): 147 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butcher, Jack. 2015. “Joyless Independence Day”. Kosovo 2.0. http://archive.kosovotwopointzero.com/en/article/1572/joyless-independence-day. (Accessed March 28, 2016.)Google Scholar
Cerulo, Karen A. 1993. “Anthems and Flags.” Sociological Forum 8 (2): 243271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerulo, Karen A. 1995. Identity Designs: The Sights and Sounds of a Nation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Cerulo, Karen A. 1997. “Identity Construction: New Issues, New Directions.” Annual Review of Sociology 23: 385409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charter , David. 2008. “Wanted: A New Flag and Anthem for Kosovo.” The Times, February 11, 33.Google Scholar
Collins, Randall. 2004. “Rituals of Solidarity and Security in the Wake of Terrorist Attack.” Sociological Theory 22 (1): 5387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement. 2007. UN doc. A/2007/168/, 26 March. http://www.kuvendikosoves.org/common/docs/Comprehensive%20Proposal%20.pdf. (Accessed April 5, 2017.)Google Scholar
de Mendoza, Diego Hurtado. 2009. Branding Kosovo. Spain: Babak Payami Fabrica. http://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/1611/Branding-Kosovo. (Accessed May 20, 2018.)Google Scholar
Demi, Agron. 2017. “Migration, the New Drug.” November 30. https://prishtinainsight.com/migration-new-drug/. (Accessed July 31, 2018.)Google Scholar
Di Lellio, Anna, and Schwandner-Sievers , Stephanie. 2006. “The Legendary Commander: The Construction of an Albanian Master-Narrative in Post-War Kosovo.” Nations and Nationalism 12 (3): 513519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ermolin, Denis S. 2014. “When Skanderbeg Meets Clinton: Cultural Landscape and Commemorative Strategies in Postwar Kosovo.” Croatian Political Science Review 51 (5): 157173.Google Scholar
European Title for Kosovo’s Majlinda Kelmendi in Kazan.” 2016. Judo Inside. April 21. https://www.judoinside.com/news/1296/European_title_for_Kosovos_Majlinda_Kelmendi_in_Kazan. (Accessed May 20, 2018.)Google Scholar
Government of the Republic of Kosovo. 2009. One Year—the Government of the Independence of Kosovo. Pristina: The Prime Minister’s Public Communications Office. http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/BROSHURA_QRK_EN.pdf Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart. 2006. “Encoding/Decoding.” In Media and Cultural Studies: KeyWorks, edited by Durham, Meenakshi Gigi and Kellner, Douglas M., 163173. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Haliti, Bardhi. 2008. “National Identity.” March 25. http://bardhihaliti.com/blog/?cat=12. (Accessed June 22, 2016.)Google Scholar
Heimer, Željko. 2008. “Meaning of the Flag of Kosovo.” February 19. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rs-kosov.html. (Accessed March 16, 2017.)Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Ranger, Terrence, eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 1999. “Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the New Kosovo.” Volume 11, No. 10 (D). August 1999. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/. (Accessed August 22, 2018.)Google Scholar
Ingimundarson, Valur. 2007. “The Politics of Memory and the Reconstruction of Albanian National Identity in Postwar Kosovo.” History and Memory 19 (1): 95123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). n.d. “Member States.” https://www.icao.int/about-icao/Pages/member-states.aspx. (Accessed July 22, 2018.)Google Scholar
Johnson, Kirsten R. 1997. “A Survey of Albanian Piano Literature (1945–1996): A Dissertation in Performance.” PhD diss., Conservatory of Music, University of Missouri Kansas City.Google Scholar
Judah, Tim. 2008. Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Knezevic, Gordana. 2016. “Kosovo Will Realize Its Olympic Dreams in Rio.” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. August 2. https://www.rferl.org/a/kosovo-olympic-dreams-rio/27896226.html. (Accessed June 13, 2018.)Google Scholar
Kolstø, Pål. 2006. “National Symbols as Signs of Unity and Division.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29(4): 676701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosovo.” 2018. CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kv.html. (Accessed May 6, 2018.)Google Scholar
Kosovo Adopts Wordless National Anthem.” 2008. Hürriyet, June 12. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kosovo-adopts-wordless-national-anthem-9157581. (Accessed June 12, 2016.)Google Scholar
Kosovo Flag.” n.d. facts.co. http://kosovoflag.facts.co/kosovoflagof/kosovoflag.php. (Accessed June 14, 2016.)Google Scholar
Kosovo Thanks You.” 2018. http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/messages/. (Accessed July 31, 2018.)Google Scholar
Kosovo Wins First Ever Olympic Gold Medal.” 2016. Reuters, August 8. https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/kosovo-wins-first-ever-olympic-gold-medal-1.5422164. (Accessed May 21, 2018.)Google Scholar
Krasniqi, Gezim. 2013. “State Borders, Symbolic Boundaries and Contested Geographical Space: Citizenship Struggles in Kosovo.” Transitions 52 (2): 2951.Google Scholar
Krasniqi, Vjollca. 2014. “Kosovo: Topography of the Construction of the Nation.” In Strategies of Symbolic Nation-Building in South Eastern Europe, edited by Kolstø, Pål, 139163. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.Google Scholar
Krasniqi, Vjollca. 2016. “Between History and Memory: The Jashari Family Memorial in Prekaz.” Cultures of History Forum, July 25. http://www.cultures-of-history.uni-jena.de/debates/kosovo/between-history-and-memory-the-jashari-family-memorial-in-prekaz-kosovo/. (Accessed April 20, 2017.)Google Scholar
Luci, Nita. 2014. “Seeking Independence: Making Nation, Memory, and Manhood in Kosova.” PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Neil. 2008. “Kosovo Will Hum National Anthem.” The Financial Times, June 12. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d607aad0-3817-11dd-aabb-0000779fd2ac.html?ft_site=falcon&desktop=true#axzz4VfNBPXHQ. (Accessed January 13, 2017.)Google Scholar
McKinna, Anita. 2012. “Kosovo: The International Community’s European Project.” European Review 20 (1): 1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montague, James. 2014. “Kosovo Gets a Real Game, if It Can Assemble a Team.” The New York Times, February 28. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/01/sports/soccer/kosovo-gets-a-game-but-still-struggles-to-build-a-team.html. (Accessed June 10, 2018.)Google Scholar
Montague, James. 2015. “Recognition, One Match at a Time.” Kosovo 2.0, March 4. http://kosovotwopointzero.com/en/recognition-one-match-at-a-time/. (Accessed May 20, 2018.)Google Scholar
Morina, Die. 2017. “Kosovars Remain Faithful to Old Albanian Flag.” Balkan Insight, November 28. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albanian-national-holidays-put-shadow-on-kosovo-s-new-flag-11-27-2017. (Accessed March 29, 2018.)Google Scholar
National Anthem of Kosovo.” n.d. World Heritage Encyclopedia. http://gutenberg.us/articles/national_anthem_of_kosovo#References. (Accessed June 21, 2016.)Google Scholar
Palokaj, Augustin. 2010. “Kosovo Citizens Go Passport Shopping in Serbia.” EU Observer, September 16. https://euobserver.com/news/30816. (Accessed February 27, 2018.)Google Scholar
Pavković, Aleksandar, and Kelen, Christopher. 2016. Anthems and the Making of Nation States: Nationalism and Identity in the Balkans. London: I. B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, Mark. 2016. “IJF President Mr. Marius Vizer Honoured as Kosovo Celebrates 2nd Anniversary of IOC Membership.” International Judo Federation, November 8. https://www.ijf.org/news/show/ijf-president-mr-marius-vizer-honoured-as-kosovo-celebrates-2nd-anniversary-of-ioc-membership. (Accessed June 10, 2018.)Google Scholar
Prime Minister Thaçi Meets Designer of Kosova Flag Mr. Muhamer Ibrahimi.” 2008. Pristina: The Republic of Kosovo Office of the Prime Minister.” February 23. http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/index.php?page=2,9,295. (Accessed February 4, 2017.)Google Scholar
Ristic, Marija. 2016. “Albania, Kosovo Top German 2015 Asylum List.” Balkan Insight. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-kosovo-top-german-2015-asylum-seekers-list-01-07-2016. (Accessed June 1, 2016.)Google Scholar
Robinson, Jack, and Pollozhani, Lura. 2016. “One Team or Two: Football Highlights Complex Albanian Identity.” Kosovo 2.0, September 7. http://kosovotwopointzero.com/en/one-team-or-two-football-highlights-complex-albanian-identity/. (Accessed January 13, 2017.)Google Scholar
Schwandner-Sievers , Stephanie. 2010. “Invisible - Inaudible: Albanian Memory of Socialism after the War in Kosovo.” In Post-Communist Nostalgia, edited by Todorova, Maria and Gille, Zsuzsa, 96112. Oxford, UK: Berghahn Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sejdiu, Mehdi. 2017. “Flagging and Banal Nationalism Confirm Kosovo’s Statehood, but That’s Not the Full Picture.” Kosovo 2.0, February 22. http://kosovotwopointzero.com/en/flagging-statehood-banal-nationalism-important-kosovar-identity-theyre-not-full-picture/. (Accessed March 1, 2017.)Google Scholar
Shaini, Besa. 2016. “Visa Liberalisation for Kosovo: It is Not Over Yet.” Prishtina Insight. http://prishtinainsight.com/visa-liberalisation-kosovo-not-over-yet/. (Accessed June 1, 2016.)Google Scholar
Sinha, Smriti. 2015. “Amidst a War, a World Champion Rises from Kosovo.” Vice, March 25. https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/3d99mb/amidst-war-a-world-champion-rises-from-kosovo. (Accessed May 21, 2018.)Google Scholar
Ströhle, Isabel. 2012. Reinventing Kosovo: NEWBORN and the Young Europeans. In Retracing Images: Visual Culture After Yugoslavia, edited by Šuber, Daniel and Karamanic, Slobodan, 223250. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Tost, Daniel. 2015. “Thaçi: ‘Rumours Caused the Exodus of Kosovars.’” Translated by Erika Körner. EURACTIV, February 18. https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/interview/thaci-rumours-caused-the-exodus-of-kosovars/. (Accessed February 8, 2018.)Google Scholar
Wählisch, Martin, and Xharra, Behar. 2010. Public Diplomacy of Kosovo: Status Quo, Challenges and Options. Prishtina: Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/kosovo/07845.pdf. (Accessed September 25, 2017.)Google Scholar
Wagner-Pacifici , Robin. 2015. “Reconceptualizing Memory as an Event: From ‘Difficult Pasts’ to ‘Restless Events.’” In Routledge International Handbook of Memory Studies, edited by Tota, Anna Lisa and Hagen, Trever, 2227. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wagner-Pacifici , Robin. 2017. What Is an Event? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wander, Andrew. 2008. “With Independence Looming, Kosovo to Pick a Flag.” Christian Science Monitor, February 8. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0208/p25s04-woeu.html. (Accessed February 5, 2017.)Google Scholar
Weller, Marc. 2009. “Negotiating the Final Status of Kosovo.” Chaillot Paper 114: 595.Google Scholar
Xhymshiti, Vedat. 2016. “Kosovo: A Nest of Crime Fugitives in Europe.” Foreign Policy Journal, March 1. https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2016/03/01/kosovo-a-nest-of-crime-fugitives-in-europe/. (Accessed May 17, 2018.)Google Scholar
Zhegrova, Dardan. 2013. “Ilir Bajri on Kosovo’s Anthem.” Kosovo 2.0, May 28. http://archive.kosovotwopointzero.com/en/article/275/ilir-bajri-on-kosovos-anthem. (Accessed June 22, 2016.)Google Scholar