Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T09:29:47.103Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Synthesis of Historical Azo Pigments: The Challenge and Opportunity of the Nearly Forgotten

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2017

Joseph F. Lomax*
Affiliation:
United States Naval Academy, Chemistry Department, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402-5026, U.S.A.
Suzanne Q. Lomax*
Affiliation:
National Gallery of Art, National Gallery of Art, Scientific Research Department, Landover, MD, USA, 20785, U.S.A.
Thomas J. T. Moore
Affiliation:
United States Naval Academy, Chemistry Department, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, MD 21402-5026, U.S.A.
*
Get access

Abstract

Synthetic organic pigments (SOPS) find wide use in modern and contemporary works of art. These laboratory-made pigments are used in many fields, including industrial and architectural paints, printing inks, plastics, textiles, and artists’ materials. They have been examined by a variety of techniques including spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) as well as chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Often, a combination of techniques has been used to examine these pigments. Previously, we used a combination of Raman spectroscopy and LDI-MS to characterize commercially available SOPS. However, many pigments, termed “historical” are no longer manufactured, and therefore, may not have been characterized. This paper describes the synthesis of members of several classes of SOPS and their characterization.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ball, P. “Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color”, Ferrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2001.Google Scholar
Pigments are referred to by the Colour Index name in this paper, Society of Dyers and Colourists, www.colour-index.com. Accessed 25 November 2016.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. “Organic Pigments”, Federation Series on Coatings Tech., Philadelphia PA, 1988.Google Scholar
Herbst, H; Hunger, K, “Industrial Organic Pigments”, 3rd edition, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.Google Scholar
Lomax, S. Q., Lerner, T. J. Amer. Inst. Conservation, 2006, 45, 107126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonoda, N Studies in Conservation 1999, 44, 195208.Google Scholar
Russell, J., Singer, B., Perry, J. J., Bacon, A. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 400, 14731491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, D. P., Khandekar, N, Sutherland, K., Price, B. A. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 284, 115122.Google Scholar
Talsky, G. and Ristiĉ Solajiĉ, M.. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1987, 196, 123124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wegener, J. W., Klamer, J. C., Govers, H., Brinkman, U. A. Th. Chromatographia 1987, 24, 865875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomax, S. Q., Schilling, M, Learner, T. “Modern Paints Uncovered , London, May 2006, edited by Greenberg, Mark, pp. 105117. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2007.Google Scholar
Whitaker, A. J. Soc. Dyers and Colourists 1986, 102, 6676.Google Scholar
Lomax, S. Q. J. Coatings Tech. and Res. 2010, 7(3), 331346.Google Scholar
Lomax, S. Q. J. Coatings Tech. and Res. 2010, 7(3), 325330.Google Scholar
Learner, T. “The Analysis of Modern Paints”, The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, 2004.Google Scholar
Hubner, K Chemie in unserer Zeit. 2006, 40(4), 274275.Google Scholar
Meth-Cohn, O.; Smith, M. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin 1 1994, 57.Google Scholar
Herbst, H; Hunger, K, Industrial Organic Pigments, 3rd edition, Wiley-VCH, 2004, 280281.Google Scholar
Lake, Susan; Lomax, Suzanne Quillen, “Artists’ Pigments: A Handbook of their history and characteristics”, Volume 4, Berrie, Barbara H., ed., Washington DC: National Gallery of Art, pp. 178222.Google Scholar
Lomax, S. Q.; Lomax, J. F.; De Luca-Westrate, A. J. Raman Spectr. 2014, 45(6), 448455.Google Scholar
Scherrer, N.C; Zumbuehl, S.; Delavy, F.; Fritsch, A.; Kuehnen, R. Spectrochim. Acta Part A 2009, 73, 505524.Google Scholar