Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T09:30:09.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Properties and Design of Electrorheological Suspensions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Hans Conrad
Get access

Extract

Although electrorheological (ER) fluids are presently being used in some commercial devices, their full potential has yet to be realized. The maximum shear stress (~2 kPa) of commercial ER fluids is not sufficient for most pertinent applications, especially in regard to the automotive industry. However, recent theoretical studies indicate that a shear stress of at least an order of magnitude greater than 2 kPa might be attained by the proper design of the ER suspension. This article reviews the status of the understanding of ER behavior which leads to this possibility.

Most of the research to date on ER fluids has been on suspensions of either inorganic or organic particles in dielectric host oils. Hence, the present review will deal mainly with such “heterogeneous” ER fluids. However, in recent years interesting results have been reported for all-liquid ER fluids, especially those containing liquid crystals. These “homogeneous” ER fluids are discussed in the article by Inoue et al. in this issue.

Type
The Materials Science of Field-Responsive Fluids
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 23 , Issue 8 , August 1998 , pp. 35 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Brooks, D.A., in Abstracts Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Their Applications, edited by Koyama, K. and Nakano, M. (Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan, 1997) p. 66.Google Scholar
2.Ito, K. (private communication).Google Scholar
3. “Technologic Unit Elektrorheologischen FlössigKeiten (ERF),” Schenck Corporation Brochure, 1997.Google Scholar
4.Hartsock, D.L., Novak, R.F., and Chaundy, G.J., J. Rheol. 35 (7) (1991) p. 1305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., J. Appl. Phys. 81 (1997) p. 383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Hartsock, D.L., Novak, R.F., and Chaundy, G.J., J. Rheol. 35 (7) (1991) p. 8057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Hartsock, D.L., Novak, R.F., and Chaundy, G.J., J. Rheol. 35 (7) (1991), (unpublished).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Conrad, H., Chen, Y., and Sprecher, A.F., J. Rheol. p. 252.Google Scholar
9.Uijima, H., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 11 (1972) p. 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Jordan, T.C. and Shaw, M.T., in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Carlson, J.D., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H. (Technomics, Lancaster, 1990) p. 231.Google Scholar
11.Gast, A. and Zukoski, C., Adv. Colloid I. Sci. 30 (1989) p. 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Halsey, T. and Toor, W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) p. 2820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Scaife, B.K.P., Principles of Dielectrics (Oxford University Press, New York, 1989).Google Scholar
14.Klingenberg, D.J. and Zukoski, C.F., Lang-muir 6 (1990) p. 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Klingenberg, D.J., Swol, F. , and Zukoski, C.F., J. Chem. Phys. 94 (1991) p. 6169.Google Scholar
16.Chen, Y., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H., J. Appl. Phys. 70 (1991) p. 6786.Google Scholar
17.Davis, L.C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 (1992) p. 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Chen, Y., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H., J. Appl. Phys. 72 (1992) p. 1334.Google Scholar
19.Chrzon, M.J. and Coulter, J.P., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 175.Google Scholar
20.Tao, R., Jiang, Q., and Sim, H., Phys. Rev. E 52 (1995) p. 2727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Davis, L.C. and Ginder, J.M., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Filisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Bonnecaze, R.T. and Brady, J.F., J. Rheol. 36 (1992) p. 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Tao, R., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 3.Google Scholar
24.Davis, L.C., J. Appl. Phys. 73 (1993) p. 680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Anderson, R.A., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Filisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 81.Google Scholar
26.Conrad, H. and Chen, Y., Progress in Electrorheology. p. 55.Google Scholar
27.Tang, X. and Conrad, H., J. Appl. Phys. 80 (9) (1996) p. 5240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Wu, C.W., Chen, Y., Tang, X., and Conrad, H., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 536; C.W. Wu, Y. Chen, X. Tang, and H. Conrad, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 10 (23/24) (1996) p. 3327.Google Scholar
29.Chen, Y. and Conrad, H., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p.412; Y. Chen and H. Conrad., Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 8 (20/21) (1994).Google Scholar
30.Sprecher, A.F., Chen, Y., and Conrad, H., in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Carlson, J.D., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H. (Technomics, Lancaster, 1990) p. 82.Google Scholar
31.Conrad, H., Fisher, M., and Sprecher, A.F., in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Carlson, J.D., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H. (Technomics, Lancaster, 1990) p. 63.Google Scholar
32.Fisher, M.D., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H., in ASTM STP 1165: Metallography Past, Present and Future, edited by Van-derVoort, G.F., Warmuth, F.J., Purdy, S.M., and Szirmae, A. (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993) p. 372.Google Scholar
33.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., “Shear Strength of Electrorheological Particle Clusters,” Mater. Sci. Eng. in press.Google Scholar
34.Morgan, S.O., Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc. 65 (1934) p. 109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Hao, T., Kawai, A., and Ikasuki, F., in Abstracts 6th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Their Applications, edited by Koyama, K. and Nakano, M. (Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan, 1997).Google Scholar
36.Weiss, K.D. and Carlson, J.D., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 264.Google Scholar
37.vanBeek, L.K.H., Progress in Dielectrics, vol. 7, edited by Birks, J.B. (CRC Press, Cleveland, 1967) p. 69.Google Scholar
38.Block, H. and Rattray, P., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Filisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Kyvelidis, S., Maistros, G., Rattray, P., Block, H., Akavn, J., and Tsangaris, G., in Abstracts 6th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Their Applications, edited by Koyama, K. and Nakano, M. (Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan, 1997) p. 25; (private communication).Google Scholar
40.Wen, W., Ma, H., Tarn, W., and Sheng, P., Phys. Rev. A 55 (2) (1997) p. R1924.Google Scholar
41.Filisko, F.E., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Filisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Filisko, F. and Schubring, A., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 573.Google Scholar
43.Ginder, J.M. and Davis, L.C., in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. and Ray, G.D. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994) p. 267.Google Scholar
44.Ma, H., Wen, W., Tarn, W., and Sheng, P., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (12) (1996) p. 2499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Block, H. and Kelley, J.P., J. Phys. D 21 (1988) p. 1661.Google Scholar
46.Block, H., Kelley, J., Qin, A., and Watson, T., Langmuir 6 (1990) p. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Block, H., Rattray, P., and Watson, T., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 93.Google Scholar
48.Hao, T. and Xu, Y., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 55.Google Scholar
49.Chen, Y. and Conrad, H., in Developments in Non-Newtonian Flows I, ASME AMD, vol. 175, edited by Siginer, D., VanArsdale, W., Altan, M., and Alexandrov, A. (American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1993) p. 199.Google Scholar
50.Conrad, H., Chen, Y., and Sprecher, A.F., in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Carlson, J.D., Sprecher, A.F., and Conrad, H. (Technomics, Lancaster, 1990) p. 252.Google Scholar
51.Foulc, J., Felici, N., and Atten, P., C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. II (Paris) 314 (1992) p. 1279.Google Scholar
52.Felici, N., Foulc, J., and Atten, P., in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. and Ray, G.D. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994) p. 139.Google Scholar
53.Onsager, L., J. Chem. Phys. 2 (1934) p. 599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Boissy, C., Atten, P., and Foulc, J-N., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associ-ated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 156.Google Scholar
55.Foulc, J. and Atten, P., in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. and Ray, G.D. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994) p. 358.Google Scholar
56.Atten, P., Zhu, K., Boissy, C., and Foulc, J-N., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 710.Google Scholar
57.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., J. Phys. D 29 (1996) p. 3147.Google Scholar
58.Tang, X., Wu, C., and Conrad, H., J. Rheol. 39 (5) (1995) p. 1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., J. Phys. D 30 (1997) p. 2634.Google Scholar
60.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., Phys. Rev. E 56 (5) (1997) p. 5789.Google Scholar
61.Ishino, Y., Maruyama, T. , Ohsaki, T., Endo, S., Saito, T., and Goshima, N., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Felisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.Asako, Y., Ono, S., Aizawa, R., and Kawakami, T., Progress in Electrorheology, p. 147; Y. Asako, S. Ono, R. Aizawa, and T. Kawakami, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by W. A. Bullough (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 342.Google Scholar
63.Bloodworth, R., in Proc 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. and Ray, G.D. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994) p. 67.Google Scholar
64.Bloodworth, R. and Wendt, E., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Felisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 185; R. Bloodworth and E. Wendt, in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electro-Rheological Fluids, Magneto-Rheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by W.A. Bullough (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Liang, R. and Xu, Y., in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. and Ray, G.D. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994) p. 233.Google Scholar
66.Shih, Y.H. and Conrad, H., Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids. p. 294; Y.H. Shih and H. Conrad, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 8 (20/21) (1994) p. 2835.Google Scholar
67.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) p. 3880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68.Ota, M. and Miyamoto, T., J. Appl. Phys. 76 (1994) p. 5528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
69.Kanu, R.C. and Shaw, M.T., in Progress in Electrorheology, edited by Havelka, K.O. and Filisko, F.E. (Plenum Press, New York, 1995) p. 303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Kanu, R.C. and Shaw, M.T., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 92.Google Scholar
71.Marshall, L., Goodwin, J., and Zukoski, C., Trans. Faraday Society 85 (1989) p. 2785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
72.Conrad, H., Chen, Y., and Sprecher, A.F., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992) p. 195.Google Scholar
73.Block, H. and Kelly, J.P., in Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Electrorheotogical Fluids, edited by Conrad, H., Sprecher, A.F., and Carlson, J.D. (North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 1989) p. 1.Google Scholar
74.Chen, Y. and Conrad, H., in Developments in Non-Neivtonian Flows, edited by Siginer, D., VanArsdale, W., Altan, M., and Alexandrov, A., ASME AMD, vol. 175 (American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1993) p. 199.Google Scholar
75.Kawai, A.et al., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 13.Google Scholar
76.Boissy, C., Atten, P., and Foulc, J-N., Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology p. 756.Google Scholar
77.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., J. Rheol. 41 (2) (1997) p. 267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78.Wu, C.W., Chen, Y., Tang, X., and Conrad, H., in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Electrorheologica Fluids, Magnetorheological Suspensions and Associated Technology, edited by Bullough, W.A. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996) p. 525; C.W. Wu, Y. Chen, X. Tang, and H. Conrad, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 10 (23/24) (1996) p. 3315.Google Scholar
79.Wu, C.W., Chen, Y., and Conrad, H., in Rheology and Fluid Mechanics of Nonlinear Materials, edited by Siginer, D.A. and Advani, G., ASME AMD, vol. 217 (American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1996) p. 267.Google Scholar
80.Wu, C.W. and Conrad, H., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. in press.Google Scholar
81.Li, Y., Chen, Y., and Conrad, H., in Develop-ments in Electrorheological Flows, edited by Siginer, D. and Dulikravich, G., ASME FED, vol. 235 (American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1995) p. 29.Google Scholar
82.Li, Y., Chen, Y., and Conrad, H., in Rheology and Fluid Mechanics of Non-Linear Materials, edited by Siginer, D., ASME FED, vol. 243/MD, vol. 78 (American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1997) p. 185.Google Scholar
83.Li, Y., Chen, Y., and Conrad, H., J. Appl. Phys. 78 (1995) p. 4183.Google Scholar