Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T03:28:08.276Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Greek citizenship tradition in flux? Investigating contemporary tensions between ethnic and civic elements of nationality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

George Mavrommatis*
Affiliation:
Department of Geography, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

Abstract

Although the Greek citizenship tradition has contained both ethnic and civic elements all along, up until recently, at least according to the existing literature, it has replicated the geographical logic of a European divide between the East (ethnic) and West (civic). Lately, this tradition has been in flux as it appears to be moving along and changing positions across a hypothetical citizenship axis running along the two constitutional poles of nationality: ethnic descent and civic community. This paper attempts to shed light on this tradition in transit by bringing to the fore contemporary tensions between ethnic and civic elements of citizenship. More specifically, these ongoing frictions have been mostly manifested in the ever-changing conditionality of the terms of acquisition of Greek citizenship by second- and “one-and-a-half” generation migrant children. Most importantly, these antagonisms between an ethnicized (ethnic) citizenship and a politicized (civic) nationality became discursively played out within the arena of migrant integration discourse. However, one question remains: What can the Greek case tell us about the broader politics of citizenship and belonging in Europe and beyond?

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anagnostou, Dia. 2011. “Citizenship Policy Making in Mediterranean EU states: Greece.” EUDO Citizenship Observatory. http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/EUDOComp-Greece.pdf.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. 1990. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Theory, Culture & Society 7:295310.Google Scholar
Baldwin-Edwards, Martin. 2014. “Immigration, Racism and the New Xenophobia of Greece's Immigration Policy.” Mediterranean Migration Observatory, Working Paper 11. http://mmo.gr/pdf/publications/mmo_working_papers/MMO_WP11.pdf.Google Scholar
Balourdos, Dionysis, and Spyropoulou, Natalia. 2012. “Portraits of Poverty in Crisis Ridden Greece.” In The Social Portrait of Greece: Facets of the Crisis, edited by Mouriki, A., Balourdos, D., Papaliou, O., Spyropoulou, N., Fagadaki, E., and Fronimou, E., 161183. Athens: National Center of Social Research (EKKE). [in Greek].Google Scholar
Baubock, Rainer. 2002. “How Migration Transforms Citizenship? International, Multinational and Transnational Perspectives.” IWE Working Papers, February 24.Google Scholar
Baubock, Rainer, and Liebich, Andre. 2010. “Is There (Still) an East-West Divide in the Conception of Citizenship in Europe?” EUI Working Papers RSCAS 19. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/13587/RSCAS_2010_19.corr.pdf?sequence = 3&isAllowed = y.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1990. “Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany.” PhD diss., Columbia University.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 1999. “The Manichean Myth: Rethinking the Distinction between ‘Civic’ and ‘Ethnic’ Nationalism.” In Nation and National Identity: The European Experience in Perspective, edited by Hanspeter, K., Armingeon, K., Slegrist, H., and Wimmer, A., 5573. Zurich: Verlag Ruegger.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2001. “The Return of Assimilation? Changing Perspectives on Immigration and its Sequels in France, Germany and the United States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (4): 531548.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2004a. “In the Name of the Nation: Reflections on Nationalism and Patriotism.” Citizenship Studies 8 (2): 115127.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2004b. “Ethnicity, Migration and Statehood in Post-Cold War Europe.” In The Fate of the Nation State, edited by Seymour, Michael, 357374. Montreal: McGill Queens University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2010. “Migration, Membership and the Modern Nation-State: Internal and External Dimensions of the Politics of Belonging.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History XII (I): 6178.Google Scholar
Cholezas, Ioannis, and Tsakloglou, Panos. 2009. “The Economic Impact of Immigration in Greece: Taking Stock of the Existing Evidence.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 9 (12): 77104.Google Scholar
Christopoulos, Dimitris. 2012. Who is the Greek Citizen? Athens: Vivliorama.Google Scholar
Christopoulos, Dimitris. 2013a. “Country Report: Greece.” EUDO Citizenship Observatory. http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/CountryReports/Greece.pdf.Google Scholar
Christopoulos, Dimitris. 2013b. “Naturalization Procedures for Immigrants: Greece.” EUDO Citizenship Observatory. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29784/NPR_2013_09-Greece.pdf?sequence= 1.Google Scholar
Christopoulos, Dimitiris. 2015. “The 2015 Reform of the Greek Nationality Code in Brief.” http://eudo-citizenship.eu/country-profiles/?country=Greece.Google Scholar
Christopoulos, Dimitris, and Tsitselikis, Costatinos. 2003. The Greek Minority of Albania. Athens: Kritiki [in Greek].Google Scholar
Council of State. 2011. “The Acquisition of the Greek Citizenship and the Participation of Third Country Nationals in Local Elections.” https://www.constitutionalism.gr/1945-syntagmatikotita-twn-newn-rytmisewn-gia-tin-ktisi/. [In Greek].Google Scholar
Council of State. 2013. The Acquisition of Citizenship in Foreign Children Born in this Country or Schooled for Six Years in Greek Education – Local Voting Rights for Foreigners.“ Hellenic Republic. [In Greek].Google Scholar
Diamanti-Karanou, Panagoula. 2003. “Migration of Ethnic Greeks from the Former Soviet Union to Greece, 1990–2000: Policy Decisions and Implications.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 3 (1): 2545.Google Scholar
Diez, Thomas, and Squire, Vicky. 2008. “Traditions of Citizenship and the Securitization of Migration in Germany and Britain.” Citizenship Studies 12 (6): 565581.Google Scholar
Dumbrava, Costica. 2014. Nationality, Citizenship and Ethnocultural Belonging. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Entzinger, Han. 2014. “The Growing Gap between Facts and Discourse on Immigrant Integration in the Netherlands.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 21 (6): 693707.Google Scholar
Eurostat. 2013. “Living Standards Falling in Most Member States.” http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-13-008/EN/KS-SF-13-008-EN.PDF.Google Scholar
Favell, Andrian. 1998. Philosophies of Integration: Immigration and Citizenship in France and Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1991. “Politics and the Study of Discourse.” In The Foucault Effect, edited by Burchell, G., Gordon, C., and Miller, P., 5373. London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Gropas, Rubi, and Triandafyllidou, Anna. 2011. “Greek Education Policy and the Challenge of Migration: An ”Intercultural“ View of Assimilation.” Race Ethnicity and Education 14 (3): 399419.Google Scholar
Hatziprokopiou, Panos. 2006. Globalization, Migration and Socio-Economic Change in Contemporary Greece. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Parliament, Hellenic. 2010. Parliamentary Hearings of Law 3838/2010, March 11. [In Greek].Google Scholar
Hjerm, Mikael. 1998. “National Identities, National Pride and Xenophobia: A Comparison of Four Western Countries.” Acta Sociologica 41:335347.Google Scholar
Howard, Marc Morje. 2008. “The Causes and Consequences of Germany's New Citizenship Law.” German Politics 17 (1): 4162.Google Scholar
Ignatieff, Michael. 1993. Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.Google Scholar
Isin, Ergin F., and Turner, Bryan S. 2007. “Investigating Citizenship: An Agenda for Citizenship Studies.” Citizenship Studies 11 (1): 517.Google Scholar
Janmaat, Jan Germen. 2006. “Popular Conceptions of Nationhood in Old and New European Member States: Partial Support for the Ethnic and Civic Framework.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (1): 5078.Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian. 2007a. “Beyond National Models: Civic Integration Policies for Immigrants in Western Europe.” West European Politics 30 (1): 122.Google Scholar
Joppke, Christian. 2007b. “Transformation of Immigrant Integration in Western Europe: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination Policies in the Netherlands, France and Germany.” World Politics 59 (2): 243273.Google Scholar
Kasimis, Charalambos. 2012. “Greece: Illegal Immigration in the Midst of Crisis.” www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/Display.cfm?ID=884.Google Scholar
Kendall, Gavin, and Wickham, Gary. 1999. Using Foucault's Methods. London: Sage.Google Scholar
King, Russell. 2001. The Mediterranean Passage: Migration and New Cultural Encounters in Southern Europe. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.Google Scholar
King, Russell, Lazaridis, Gabriela, and Tsardanidi, Chraralambos. 2000. Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
King, Russell, and Lulle, Aija. 2016. Research on Migration: Facing Realities, Maximizing Opportunities. Brussels: European Union.Google Scholar
Kohn, Hans. 1945. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study of the Origins and the Background. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kouki, Hara, and Vidra, Zsuzsa. 2014. “Introduction to the Special Issue: New Forms of Intolerance in European Political Life.” Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies 12 (4): 353362.Google Scholar
Kuzio, Taras. 2002. “The Myth of the Civic State: A Critical Survey of Hans Kohn's Framework for Understanding Nationalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 25 (1): 2039.Google Scholar
Loch, Dietmar. 2014. “Integration as a Sociological Concept and National Model for Immigrants: Scope and Limits.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 21 (6): 623632.Google Scholar
Maas, William. 2009. “Un-respected, Unequal and Hollow? Contingent Citizenship and Reversible Rights in the European Union.” The Columbia Journal of European Law 15 (2): 265280.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. 2002. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
McCrone, David, and Kiely, Richard. 2000. “Nationalism and Citizenship.” Sociology 34 (1): 1934.Google Scholar
McHoul, Alec, and Grace, Wendy. 1993. A Foucault Primer: Discourse, Power and the Subject. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.Google Scholar
Ministry of Interior. 2010. “Explanatory Report of Law 3838/2010.” http://www.parliament.gr/UserFiles/2f026f42-950c-4efc-b950-340c4fb76a24/g-ithag-protasi.pdf. [In Greek].Google Scholar
Ministry of Interior. 2015. “Explanatory Report of Changes to Provisions of the Greek Citizenship Code.” http://www.opengov.gr/ypes/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/05/aitiologiki-sxediou-nomou_ithageneia.pdf. [In Greek].Google Scholar
Mouritsen, Per. 2012. “The Resilience if Citizenship Traditions: Civic Integration in Germany, Great Britain and Denmark.” Ethnicities 13 (1): 86109.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, Per, and Jensen, Christine Hovmark Jensen. 2014. “Integration Policies in Denmark”. EUI, INNTERACT. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/32020/INTERACT-RR-2014_06.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Mylonas, Harris. 2013. “Ethnic Return Migration, Selective Incentives, and the Right to Freedom of Movement in Post-Cold War Greece.” In Democratic Citizenship and the Free Movement of People, edited by Maas, Willem, 353356. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Olsen, Tore Vincents, and Lindekilde, Lasse. 2012. “Conceptions of Tolerance and Intolerance in Denmark? From Liberality to Liberal Intolerance?” European University Institute. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/23255/ACCEPT_WP5_2012-19_Country-synthesis-report_Denmark.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Pratsinakis, Manolis. 2013. “Contesting National Belonging: An Established-outsider Figuration on the Margins of Thessaloniki, Greece.” PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research.Google Scholar
Pratsinakis, Manolis. 2014. “Resistance and Compliance in Immigrant-Native Figurations: Albanian and Soviet Greek Immigrants and Their Interaction with Greek Society.” Journal of Ethnic and Racial Studies 40 (8): 12951313.Google Scholar
Reeskens, Tim, and Hooche, Marc. 2010. “Beyond the Ethnic-civic dichotomy: Investigating the Structure of Citizenship Concepts across Thirty-three Countries.” Nations and Nationalism 16 (4): 579597.Google Scholar
Shulman, Stephan. 2002. “Challenging the Civic/Ethnic and West/East Dichotomies in the Study of Nationalism.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (5): 554585.Google Scholar
Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos. 2011. “Illiberal Mean to Liberal Ends? Understanding Immigrant Integration Policies in Europe.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37 (6): 861880.Google Scholar
Triandafyllidou, Anna. 2014a. “Towards a Post-national Membership: Local Voting Rights for Third Country Nationals in Greece.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 15 (4): 821844.Google Scholar
Triandafyllidou, Anna. 2014b. “Greek Migration Policy in the 2010s: Europeanization Tensions in a Time of Crisis.” Journal of European Integration 36 (4): 409425.Google Scholar
Triandafyllidou, Anna. 2015. “Reform, Counter-reform and the Politics of Citizenship: Local Voting Rights for Third-country Nationals in Greece.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16:4360.Google Scholar
Triandafyllidou, Anna, and Kouki, Hara. 2013. “Muslim Immigrants and the Greek Nation: The Emergence of Nationalist Intolerance.” Ethnicities 13 (6): 709728.Google Scholar
Triandafyllidou, Anna, and Veikou, Mariangela. 2002. “The Hierarchy of Greekness.” Ethnicities 2 (2): 189208.Google Scholar
Triantafyllidou, Anna, and Maroukis, Thanos. 2012. Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. London: Palgrave MacMillan.Google Scholar
Vogli, Elpida. 2007. Greek by descent: Identity and Citizenship in Modern Greece, 1821–1844, 175–193. Heraklion: Crete University Press.Google Scholar
Vogli, Elpida, and Mylonas, Harris. 2009. “Hellenes are … Incorporation Strategies Toward Co-ethnic Repatriate Groups in Contemporary Greece (1990–2007).” In Immigrants and Minorities: Discourse and Policies, edited by Pavlou, Miltos and Skoulariki, Athena. Athens: Vivliorama/KEMO (Research Center for Minority Groups). [In Greek].Google Scholar
Voutira, Eutyxia. 1991. “Pontic Greeks Today: Migrants or Refugees?Journal of Refugee Studies 4 (4): 400–20.Google Scholar
Winter, Elke. 2014. “Traditions of Nationhood or Political Conjuncture?Comparative Migration Studies 2 (1): 2955.Google Scholar
Zincone, Giovanna, and Basili, Marzia. 2013. “Country Report: Italy.” EUDO Citizenship Observatory. http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/CountryReports/Italy.pdf.Google Scholar