Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T18:59:18.522Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

In situ scanning electrochemical probe microscopy for energy applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2012

Stanley C.S. Lai
Affiliation:
University of Warwick, UK; [email protected]
Julie V. Macpherson
Affiliation:
University of Warwick, UK; [email protected]
Patrick R. Unwin
Affiliation:
University of Warwick, UK; [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

High resolution electrochemical imaging methods provide opportunities to study localized phenomena on electrode surfaces. Here, we review recent advances in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to study materials involved in (electrocatalytic) energy-related applications. In particular, we discuss SECM as a powerful screening technique and also advances in novel techniques based on micro- and nanopipets, such as the scanning micropipet contact method and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy and their use in energy-related research.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Whitesides, G.M., Crabtree, G.W., Science 315, 796 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Bard, A.J., Fan, F.R.F., Kwak, J., Lev, O., Anal. Chem. 61, 132 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Kwak, J., Bard, A.J., Anal. Chem. 61, 1794 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Amemiya, S., Bard, A.J., Fan, F.R.F., Mirkin, M.V., Unwin, P.R., Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1, 95 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Wittstock, G., Burchardt, M., Pust, S.E., Shen, Y., Zhao, C., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1584 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Sun, P., Laforge, F.O., Mirkin, M.V., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9, 802 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Mirkin, M.V., Nogala, W., Velmurugan, J., Wang, Y., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 21196 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Fonseca, S.M., Barker, A.L., Ahmed, S., Kemp, T.J., Unwin, P.R., Chem. Commun. 8, 1002 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Eckhard, K., Chen, X., Turcu, F., Schuhmann, W., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 5359 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Batchelor-McAuley, C., Dickinson, E.J.F., Rees, N.V., Toghill, K.E., Compton, R.G., Anal. Chem. 84, 669 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Bertoncello, P., Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 1620 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Jayaraman, S., Hillier, A.C., J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 5221 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Jayaraman, S., Hillier, A.C., J. Comb. Chem. 6, 27 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Black, M., Cooper, J., McGinn, P., Meas. Sci. Technol. 16, 174 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Lu, G., Cooper, J.S., McGinn, P.J., J. Power Sources 161, 106 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Fernández, J.L., Walsh, D.A., Bard, A.J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 357 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Fernández, J.L., Raghuveer, V., Manthiram, A., Bard, A.J., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 13100 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Lin, C.L., Sanchez-Sanchez, C.M., Bard, A.J., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 11, B136 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Walsh, D.A., Fernández, J.L., Bard, A.J., J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, E99 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Sanchez-Sanchez, C.M., Solla-Gullon, J., Vidal-Iglesias, F.J., Aldaz, A., Montiel, V., Herrero, E., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 5622 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Sanchez-Sanchez, C.M., Vidal-Iglesias, F.J., Solla-Gullon, J., Montiel, V., Aldaz, A., Feliu, J.M., Herrero, E., Electrochim. Acta 55, 8252 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Lee, J., Ye, H., Pan, S., Bard, A.J., Anal. Chem. 80, 7445 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Ye, H., Lee, J., Jang, J.S., Bard, A.J., J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 13322 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Zhang, F., Roznyatovskiy, V., Fan, F.-R.F., Lynch, V., Sessler, J.L., Bard, A.J., J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 2592 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Haram, S.K., Bard, A.J., J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 8192 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Shen, Y., Nonomura, K., Schlettwein, D., Zhao, C., Wittstock, G., Chem. Eur. J. 12, 5832 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Shen, Y., Tefashe, U.M., Nonomura, K., Loewenstein, T., Schlettwein, D., Wittstock, G., Electrochim. Acta 55, 458 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Sun, P., Mirkin, M.V., Anal. Chem. 78, 6526 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Shao, Y., Mirkin, M.V., Fish, G., Kokotov, S., Palanker, D., Lewis, A., Anal. Chem. 69, 1627 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Bonazza, H.L., Fernández, J.L., J. Electroanal. Chem. 650, 75 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Shen, M., Arroyo-Currás, N., Bard, A.J., Anal. Chem. 83, 9082 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Macpherson, J.V., Demaille, C., in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, 2nd ed., Bard, A.J., Mirkin, M.V., Eds. (CRC Press, FL, 2012).Google Scholar
33.Macpherson, J.V., Unwin, P.R., Anal. Chem. 72, 276 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34.Gardner, C.E., Macpherson, J.V., Anal. Chem. 74, 576A (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35.Kranz, C., Wiedemair, J., Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390, 239 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Davoodi, A., Pan, J., Leygraf, C., Norgren, S., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 144, B21 (2005).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Zhu, Y., Williams, D.E., J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, L43 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Kucernak, A.R., Chowdhury, P.B., Wilde, C.P., Kelsall, G.H., Zhu, Y.Y., Williams, D.E., Electrochim. Acta 45, 4483 (2000).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39.Meier, J., Friedrich, K.A., Stimming, U., Faraday Discuss. 121, 365 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40.Treutler, T.H., Wittstock, G., Electrochim. Acta 48, 2923 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Ammann, E., Beuret, C., Indermuhle, P.F., Kotz, R., de Rooij, N.F., Siegenthaler, H., Electrochim. Acta 47, 327 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Ludwig, M., Kranz, C., Schuhmann, W., Gaub, H.E., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2857 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43.Hengstenberg, A., Kranz, C., Schuhmann, W., Chem. Eur. J. 6, 1547 (2000).3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.McKelvey, K., Edwards, M.A., Unwin, P.R., Anal. Chem. 82, 6334 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Frederix, P.L.T.M., Bosshart, P.D., Akiyama, T., Chami, M., Gullo, M.R., Blackstock, J.J., Dooleweerdt, K., de Rooij, N.F., Staufer, U., Engel, A., Nanotechnology 19 (2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Anne, A., Cambril, E., Chovin, A., Demaille, C., Goyer, C., ACS Nano 3, 2927 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Lohrengel, M.M., Moehring, A., Pilaski, M., Electrochim. Acta 47, 137 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48.Williams, C.G., Edwards, M.A., Colley, A.L., Macpherson, J.V., Unwin, P.R., Anal. Chem. 81, 2486 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Suter, T., Böhni, H., Electrochim. Acta 42, 3275 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Day, T.M., Unwin, P.R., Macpherson, J.V., Nano Lett. 7, 51 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.Dudin, P.V., Unwin, P.R., Macpherson, J.V., J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 13241 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
52.Chen, X., Eckhard, K., Zhou, M., Bron, M., Schuhmann, W., Anal. Chem. 81, 7597 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Schaefer, D., Mardare, C.C., Savan, A., Sanchez, M.D., Mei, B., Xia, W., Muhler, M., Ludwig, A., Schuhmann, W., Anal. Chem. 83, 1916 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Schultze, J.W., Pilaski, M., Lohrengel, M.M., Konig, U., Faraday Discuss. 121, 211 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Schreiber, A., Schultze, J.W., Lohrengel, M.M., Karman, F., Kalman, E., Electrochim. Acta 51, 2625 (2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Yan, J.W., Sun, C.F., Zhou, X.S., Tang, Y.A., Mao, B.W., Electrochem. Commun. 9, 2716 (2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Ebejer, N., Schnippering, M., Colburn, A.W., Edwards, M.A., Unwin, P.R., Anal. Chem. 82, 9141 (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Snowden, M.E., Guell, A.G., Lai, S.C.S., McKelvey, K., Ebejer, N., O’Connell, M.A., Colburn, A.W., Unwin, P.R., Anal. Chem. 84 (5), 2483 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Lai, S.C.S., Dudin, P.V., Macpherson, J.V., Unwin, P.R., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 10744 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.Lai, S.C.S., Patel, A.N., McKelvey, K., Unwin, P.R., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 53, 5405 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61.Güell, A.G., Ebejer, N., Snowden, M.E., McKelvey, K., Macpherson, J.V., Unwin, P.R., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1203671109 (2012).Google Scholar
62.Güell, A.G., Ebejer, N., Snowden, M.E., Macpherson, J.V., Unwin, P.R., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 7258 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63.Patten, H.V., Lai, S.C.S., Macpherson, J.V., Unwin, P.R., Anal. Chem.; doi: 10.1021/ac3010555 (2012).Google Scholar