Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T15:38:10.753Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Electrolyte Detection by Ion Beam Analysis, in Continuous Glucose Sensors and in Microliters of Blood using a Homogeneous Thin Solid Film of Blood, HemaDrop™

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2016

Yash Pershad ,
Ashley A. Mascareno ,
Makoyi R. Watson ,
Alex L. Brimhall ,
Nicole Herbots ,
Clarizza F. Watson ,
Abijith Krishnan ,
Nithin Kannan ,
Mark W. Mangus  and
Robert J. Culbertson
...Show all authors
Yash Pershad*
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ BASIS Scottsdale High School, Scottsdale, AZ
Ashley A. Mascareno
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Makoyi R. Watson
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Alex L. Brimhall
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Nicole Herbots
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Clarizza F. Watson
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ
Abijith Krishnan
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ BASIS Scottsdale High School, Scottsdale, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Nithin Kannan
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ BASIS Scottsdale High School, Scottsdale, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Mark W. Mangus
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
Robert J. Culbertson
Affiliation:
Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
B. J. Wilkens
Affiliation:
LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
E. J. Culbertson
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ MD, Div. of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
T. Cappello-Lee
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Tempe Preparatory Academy, Tempe, AZ
R.A. Neglia
Affiliation:
SiO2 Nanotech LLC, Phoenix, AZ Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Tempe Preparatory Academy, Tempe, AZ
*
*(Email: [email protected])
Get access

Abstract

Percolation of blood and of interstitial fluids into implantable continuous glucose sensors (CGS) for diabetics presently limits sensor lifetime between 3 and 7 days. Na+ mobile ions in body fluids damage Si-based CGS sensors electronics. The direct detection of Na percolation is investigated by Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) and Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) in previously used CGS. Based on these results, a new technology called HemaDropTM is then tested to prepare small volume (5-10 µL) of blood for IBA. A species’s detectability by IBA scales with the square of the ratio of element’s atomic number Z to that of the substrate. Because Na has a low atomic number (Z=11), Si signals from sensor substrates can prevent Na detection in Si by 2 mega electron volt (MeV) IBA.

Using 4.7 MeV 23Na (α, α)23Na nuclear resonance (NR) can increase the 23Na scattering cross section and thus its detectability in Si. The NR energy, width, and resonance factor, is calibrated via two well-known alpha (α) particle signals with narrow energy spreads: a 5.486 ± 0.007 MeV 241Am α-source (ΔΕ = 0.12%) and the 3.038 ± 0.003 MeV 16O(α, α)16O NR (ΔΕ = 0.1%). Next, the NR cross section is calibrated via 100 nm NaF thin films on Si(100) by scanning the beam energy. The23Na (α, α) NR energy is found to be 4.696 ± 0.180 MeV, and the NR/RBS cross section 141 ± 7%. This is statistically significant but small compared to the 4.265 MeV 12C NR (1700%) and 3.038 MeV 16O NR (210%), and insufficient to detect small amounts of 23Na in Si. Next, a new method of sample preparation HemaDropTM, is tested for detection of elements in blood, such Fe, Ca, Na, Cl, S, K, C, N, and O, as an alternative to track fluid percolation and Na diffusion in damaged sensors. Detecting more abundant, heavier elements in blood and interstitial fluids can better track fluid percolation and Na+ ions in sensors. Both Na detection and accuracy of measured blood composition by IBA is greatly improved by using HemaDropTM sample preparation to create Homogeneous Thin Solid Films (HTSFs) of blood from 5-10 µL on most substrates. HTSF can be used in vacuo such as 10-8 –10-6 Torr).

Keywords

ion beam analysisbiomaterialthin film
Type
Articles
Information
MRS Advances , Volume 1 , Issue 29: Soft Materials and Biomaterials , 2016 , pp. 2133 - 2139
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Medtronics. Continuous Glucose Monitoring. [cited 2016, Mar. 17]. www.medtronicdiabetes.com/treatment-and-products/continuous-glucose-monitoring.Google Scholar
Raider, S.I., Gregor, L.V., & Flitsch, R., 1979. Transfer of Mobile Ions from Aqueous Solutions to the Silicon Dioxide Surface. J. of The Electrochemical Society 120(3), 425–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jang, J, Lee, K 1982. Determination of Positive Mobile Ion Density in SiO2 by Hydrogenated Amorphous Si Field Effect Technique. J. of the Electrochem. Soc.129(12), 2270–2772.Google Scholar
Beuthner, P., Dziesiaty, J., Piprek, P., 1985. Implantation Effect on Transport Properties of Mobile Ions in Silicon Dioxide. Phys. Status solidi (a), 91, K113–K117.Google Scholar
Imaoka, K., Higashi, M., Shiraiwa, H., Inoue, F., Kajita, T., Sugawa, S., 2009. Mobile-Ion-Induced Charge Loss Failure in Silicon–Oxide–Nitride–Oxide–Silicon Two-Bit Storage Flash Memory. Jap. J. of Appl. Physics 48, 066510 doi:10.1143/JJAP.48.066510.Google Scholar
Carreyrou, J. “Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology.” WSJ. Wall Street Journal, 16 Oct. 2015. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.Google Scholar
Munro, D. “Walgreens Puts The Brakes On Theranos Roll Out.” Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 24 Oct. 2015. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.Google Scholar
Plebani, M. “Evaluating And Using Innovative Technologies: A Lesson From Theranos?.” Clinic. Chem. & Lab. Med. 53.7 (2015): 961–962. Acad. Search Comp. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.Google Scholar
Several US Patents Pending, Inventors: Herbots, N., Watson, C.F, Culbertson, E.J., Watson, G. P.K., Thilmany, P. R., Krishnan, A., Martins, Tempe, I.P.O, Pershad, Y., Gupta, N., Brimhall, A., Davis, E., Mascareno, A., Watson, M., Assignee: SiO2 NanoTech LLC.Google Scholar
Herbots, N, Xing, Q, Hart, M, Bradley, J, Sell, DA, Culbertson, RJ, Wilkens, B. “IBMM OF OH ADSORBATES AND INTERPHASES ON SI-BASED MATERIALS” Nuclear Instruments and Methods B (NIMB) (2011) 272:330–333 Google Scholar
Herbots, N, Shaw, JM, Hurst, QB, Grams, MP, Culbertson, RJ, Smith, DJ, Atluri, V, Zimmerman, P, Queeney, KT. “The Formation of Ordered, Ultrathin Sio2/Si(100) Interfaces Grown On (1×1) Si(100)” Materials Science and Engineering B (2001) 87(3):303–316 Google Scholar
Xing, Q, Herbots, N, Hart, M, Bradley, J, Wilkens, BJ, Sell, DA, Sell, CH, Kwong, HM, Culbertson, RJ, Whaley, S. “Ion Beam Analysis of Silicon-Based Surfaces and Correlation with Surface Energy Measurements” (2011) Applic. of Accelerators in Research and Industry AIP Conf. Proc. 1336, 201–207 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3586089 [accessed Apr 9, 2016].Google Scholar
Leavitt, J.A., McIntyre, L.C. Jr., Stoss, P., Oder, J.G., Ashbaugh, M.D., Dezfouly-Arjomandy, B., Yang, Z.-M., Lin, Z., 1989. Cross sections for 170.5° backscattering of 4He from carbon for 4He energies between 1.6 and 5.0 MeV. NIMB 40/41, 776–779.Google Scholar
Chu, W., Mayer, J. W., & Nicolet, M., 1978. Backscattering spectrometry. NY: Acad. Press.Google Scholar
Frost, M.C., Meyerhoff, M.E.. In Vivo Chemical Sensors: Tackling Biocompatibility. Analytical Chemistry 78(21), 370–7377; 2006 [cited 2015 Feb 16].Google Scholar
Akers, J.; Setter, S.M.: 'Pharmacy Times (2007). Ret. 2/4/2008, Web. pharmacytimes.com/issues/articles/2007-05 4633.asp' Medical Devics & Surgery Technology 2006, pg 335.Google Scholar
Mangus, MW, Neric, N, Woolson, AJ, Herbots, N, Culbertson, RJ, Wilkens, BJ, Causey, AW, Brimhall, AL, Watson, CF, Sinha, SA, Acharya, AJ. IBA of Materials Used in Hermetic Single-Device Human Implants integrating Bio-sensors with Medical Electronics. 2014 Int. Conf. for Appl. Of Accel. In Res. And Industry, San Antonio, TX, May 2014.Google Scholar