Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T02:58:35.154Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Atomic Force Microscopy of Biological Samples

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2011

P.L.T.M. Frederix ,
B.W. Hoogenboom ,
D. Fotiadis ,
D.J. Müller  and
A. Engel
Get access

Abstract

The atomic force microscope (AFM) allows biomolecules to be observed and manipulated under native conditions. It produces images with an outstanding signal-to-noise ratio and addresses single molecules while the sample is in a buffer solution. Progress in sample preparation and instrumentation has led to topographs that reveal subnanometer details and the surface dynamics of biomolecules. Tethering single molecules between a support and a retracting AFM tip produces force–extension curves, giving information about the mechanical stability of secondary structural elements. For both imaging and force spectroscopy, the cantilever and its tip are critical:the mechanical properties of the cantilever dictate the force sensitivity and the scanning speed, whereas the tip shape determines the achievable lateral resolution.

Keywords

atomic force microscopybiological moleculesimagingnative membranesprotein dynamicssingle-molecule force spectroscopy.
Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 29 , Issue 7: Scanning Probe Microscopy in Materials Science , July 2004 , pp. 449 - 455
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Binnig, G., Quate, C.F., and Gerber, C., Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) p.930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2Mou, J., Yang, J., and Shao, Z., J. Mol. Biol. 248 (1995) p.507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3Müller, D.J., Amrein, M., and Engel, A., J.Struct. Biol. 119 (1997) p.172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Czajkowsky, D.M., Sheng, S., and Shao, Z., J.Mol. Biol. 276 (1998) p.325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5Scheuring, S., Reiss-Husson, F., Engel, A., Rigaud, J.L., and Ranck, J.L., EMBO J. 20 (2001) p.3029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Müller, D.J., Fotiadis, D., Scheuring, S., Müller, S.A., and Engel, A., Biophys. J. 76 (1999) p.1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Möller, C., Allen, M., Elings, V., Engel, A., and Müller, D.J., Biophys. J. 77 (1999) p.1150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Hansma, P.K., Cleveland, J.P., Radmacher, M., Walters, D.A., Hillner, P.E., Bezanilla, M., Fritz, M., Vie, D., Hansma, H.G., Prater, C.B., Massie, J., Fukunaga, L., Gurley, J., and Elings, V., Appl. Phys. Lett. 64 (1994) p.1738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Han, W., Lindsay, S.M., Dlakic, M., and Harrington, R.E., Nature 386 (1997) p.563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Viani, M.B., Schäffer, T.E., Paloczi, G.T., Pietrasanta, L.I., Smith, B.L., Thompson, J.B., Richter, M., Rief, M., Gaub, H.E., Plaxco, K.W., Cleland, A.N., Hansma, H.G., and Hansma, P.K., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70 (1999) p.4300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Grant, A. and McDonnell, L., Ultramicroscopy 97 (2003) p.177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Blaurock, A.E. and Stoeckenius, W., Nature New Biol. 233 (1971) p.152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Fotiadis, D. and Engel, A., Methods Mol. Biol. 242 (2004) p.291.Google Scholar
14Müller, D.J., Heymann, J.B., Oesterhelt, F., Möller, C., Gaub, H., Büldt, G., and Engel, A., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1460 (2000) p.27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Müller, D.J., Büldt, G., and Engel, A., J. Mol. Biol. 249 (1995) p.239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Scheuring, S., Müller, D.J., Stahlberg, H., HEngel, .A., and Engel, A., Eur. Biophys. J. 31 (2002) p.172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17Fotiadis, D., Liang, Y., Filipek, S., Saperstein, D.A., Engel, A., and Palczewski, K., Nature 421 (2003) p.127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Scheuring, S., Seguin, J., Marco, S., Levy, D., Robert, B., and Rigaud, J.L., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) p.1690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Fotiadis, D., Scheuring, S., Müller, S.A., Engel, A., and Müller, D.J., Micron 33 (2002) p. 385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20Schabert, F.A., Henn, C., and Engel, A., Science 268 (1995) p.92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Fotiadis, D., Hasler, L., Müller, D.J., Stahlberg, H., Kistler, J., and Engel, A., J. Mol. Biol. 300 (2000) p.779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22Müller, D.J., Hand, G.M., Engel, A., and Sosinsky, G.E., EMBO J. 21 (2002) p.3598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Fotiadis, D., Müller, D.J., Tsiotis, G., Hasler, L., Tittman, P., Mini, T., Jenö, P., Gross, H., and Engel, A., J.Mol. Biol. 283 (1998) p.83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24Siebert, C.A., Qian, P., Fotiadis, D., Engel, A., Hunter, C.N., and Bullough, P.A., EMBO J. 23 (2004) p.690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Fotiadis, D., Qian, P., Philippsen, A., Bullough, P.A., Engel, A., and Hunter, C.N., J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) p.2063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26Oberhauser, A.F., Hansma, P.K., Carrion-Vazquez, M., and Fernandez, J.M., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) p.468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Li, H., Linke, W.A., Oberhauser, A.F., Carrion-Vazquez, M., Kerkvliet, J.G., Lu, H., Marszalek, P.E., and Fernandez, J.M., Nature 418 (2002) p.998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28Oberhauser, A.F., Badilla-Fernandez, C., Carrion-Vazquez, M., and Fernandez, J. M., J. Mol. Biol. 319 (2002) p.433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Fisher, T.E., Carrion-Vazquez, M., Oberhauser, A.F., Li, H., Marszalek, P.E., and Fernandez, J.M., Neuron 27 (2000) p.435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30Carrion-Vazquez, M., Oberhauser, A.F., Fisher, T.E., Marszalek, P.E., Li, H., and Fernandez, J.M., Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 74 (2000) p.63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Rief, M., Gautel, M., and Gaub, H.E., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 481 (2000) p.129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32Minajeva, A., Kulke, M., Fernandez, J.M., and Linke, W.A., Biophys. J. 80 (2001) p.1442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33Williams, P.M., Fowler, S.B., Best, R.B., Toca-Herrera, J.L., Scott, K.A., Steward, A., and Clarke, J., Nature 422 (2003) p.446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34Marszalek, P.E., Lu, H., Li, H., Carrion-Vazquez, M., Oberhauser, A.F., Schulten, K., and Fernandez, J.M., Nature 402 (1999) p.100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Oesterhelt, F., Oesterhelt, D., Pfeiffer, M., Engel, A., Gaub, H.E., and Müller, D.J., Science 288 (2000) p.143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Müller, D.J., Kessler, M., Oesterhelt, F., Möller, C., Oesterhelt, D., and Gaub, H., Biophys. J. 83 (2002) p.3578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Möller, C., Fotiadis, D., Suda, K., Engel, A., Kessler, M., and Müller, D.J., J.Struct. Biol. 142 (2003) p.369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38Janovjak, H., Kessler, M., Oesterhelt, D., Gaub, H., and Müller, D.J., EMBO J. 22 (2003) p.5220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Ando, T., Kodera, N., Takai, E., Maruyama, D., Saito, K., and Toda, A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) p.12468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40Walters, D.A., Cleveland, J.P., Thomson, N.H., Hansma, P.K., Wendman, M.A., Gurley, G., and Elings, V., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 (1996) p.3583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41Viani, M.B., Schäfer, T.E., Chand, A., Rief, M., Gaub, H., and Hansma, P.K., J. Appl. Phys. 86 (1999) p.2258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42Yang, J.L., Despont, M., Hoogenboom, B.W., Dreschler, U., Frederix, P.L.T.M., Martin, S., Hug, H.J., Vettiger, P., and Engel, A., in Proc. 17th IEEE Intl. Conf. on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2004) (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Piscataway, NJ, 2004) p. 560.Google Scholar
43Viani, M.B., Pietrasanta, L.I., Thompson, J.B., Chand, A., Gebeshuber, I.C., Kindt, J.H., Richter, M., Hansma, H.G., and Hansma, P.K., Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (2000) p.644.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44Hoogenboom, B.W., Frederix, P.L.T.M., Martin, S., Engel, A., and Hug, H.J. (2004) in preparation.Google Scholar
45Frederix, P.L.T.M., Akiyama, T., Staufer, U., Gerber, C., Fotiadis, D., Müller, D.J., and Engel, A., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 7 (2003) p.641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46Akiyama, T., M.Gullo, R., Rooij, N.F. de, Staufer, U., Tonin, A., Engel, A., and Frederix, P.L.T.M., in Proc. 12th Intl. Conf. on Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy and Related Techniques, Vol. 696, edited by Koenraad, P.M. and Kemerink, M. (American Institute of Physics, Eindhoven, 2003) p.166.Google Scholar
47Schurmann, G., Noell, W., Staufer, U., and Rooij, N.F. de, Ultramicroscopy 82 (2000) p.33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
48Stopka, M., Drews, D., Mayr, K., Lacher, M., Ehrfeld, W., Kalkbrenner, T., Graf, M., Sandoghdar, V., and Mlynek, J., Microelectron. Eng. 53 (2000) p.183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Meister, A., Jeney, S., Liley, M., Akiyama, T., Staufer, U., Rooij, N.F. de, and Heinzelmann, H., Microelectron. Eng. 67–68 (2003) p.2003.Google Scholar
50Hansma, P.K., Drake, B., Marti, O., Gould, S.A.C., and Prater, C.B., Science 243 (1989) p.641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar