Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T06:22:11.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Multinationalization of Soviet Dissent

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

David Kowalewski
David Kowalewski*
Affiliation:
Siena College
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

If one may judge by Soviet political humor on Radio Armenia, the so-called “socialist internationalism” among the many nationalities in the USSR has reflected less than a perfect “friendship of peoples” in the past: Question: What is the “friendship of peoples”? Radio Armenia: It's when an Armenian takes the hand of an Uzbek, an Uzbek that of a Latvian, a Latvian that of a Russian, a Russian that of a Kazakh, a Kazakh that of a Ukrainian, and then they all go and beat up a Georgian.

Type
Symposium
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , Fall 1983 , pp. 206 - 230
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. This paper was originally prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, Washington, D.C., 15 October 1982. Alexander Glezer, Chelovek s dvoinym dnom: Kniga vospominanii Paris: Third Wave, 1979), p. 226.Google Scholar

2. David Kowalewski and Mary Mershon, “Protest Groups as Ethnic Coalitions: A Cross-National Comparison,” International Journal of Group Tensions 9, 104 (1979), pp. 110-125.Google Scholar

3. Lewis Coser, Functions of Social Conflict (New York: Free Press, 1956), pp. 139-140.Google Scholar

4. Violations of Human Rights in Soviet-Occupied Lithuania: 1977 (Glenside, Pennsylvania: Lithuanian American Community, 1978), pp. 112-113.Google Scholar

5. See the author's “Religious-National Interlock: Faith and Ethnicity in the Soviet Union,” Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 9, 1 (Spring 1982), pp. 97-112.Google Scholar

6. John Dunlop, “Contemporary Russian Orthodox Dissent,” in Dokumenty Khristianskogo Komiteta Zashchity Prav Veruiushchikh v SSR (San Francisco: Washington Street Research Center, 1978-1979), vol. 3, p. 360.Google Scholar

7. Violations: 1978, pp. 135-137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8. Richard Krickus, “Hostages in their Homeland,” Commonweal, February 15, 1980, p. 77.Google Scholar

9. Smoloskyp 1, 1 (Fall 1978), p. 2.Google Scholar

10. Arkhiv samizdata (Munich: Radio Liberty Research), Nos. 3415 and 3645 (hereafter AS).Google Scholar

11. Smoloskyp 1, 3 (Spring 1979), p. 13.Google Scholar

12. AS 2168.Google Scholar

13. Elta Information Service 261 (February 1981) (hereafter Elta).Google Scholar

14. Dvizhenie za prava cheloveka v SSSR i Vostochnoi Evrope: Tseli, znachenie, trudnosti,“ Kontinent 19 (1979), p. 177.Google Scholar

15. Samizdat Bulletin 86 (June 1980) (hereafter SB).Google Scholar

16. Chelovek, pp. 225-230.Google Scholar

17. Vera v slovo (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ardis, 1977), pp. 73 and 79.Google Scholar

18. Leonid Plyushch, History's Carnival: A Dissident's Autobiography (New York: Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich, 1977), p. 189.Google Scholar

19. Kenneth Farmer, “Ukrainian Nationalism and Soviet Nationalities Policy,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1977, p. 245.Google Scholar

20. “On the Fifth Anniversary of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group,” Smoloskyp 3, 13 (Fall 1981), p. 10.Google Scholar

21. Ibid. Google Scholar

22. Vera, p. 78.Google Scholar

23. Ibid., pp. 68-69.Google Scholar

24. Violations: 1978, p. 19.Google Scholar

25. Dve press-konferentsii (K sborniku “Iz-pod glyb”) (Paris: YMCA Press, 1975), pp. 19-20.Google Scholar

26. AS 3647.Google Scholar

27. SB 58 (February 1978).Google Scholar

28. Radio Liberty, Twenty-Eighth Issue of the Unofficial Lithuanian Journal Aušra (Munich: Radio Liberty Research, 1982).Google Scholar

29. AS 2217.Google Scholar

30. “Ukrainian Helsinki Group and the National Minorities in Ukraine,” Smoloskyp 3, 13 (Fall 1981), pp. 1 and 8.Google Scholar

31. Association of Belorussians in Great Britain, Pismo russkomu drugu (London: 1979), pp. 7 and 30-32.Google Scholar

32. Elta 268 (September 1981).Google Scholar

33. Chronicle of the Catholic Church of Lithuania No. 44 (hereafter CCCL).Google Scholar

34. AS 3980.Google Scholar

35. Violations: 1978, p. 58.Google Scholar

36. Roman Kupchinsky, ed., Natsionalnyi vopros v SSSR (Munich: Suchasnist, 1975), p. 150.Google Scholar

37. Smoloskyp 1, 3 (Spring, 1979), p. 13.Google Scholar

38. “Ukrainian Helsinki Group,” p. 8.Google Scholar

39. Thomas Remeikis, Opposition to Soviet Rule in Lithuania: 1945-1980 (Chicago: Institute of Lithuanian Studies, 1980), p. 103.Google Scholar

40. Tri otnosheniia k rodine (Frankfurt: Posev, 1978), p. 123.Google Scholar

41. Liudmilla Alexeeva, “On the Fifth Anniversary,” p. 10.Google Scholar

42. Ibid. p. 10.Google Scholar

43. Delo Airikiana (New York: Khronika Press, 1977), pp. 36-41; “Ukraine and Russian Dissidents: A Qualification for Freedom,” Ukrainian Quarterly 32, 4 (Winter, 1975), p. 351; Alexander Nekrich, Nakazannye narody (New York: Khronika Press, 1978), p. 142.Google Scholar

44. Vladimir Bukovsky, “Russkie politzakliuchennye Vladimirskoi tiurmy o provedenii natsionalnykh referendumov,” Kontinent 11 (1977), pp. 3-8; see also “Zaiavlenie po Ukrainskomu voprosu,” Kontinent 12 (1977), pp. 210-211.Google Scholar

45. Liudmilla Alexeeva, “The Human Rights Movement in the USSR,” Survey 23, 4 (Autumn 1977-1978), p. 78. See also Khronika tekushchiki sobytii (Munich: Samizdat Archives; New York: Khonika Press; London: Amnesty International; Amsterdam: Herzen Foundation), No. 45 (hereafter KTS).Google Scholar

46. AS 4278.Google Scholar

47. Krickus, “Hostages,” p. 76; AS 4593; Andrei Sakharov, “Obrashchenie,” Kontinent 14 (1977), p. 11.Google Scholar

48. AS 3314.Google Scholar

49. Tashkentskii protsess: Sud nad desiatiu predstaviteliami Krymskotatarskogo naroda (Amsterdam: Herzen Foundation, 1976), p. 402.Google Scholar

50. Alexeeva, “On the Fifth Anniversary,” p. 10.Google Scholar

51. Programma demokraticheskogo dvizheniia Sovetskogo Soiuza (Amsterdam: Herzen Foundation, 1970), p. 54.Google Scholar

52. Michael Bourdeaux, Land of Crosses (Devon, England: Augustine, 1979), p. 319.Google Scholar

53. Israel Kleiner, “The Contemporary Ukrainian National Movement in the USSR,” Crossroads 4 (Autumn 1979), pp. 228-230.Google Scholar

54. Smoloskyp 2, 3 (Spring 1979), p. 7.Google Scholar

55. Radio Liberty, Latvian Dissident Harassed (Munich: Radio Liberty Research, 1978).Google Scholar

56. Help and Action Newsletter, January 1981, p. A4.Google Scholar

57. Jurij Dobczansky, Vasyl Romanyuk (Wheaton, Illinois: Society for the Study of Religion under Communism, 1980), p. 64.Google Scholar

58. AS 3621.Google Scholar

59. V. Stanley Vardys, “Human Rights Issues in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania,” Journal of Baltic Studies 12, 3 (Fall, 1981), p. 279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

60. “Old Hopes and New Currents in Present-Day Lithuania,” Lituanus 23, 3 (Fall, 1977), p. 56.Google Scholar

61. “Leonid Plyushch, Family on Short Visit in the United States,” Ukrainian Quarterly 32, 1 (Spring 1976), p. 104.Google Scholar

62. SB 12 (April 1974).Google Scholar

63. AS 2431.Google Scholar

64. Subcommittee on International Organizations, Anti-Semitism and Reprisals against Jewish Emigration in the Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, U.S. Congress, 1976), p. 2; Russia and East European Research Bulletin 14 (May 1976), p. 6.Google Scholar

65. John Evrard, “Human Rights in the Soviet Union,” Depaul Law Review 29 (1980), p. 844; Amnesty International, Prisoners of Conscience in the USSR (London: 1975), p. 80.Google Scholar

66. Israel Kleiner, “Present-Day Ukrainian National Movement in the USSR and the Jewish Question,” Soviet Jewish Affairs 11, 3 (November 1981), p. 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

67. Kleiner, “Contemporary Ukrainian National Movement,” p. 237.Google Scholar

68. Leonard Schroeter, Last Exodus (New York: Universe Books, 1974), p. 380.Google Scholar

69. Mikhail Kheifets, Mesto i vremia: Evreiskie zametki (Paris: Third Wave, 1978), p. 31.Google Scholar

70. AS 3170.Google Scholar

71. Ibid. Google Scholar

72. KTS No. 41.Google Scholar

73. World Federation of Free Latvians, Report on the Implementation of the Helsinki Final Act in Soviet-Occupied Latvia (Rockville, Maryland: 1980), p. 62.Google Scholar

74. AS 1486.Google Scholar

75. AS 1020.Google Scholar

76. Viktor Haynes and Olga Semyonova, Workers against the Gulag (London: Pluto Press, 1979), pp. 25 and 35.Google Scholar

77. AS 4282Google Scholar

78. Remeikis, Opposition, p. 169.Google Scholar

79. CCCL No. 6.Google Scholar

80. AS 3949.Google Scholar

81. AS 3647 and CCCL No. 21.Google Scholar

82. Kupchinsky, Natsionalnyi vopros, p. 198.Google Scholar

83. ZP UHVR News Release, 7 March 1979; Ukrainian Herald Issue 7-8 (Baltimore; Smoloskyp, 1976), passim. Google Scholar

84. AS 3401 and 3873; Radio Liberty, Copies of Previously Unknown Estonian Samizdat Periodical Reach the West (Munich: Radio Liberty Research, 1981).Google Scholar

85. Smoloskyp 4, 15 (Spring, 1982), p. 4.Google Scholar

86. KTS No. 45.Google Scholar

87. AS 3697 and Khronika zashchity prav v SSSR 31 (July-September 1978) (hereafter KZP).Google Scholar

88. Violations: 1978, pp. 185-187.Google Scholar

89. AS 2935 and 3085.Google Scholar

90. AS 3647Google Scholar

91. Elta 183 (July 1974).Google Scholar

92. KTS No. 48; News from Ukraine 6, 1 (Spring 1979).Google Scholar

93. AS 3410Google Scholar

94. Natalya Solzhenitsyna, “Pismo,” Kontinent 15 (1978), p. 12; Help and Action Newsletter, April 1978.Google Scholar

95. Elta 235 (November 1978).Google Scholar

96. Sobranie dokumentov samizdata (Munich: Radio Liberty Research) vol. 30, p. 143.Google Scholar

97. Elta 227 (March 1978); Sobranie, p. 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

98. See the author's “National Liberation on Soviet Streets,” unpublished manuscript, for sources and further description.Google Scholar

99. See the author's “Trends in the Human Rights Movement,” in Donald Kelley, ed., Soviet Politics in the Brezhnev Era (New York: Praeger, 1980), pp. 150-181.Google Scholar

100. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Documents of Helsinki Dissent from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, 1978), pp. 83-84.Google Scholar

101. SB 102 (October 1981).Google Scholar

102. Adelaida Lamberg, “Ehstonkiie dissidenty — Za nezavisimost,” Kontinent 9 (1976), p. 163.Google Scholar

103. See Elta 169 (May-June 1973), 224 (December 1977), and 228 (April-May 1978); KTS Nos. 41 and 47; CCCL No. 23; Remeikis, Opposition, pp. 441-442; and AS 314 and 318.Google Scholar

104. Orest Olhovych, An Interview with Political Prisoners in a Soviet Perm Camp (Baltimore: Smoloskyp, 1975), p. 20.Google Scholar

105. See Istoriia odnoi golodovki (Frankfurt: Posev, 1971).Google Scholar

106. SB 12 (April 1974).Google Scholar

107. SB 20 (December 1974).Google Scholar

108. SB 31 (November 1975).Google Scholar

109. AS 3673.Google Scholar

110. Vesti iz SSSR, 31 October 1981.Google Scholar

111. AS 3647; News from Ukraine 6, 2 (Autumn 1979), p. 3.Google Scholar

112. AS 3569, 3647, and 3724.Google Scholar

113. SB 12 (April 1978).Google Scholar

114. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, News Release, 2 November 1979.Google Scholar

115. Kheifets, Mesto, pp. 32-33.Google Scholar

116. AS 3428.Google Scholar

117. Elta 161 (January 1972).Google Scholar

118. See David Kowalewski and Cheryl Johnson, “The Ukrainian Dissident: A Statistical Profile,” unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

119. See the author's “Protest for National Rights in the USSR,” Nationalities Papers 8, 2 (Fall 1980), pp. 182-183.Google Scholar

120. CCCL No. 48; see the author's “Armenian National Unity Party: Context and Program,” Armenian Review 31, 4-124 (April 1979), pp. 362-370; AS 70.Google Scholar

121. Programma Demokraticheskogo Dvizheniia Sovetskogo Soiuza (Amsterdam; Herzen Foundation, 1970).Google Scholar

122. Radio Liberty, Fifth Issue of the Unofficial Lithuanian Journal Aušra (Munich: Radio Liberty Research, 1977).Google Scholar

123. AS 3755.Google Scholar

124. Smoloskyp 1, 3 (Spring, 1979), p. 14.Google Scholar

125. AS 3755.Google Scholar

126. SB (May 1973); Alexeeva, “Fifth Anniversary,” p. 10; Mark Perakh, “From Sakharov to Samolvin,” Ukrainian Quarterly 34, 3 (August 1978); Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Basket Three: Implementation of the Helsinki Accords (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, 1977), vol. 1, p. 66; East-West Digest 21, 14 (November 1978), pp. 821-822.Google Scholar

127. AS 4464.Google Scholar

128. Freedom Appeals 7 (November-December 1980), p. 24.Google Scholar

129. Elta 275 (April 1982), p. 14.Google Scholar

130. Smoloskyp 3, 12 (Summer 1981), p. 2.Google Scholar

131. SB 106 (February 1982).Google Scholar

132. Vesti iz SSSR, 31 July 1980.Google Scholar

133. KTS No. 57.Google Scholar

134. Vesti iz SSSr, 15 November 1981 and 31 January 1982.Google Scholar

135. AS 4452.Google Scholar

136. Freedom Appeals 12 (November-December 1981), pp. 6-8.Google Scholar

137. AS 3724.Google Scholar

138. AS 4132.Google Scholar

139. AS 4570 (original emphasis).Google Scholar