Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T09:33:54.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Behavior of Magnetorheological Fluids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

John M. Ginder
Get access

Extract

In the absence of an applied magnetic field, magnetorheological (MR) fluids typically behave as nearly ideal Newtonian liquids. The application of a magnetic field induces magnetic dipole and multipole moments on each particle. The anisotropic magnetic forces between pairs of particles promote the head-to-tail alignment of the moments and draws the particles into proximity. These attractive interparticle forces lead to the formation of chains, columns, or more complicated networks of particles aligned with the direction of the magnetic field. When these structures are deformed mechanically, magnetic restoring forces tend to oppose the deformation. Substantial field-dependent enhancements of the rheological properties of these materials result, as demonstrated in Figure 1.

The myriad potential applications of MR and electrorheological (ER) fluids provide considerable motivation for research on these materials. The availability of fluids with yield stresses or apparent viscosities that are controllable over many orders of magnitude by applied fields enables the construction of electromechanical devices that are engaged and controlled by electrical signals and that require few or no moving parts. Potential automotive applications include electrically engaged clutches for vehicle powertrains and engine accessories as well as semiactive shock absorbers that can adapt in real time to changing road conditions. Semiactive dampers for rotorcraft control surfaces are among the potential aerospace applications. The critical need to mitigate the structural vibrations of large structures has led to the construction of large, high-force MR-fluid-based dampers. A promising application in manufacturing processes is the computer-aided polishing of precision optics in which abrasive particles are suspended in an MR fluid so that the polishing rate is determined in part by the strength of an applied magnetic field.

Type
The Materials Science of Field-Responsive Fluids
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 23 , Issue 8 , August 1998 , pp. 26 - 29
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Jones, T.B., Electromechanics of Particles (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Hartsock, D.L., Novak, R.F., and Chaundy, G.J., J. Rheol. 35 (7) (1991) p. 1305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Kamath, G.M., Wereley, N.M., and Jolly, M.R., in 1998 SPIE Symp. on Smart Structures and Materials, SPIE Proc. Ser., vol. 3329, edited by Regelbrugge, M.E., in press.Google Scholar
4.Carlson, J.D. and Spencer, B.F. Jr., in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Motion and Vibration Control, vol. 3 (JSME, 1996) p. 35.Google Scholar
5.Jacobs, S.D., Golini, D., Hsu, Y., B.Puchebner, E., Strafford, D., Kordonsky, W.I., Prokhorov, I.V., Fess, E., Pietrowski, D., and Kordonsky, W.I., in Proc. Int. Conf. on Optical Fabrication and Testing, SPIE Proc. Ser., vol. 2576, edited by Kasai, T. (1995) p. 372.Google Scholar
6.Ginder, J.M., in Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, vol. 16, edited by Immergut, E. (VCH, New York, 1996) p. 487.Google Scholar
7.Carlson, J.D., Catanzarite, D.M., and Clair, K.A. St., Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 10 (1996) p. 2857.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. For example, see Macosko, C.W., Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications (VCH, New York, 1994).Google Scholar
9.Ginder, J.M., Davis, L.C., and Elie, L.D., Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 10 (1996) p. 3293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10.Shulman, Z.P., Kordonsky, W.I., Zaltsgendler, E.A., Prokhorov, I.V., Khusid, B.M., and Demchuk, S.A., Int. J. Multiphase Flow 12 (1986) p. 935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11.Lemaire, E. and Bossis, G., J. Phys. D 24 (1991) p. 1473.Google Scholar
12.Felt, D.W., Hagenbuchle, M., Liu, J., and Richard, J., J. Intelligent Mater. Sys. Structures 7 (1996) p. 589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Tang, X. and Conrad, H., J. Rheol. 40 (1996) p. 1167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Laun, H.M., Kormann, C., and Willenbacher, N., Rheol. Acta 35 (1996) p. 417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Weiss, K.D. and Duclos, T.G., in Electrorheological Fluids: Mechanisms, Properties, Technology, and Applications, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Electrorheological Fluids, edited by Tao, R. and Ray, G.D. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1994) p. 43.Google Scholar
16.Parziale, A.J. and Tilton, P.D., AIEE Trans. 69 (1950) p. 150.Google Scholar
17.Bean, C.P. and Jacobs, I.S., J. Appl. Phys. 31 (1960) p. 1228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Rosensweig, R.E., J. Rheol. 39 (1995) p. 179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.von Guggenberg, P.A., Porter, A.J. II, and Melcher, J.R., IEEE Trans. Magn. 22 (1986) p. 614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Jones, T.B. and Saha, B., J. Appl. Phys. 68 (1990) p. 404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Ginder, J.M. and Davis, L.C., Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 (1994) p. 3410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Jolly, M.R., Carlson, J.D., and Munoz, B.C., Smart Mater. Structures 5 (1996) p. 607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. See Brailford, F., Physical Principles of Magnetism (van Nostrand, London, 1966).Google Scholar
24. Maxwell 2D magnetostatic finite-element-analysis software, Ansoft Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
25.Bozorth, R.M., Ferromagnetism (van Nostrand, Toronto, 1951).Google Scholar
26.Promislow, J.H.E. and Gast, A., Phys. Rev. E 56 (1997) p. 642.Google Scholar
27.Liu, J., Mou, T., Zhu, Y., Haddadian, E., Pousset, J., and Lim, S.R., J. Intelligent Mater. Sys. Structures 7 (1996) p. 583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Wirtz, D. and Fermigier, M., Langmuir 11 (1995) p. 398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Jolly, M.R., Bender, J.W., and Mathers, R.T., in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on ER Fluids and MR Suspensions, edited by Nakano, M. (World Scientific, Singapore) in press.Google Scholar
30. Anon., Design News, December 4, 1995, p. 39.Google Scholar
31.Leventon, W., Design News, October 4, 1993, p. 185.Google Scholar
32.Hogan, B.J., Design News, September 23, 1996, p. 96.Google Scholar