Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018
At the beginning of his political career, Count Kuno Klebelsberg, the remarkable future Hungarian Minister of Culture and Education of the 1920s, prepared a statement on emigration from Hungary for Prime Minister Kálmán Széll in 1902. “[W]e must correct a great and general mistake, that might unfortunately lead to disappointment,” Klebelsberg warned the PM. “Unwilling to make a distinction among people from the point of view of nationality, we call everybody residing in Hungary a Hungarian. This is how it became fashionable to speak of 'the emigration of Hungarians' when emigration was discussed, giving the general public, unaccustomed to making distinctions, the mistaken belief that we are talking about the emigration of Hungarians who speak the native tongue. This is why the return of the emigrants and corresponding official arrangements are demanded. The case is different, however. The two largest contingents contributing to the [“Hungarian”] emigration are Slovaks and Ruthenes.”
1. Gábor G. Kemény, ed., Iratok a nemzetiségi kérdés történetéhez Magyarországon a dualizmus korában [Documents on the History of the Nationality Question in Hungary during the Dualist Era], Vol. III: 1900-1903 (Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, 1964), p. 520.Google Scholar
2. Hanák, Péter, “Magyarország társadalma a századforduló idején,” [Hungarian Society at the Turn of the Century] in Péter Hanák, ed., Magyarország története 1890-1918 [The History of Hungary], Vol. I (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1983), pp. 412-413. See also László Katus, “Über die wirtschaftlichen and gesellschaftlichen Grundlagen der Nationalitätenfrage in Ungarn vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg,” in Péter Hanák, ed., Die nationale Frage in der Òsterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie 1900-1918 (Budapest, 1966), pp. 149–216.Google Scholar
3. Arató, Endre, A nemzetiségi kérdés története Magyarországon [The History of the Nationality Question in Hungary], Vol. II, 1840-1848 (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1960), pp. 73–112, 113-162.Google Scholar
4. Seton-Watson, Hugh, The “Sick Heart” of Modern Europe. The Problem of the Danubian Lands (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1975), pp. 8–10; Géza Jeszenszky, “Hungary through World War I and the End of the Dual Monarchy,” in Sugar, Peter F., Péter Hanák and Tibor Frank, eds, A History of Hungary (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), pp. 269-270; Janos, Andrew, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 125-127; Gábor G. Kemény, A magyar nemzetiségi kérdés története [The History of the Nationality Question in Hungary], Vol. I (Budapest: Gergely, 1947), pp. 69–112, see esp. pp. 94–95, 107-109.Google Scholar
5. Seton-Watson, pp. 10–11.Google Scholar
6. Gratz, Gusztáv, A dualizmus kora. Magyarország története [The Age of the Dual Monarchy. A History of Hungary] 1867-1918 (Budapest: Magyar Szemle Társaság, 1934), Vol. I, pp. 370–374.Google Scholar
7. Jászi, Oszkár, A nemzeti államok kialakulása és a nemzetiségi kérdés [The Evolution of the Nation States and the Nationality Problem] (Budapest: Grill Károly, 1912), pp. 485–486.Google Scholar
8. Ibid., p. 486.Google Scholar
9. Ibid., p. 491.Google Scholar
10. Jászi, Oszkár to Károly Szladits, Budapest, 14 May, 1902 [Courtesy of András Szöllösy-Sebestyén].Google Scholar
11. Jászi, Oscar, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1929), pp. 233–238.Google Scholar
12. Cf. Scotus Viator [= R. W. Seton-Watson], Racial Problems in Hungary (London: Constable, 1908), pp. 201–202, 470, 499-501.Google Scholar
13. Ibid., p. 202.Google Scholar
14. Ùlehla, Josef, “Ùvodni slovo prékladatelovo,” [Foreword] in Scotus Viator, Národnostni otázka v Uhrách [Racial Problems in Hungary] (V Brné: A. Pisa, 1913).Google Scholar
15. Steed, Henry Wickham, The Hapsburg Monarchy (London: Constable, 1913), pp. 149–150.Google Scholar
16. Cf. Namier, L. B., “The Political Structure of Austria-Hungary before the War,” in Temperley, H. W. V., A History of the Paris Peace Conference (London: Henry Frowde and Hodder ∧ Stoughton, 1921), Vol. IV, pp. 58–69.Google Scholar
17. Puskás, Julianna, From Hungary to the United States (1880-1914) (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1982), p. 57.Google Scholar
18. Ibid., p. 56.Google Scholar
19. Ibid., p. 61, note 23.Google Scholar
20. Deák, István, Beyond Nationalism. A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848-1918 (New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 13–14, 188-189; László Katus, “Die Magyaren” in Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch, eds, Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848-1918, Vol. III, p. 483; quoted by István Deák, op. cit., p. 182.Google Scholar
21. Deák, István, Beyond Nationalism, p. 182.Google Scholar
22. Militärstatistisches Jahrbuch für das Jahr 1897 (Wien, 1898), pp. 143, 148; Militärstatistisches Jahrbuch für das Jahr 1910 (Wien, 1911), pp. 145-146, quoted by Deák, p. 183.Google Scholar
23. Csokor, Franz Theodor, 3. November 1918. Ende der Armee Österreich-Ungarns (Wien: Danubia, 1949), see esp. pp. 54–59, 61–64; quote p. 53; cf. Deák, p. 184 and p. 250, note 37.Google Scholar
24. 1900. évi népszámlálás [Hungarian Census of 1900] Vol. VIII, pp. 45–49, quoted by Jászi, A nemzeti államok, pp. 412–413.Google Scholar
25. 1900. évi népszámlálás, Vol. I, p. 6, Vol. VIII, pp. 45–49, quoted by Jászi, A nemzeti államok, p. 415.Google Scholar
26. Mocsáry, Lajos, Néhány szó a nemzetiségi kérdésröl [A Few Words on the Nationality Question] (Budapest: Singer és Wolfner, 1886), pp. 52–55; quote p. 56; cf. Jászi, A nemzeti államok, p. 417.Google Scholar
27. Ibid. Google Scholar
28. Mocsáry, Néhány szó; Jászi, A nemzeti allamok , Part VI, pp. 359-435; cp. Péter Hanák, Jászi Oszkár dunai patriotizmusa [The Danubian Patriotism of Oscar Jászi] (Budapest: Magvetö, 1985); Seton-Watson, Racial Problems in Hungary; Géza Jeszenszky, Az elveszett presztizs. Magyarország megitélésének megváltozása Nagy-Britanniában [The Lost Prestige. The Changing Image of Hungary in Great Britain] (1894-1918) (Budapest: Magvetö, 1986); Géza Jeszenszky, “The Correspondence of Oszkár Jászi and R.W. Seton-Watson before World War I,” Acta Historica, Vol. 26, 1980, pp. 437–454.Google Scholar
29. Stolarik, MarianMark, Immigration and Urbanization. The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York: AMS Press, 1989), p. 2.Google Scholar
30. Niederhauser, Emil, The Rise of Nationality in Eastern Europe (Budapest: Corvina, 1981), pp. 223–224.Google Scholar
31. Hegedüs, Loránt, A magyarok kivándorlása Amerikába [The Emigration of Hungarians to America] (Budapest, 1899; originally published in the Budapesti Szemle), pp. 76–77.Google Scholar
32. , Stolarik, p. 15.Google Scholar
33. , Stolarik, pp. 1–34.Google Scholar
34. June Granatir Alexander, “Staying Together: Chain Migration and Patterns of Slovak Settlement in Pittsburgh Prior to World War I,” Journal of American Ethnic History, (Fall 1981), p. 59.Google Scholar
35. Ibid., p. 76.Google Scholar
36. Glettler, Monika, Pittsburg-Wien-Budapest. Programm und Praxis der Nationalitätenpolitik bei der Auswanderung der ungarischen Slowaken nach Amerika um 1900 (Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1980), pp. 17–18.Google Scholar
37. Kemény, Iratok, Vol. III, p. 461.Google Scholar
38. , Glettler, Pittsburg-Wien-Budapest, p. 20.Google Scholar
39. Boas, Franz, Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911); cf. Tibor Frank, “Franz Boas és a közép- és déleurópai kivándorlás antropológiája,” Ethnographia, 1994.Google Scholar
40. A magyar szent korona országainak kivándorlása és visszavándorlása [The Emigration and Remigration of the Lands of the Hungarian Holy Crown] 1899-1913 (Budapest: Magyar Kir. Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, 1918), p. 42.Google Scholar
41. , Glettler, Pittsburg-Wien-Budapest, p. 24.Google Scholar
42. Culen, Konstantin, Dejiny Slovákov v Amerike [The History of the Slovaks in America] (Bratislava, 1942), Vol. I, p. 59, quoted by Glettler, Pittsburg-Wien-Budapest, p. 24; cf. Tibor Frank, “Misintegration and Remigration. Temporary Austro-Hungarian Immigrants in the United States,” Anuales Univ. Sci. Budapestinensis de R. Eötvös Nominatae, Sectio Historica XXIII (1983), pp. 263–270.Google Scholar
43. , Alexander, Staying Together, p. 4.Google Scholar
44. Kemény, Iratok, Vol. III, pp. 54–55.Google Scholar
45. Ibid., p. 55.Google Scholar
46. Pottere, Bruno De, ed., A délvidéki kivándorlási kongresszus tárgyalásai [Proceedings of the Emigration Conference in Southern Hungary] (10-11 August, 1902), (Budapest: Pátria, 1903), p. 48.Google Scholar
47. Ibid., p. 50.Google Scholar
48. Mailáth, József, in Ibid., pp. 7, 13.Google Scholar
49. Roman Dobler and Charles Semsey to Sargent, F. P., New York, 16 January, 1907, National Archives, Washington, DC: RG 85, 51411/51, p. 7.Google Scholar
50. J. D. Trevor to F. P. Sargent, New York, 21 December, 1907, National Archives, Washington, DC: RG 85, 51.652/13 p. 5.Google Scholar
51. Dobler and Semsey to Sargent, F. P., p. 7.Google Scholar
52. Winans, C. S. to Department of State, Prague, 13/24 March, 1925, National Archives, Washington, DC: RG 85, 55452/223.Google Scholar
53. , Glettler, Pittsburg-Wien-Budapest, p. 24.Google Scholar
54. Ibid., p. 29.Google Scholar
55. Kemény, Iratok, Vol. III, p. 634.Google Scholar
56. Hegedüs, A magyarok kivándorlása, pp. 69–71.Google Scholar
57. Pottere, De, A délvidéki kivándorlási kongresszus, p. 32.Google Scholar
58. Department of Justice to the Secretary of Labor, 14 December, 1917, National Archives, Washington, DC: RG 85, 54328/General.Google Scholar
59. Memorandum by Lansing, Robert, June 25, 1918, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Vol. 48 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), p. 436.Google Scholar
60. Lansing to Woodrow Wilson, Ibid., Vol. 48, pp. 436-437.Google Scholar
61. Wittke, Carl, We Who Built America. The Saga of the Immigrant (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1939), pp. 417–418; cf. Masaryk, Thomas G., The Making of a State (New York, 1927), pp. 207-263.Google Scholar
62. Frank Irving Cobb to the President, November 27, 1917 and Alexander Konta to Frank Irving Cobb, New York, 26 November, 1917, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Vol. 45, pp. 235–140; Vol. 48, p. 435.Google Scholar
63. Kemény, Iratok, Vol. III, p. 631.Google Scholar
64. Ibid., pp. 520–521.Google Scholar
65. T. V. Powderly to Sargent, Frank P., [1906], National Archives, Washington, DC: RG 85, 51411/51, p. 53.Google Scholar