Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:03:27.531Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phenomenological Modeling of the Apparent Viscosity as a Function of the Degree of Curing of an EPDM Elastomer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2020

S. Gómez-Jimenez. Open the ORCID record for S. Gómez-Jimenez. [Opens in a new window] ,
A.M. Becerra-Ferreiro. ,
E. Jareño-Betancourt.  and
J. Vázquez-Penagos.
S. Gómez-Jimenez.*
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería, Av. López Velarde 801, Zacatecas, Zac., México.
A.M. Becerra-Ferreiro.
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería, Av. López Velarde 801, Zacatecas, Zac., México.
E. Jareño-Betancourt.
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Unidad Académica de Ingeniería, Av. López Velarde 801, Zacatecas, Zac., México.
J. Vázquez-Penagos.
Affiliation:
Elastomer Solutions México S de R. L. de C. V., Circuito Fresnillo Poniente 21 s/n, Parque industrial Fresnillo, Zacatecas, México.
*
[email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The moving die rheometer technique (MDR) is used to measure the elastic and viscous components of rubber. The analysis of the rheometry and the kinetic behavior can be used to obtain mathematical models to predict the viscosity of elastomers as a function of the temperature, the time and the degree of curing. These predictions allow the control, the optimization and the design of the process. In this research the phenomenological model of Kamal-Sourour was used to describe the curing kinetics, while the Carreau Macosko model was used to describe the viscous behavior of an ethylene - propylene diene industrial type compound (EPDM). The mathematical parameters for each model where determined by using non-linear regression techniques. Since the viscosity increases significantly while the curing rate decreases, we proposed a mathematical model based on the Carreau expression in order to consider the influence of the kinetic of curing in the apparent viscosity behavior. It was found that after the curing rate reaches its maximum the viscosity tends to infinity; that is, the chemical transition process known as fluidity point or gel point occurs in the vicinity of maximum curing rate. According to the results, it is concluded that rubber viscosity is well described by considering the curing variations; the fluidity point in the vulcanization process can also be obtained by the practical method of phenomenological approach.

Type
Articles
Information
MRS Advances , Volume 5 , Issue 62: International Materials Research Congress XXIX , 2020 , pp. 3205 - 3214
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020, published on behalf of Materials Research Society by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Hong, I.-K. and Lee, S., “Cure kinetics and modeling the reaction of silicone rubber,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 42-47, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Likozar, B. and Krajnc, M., “A study of heat transfer during molding of elastomers,” Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 3181-3192, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milani, G. and Milani, F., “EPDM accelerated sulfur vulcanization: a kinetic model based on a genetic algorithm,” Journal of mathematical chemistry, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1357-1383, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milani, G. and Milani, F., “Interactive GUI software for natural rubber vulcanization degree numerical prediction,” in 2016 6th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications (SIMULTECH), 2016, pp. 1-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Restrepo-Zapata, N. C., Eagleburger, B., Saari, T., Osswald, T. A., and Hernández-Ortiz, J. P., “Chemorheological time-temperature-transformation-viscosity diagram: Foamed EPDM rubber compound,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 133, no. 38, pp. n/a-n/a, 2016.Google Scholar
Arrillaga, A., Zaldua, A. M., and Farid, A. S., “Evaluation of injection-molding simulation tools to model the cure kinetics of rubbers,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 1437-1454, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isayec, A. I. and Wan, M., “Injection Molding of Rubber Compound with Rheology Affected by Vulcanization: Part I. Material Characterization,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 277-293, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wan, M. and Isayev, A. I., “Injection Molding of Rubber Compound with Rheology Affected by Vulcanization: Part II. Modeling and Experiment,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 294-312, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mijovic, J. and Ott, J. D., “Modeling of Chemorheology of an Amine-Epoxy System of the Type Used in Advanced Composites,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 163-194, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, J. J. and Salovey, R., “Chemorheology of model filled rubber compounds during curing,” Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1853-1858, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halley, P. J. and Mackay, M. E., “Chemorheology of thermosets—an overview,” Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 593-609, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müllner, H. W., Eberhardsteiner, J., and Mackenzie-Helnwein, P., “Constitutive characterization of rubber blends by means of capillary-viscometry,” Polymer Testing, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 13-23, 2009/02/01/ 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibala, D., Laohapisitpanich, K., Thomas, D., and Hamed, G. R., “Cure and Mechanical Behavior of Rubber Compounds Containing Ground Vulcanizates. Part II—Mooney Viscosity,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 115-119, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, X. and Isayev, A. I., “Cure Kinetics Study of Unfilled and Carbon Black Filled Synthetic Isoprene Rubber,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 149-169, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantani, R., “Validation of a model to predict birefringence in injection molding,” European Polymer Journal, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1484-1492, 2005/07/01/ 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, L. M., Cosgrove, A. B., Hernandez-Ortiz, J. P., and Osswald, T. A., “Modeling the vulcanization reaction of silicone rubber,” Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 675-683, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeoh, O. H., “MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF VULCANIZATION CHARACTERISTICS,” Rubber Chemistry and Technology, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 482-492, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Restrepo-Zapata, N. C., Osswald, T. A., and Hernández-Ortiz, J. P., “Vulcanization of EPDM rubber compounds with and without blowing agents: Identification of reaction events and TTT-diagram using DSC data,” Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2073-2088, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Jimenez, S., Becerra-Ferreiro, A. M., Jareño-Betancourt, E., and Vázquez-Penagos, J., “Phenomenological model for the reaction order n in the kinetics of curing an elastomer EPDM,” MRS Advances, vol. 4, no. 59-60, pp. 3299-3310, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamal, M. R. and Sourour, S., “Kinetics and thermal characterization of thermoset cure,” Polymer Engineering & Science, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 59-64, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusi, M. R., Lee, W. I., Ciriscioli, P. R., and Springer, G. S., “Cure Kinetics and Viscosity of Fiberite 976 Resin,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 243-261, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karkanas, P. I. and Partridge, I. K., “Cure modeling and monitoring of epoxy/amine resin systems. II. Network formation and chemoviscosity modeling,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 77, no. 10, pp. 2178-2188, 2000.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar