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On the Decolonial Beginnings of Edward Said

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2020

Maurice Jr M. Labelle
Maurice Jr M. Labelle*
Affiliation:
University of Saskatchewan
*
*Corresponding author. [email protected]
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Abstract

This essay historicizes the formation of Edward Said's critique of imperial culture before the publication of Orientalism (1978) and examines how it framed the decolonial approach that made him world-renowned. Deeply influenced by the writings of Martinique-born psychiatrist and Algerian revolutionary Frantz Fanon, an Arab tradition of anti-orientalism, existentialist thought, and the Palestinian national movement, the New York-based intellectual reconceptualized the idea of decolonization in the late 1960s in a way that shifted contemporary thinking on social relationships between racial difference and empire from the individual and interpersonal to the collective and intercultural. Through his deep historical, epistemological, and phenomenological digs into orientalism's imperial culture and its myriad ways of being, Said made it his antiracist mandate to liberate consciousnesses from Eurocentrism and empower the universalization of decolonization.

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Modern Intellectual History , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , June 2022 , pp. 600 - 624
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

1 Said, Edward, Orientalism (New York, 1994; first published 1978)Google Scholar.

2 International Organization for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ed., Zionism and Racism (London, 1977), vii–viii; see also Feldman, Keith, A Shadow over Palestine: The Imperial Life of Race in America (Minneapolis, 2015), 23–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Edward Said, “Intellectual Origins of Imperialism and Zionism,” in ibid., 125–30. For a list of both invited and final participants see Sami Hadawi Fonds, MG 31 D 141, Volume 2, File 8, Library and Archive Canada.

4 Said, “Intellectual Origins,” 125–6.

5 Said, Orientalism, xxiii.

6 For reflections on how Fanon impacted Said see Said, Edward, “In the Shadow of the West,” Wedge 7/8 (1985), 4–11, at 4Google Scholar; Said, Edward, “Representing the Colonized: Anthropology's Interlocutors,” Critical Inquiry 15/2 (1989), 205–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and “Influences: Edward Said,” New Statesman & Society, 21 Jan. 199413.

7 “White” is deliberately capitalized. See Nell Irvin Painter, “Why ‘White’ Should Be Capitalized, Too,” Washington Post, 22 July 2020, at www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/22/why-white-should-be-capitalized/?fbclid=IwAR2UPbFsHZFn15EowMnISwyYS4gODW0j2K3dpWuvLy87fBfU3XboheJlttM, accessed 3 Aug. 2020.

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9 Said, “Intellectual Origins,” 125–6, 129–30, emphasis added. Here Said likely borrowed from Fanon, who described “colonized races” as “those slaves of modern times” and explained that “underdeveloped peoples try to break their chains.” Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 11. For more on the Black Atlantic-led critique of “empire as enslavement” see Getachew, Adom, Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (Princeton, 2019), 79–85Google Scholar.

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20 Chomsky, Noam, Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on Justice and Nationhood (New York, 1974)Google Scholar; and Said, Edward, “Chomsky and the Question of Palestine,” Journal of Palestine Studies 4/3 (1975), 91–104, at 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Said, Edward, “Orientalism Reconsidered,” Race & Class 27/2 (1985), 1–15, at 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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23 Said, Edward, Out of Place: A Memoir (New York, 2000), 3–4Google Scholar; and Said, “In the Shadow of the West,” 5.

24 See Christison, Kathleen, Perceptions of Palestine: Their Influence on Middle East Policy (Berkeley, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Neff, Donald, Fallen Pillars: U.S. Policy towards Palestine and Israel since 1945 (Washington, DC, 1995)Google Scholar; and Suleiman, Michael, “Palestine and Palestinians in the Mind of America,” in Suleiman, ed., U.S. Policy on Palestine: From Wilson to Clinton (Normal, IL, 1995), 9–26Google Scholar.

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27 Bawardi, Hani, The Making of Arab Americans: From Syrian Nationalism to U.S. Citizenship (Austin, 2014), 6–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Said, Out of Place, 279; and interview transcript, “What People in the US Know about Islam and Arabs Is a Series of Stupid Clichés,” The Herald, Feb. 1982, 72–82, EWSP, Box 52, Folder 9, Series II.1.

28 EWSP, Box 52, Folder 9, Series II.1; Said, “The Meaning of Life”; Said, Out of Place, 279; Edward Said, “Nasser and His Canal,” Daily Princetonian, 11 Oct. 1956, 2; and Said, “Between Worlds,” 558.

29 Said, Out of Place, 279.

30 Ibid., 140, 281, 293; “Edward Said: Between Two Cultures,” in Said, Edward, Power, Politics, and Culture: Interviews with Edward Said (New York, 2002), 233–47, at 237Google Scholar; Said, “Between Worlds,” 560; Said, “Between Worlds: A Memoir;” and Said, Edward, Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography (Cambridge, 1966)Google Scholar.

31 Wadie Said to Edward Said, 27 May 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Edward Said to Wadie Said, 2 June 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Said, Out of Place, 218 230; and Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 28 June 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2.

32 “Maire Jaanus,” https://prabook.com/web/maire.jaanus/144834, accessed 10 June 2020.

33 Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 4 July 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 6 July 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 8 Aug. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 31 Aug. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Said, Out of Place, 13; and Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 9 Nov. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2, added emphasis.

34 Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 5 Oct. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 21 Nov. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; and Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 3 Dec. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2.

35 Said, Joseph Conrad, 4, 7, 9; and Geroulanos, Stefanos, An Atheism That Is Not Humanist Emerges in French Thought (Stanford, 2010)Google Scholar. On existential ideas about otherness in the early 1960s see Arthur, Paige, Unfinished Projects: Decolonization and the Philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre (New York, 2010)Google Scholar.

36 Yoav Di-Capua, “Changing the Intellectual Guard: On the Fall of the udaba’, 1940–1960,” in Hanssen and Weiss, Arabic Thought against the Authoritarian Age, 41–61, at 54, 59–60; and Arthur, Unfinished Projects, 6.

37 Di-Capua, No Exit, 69–73, 190–92; Feldman, A Shadow over Palestine, 37–40; and Hadawi, Sami, Palestine: Loss of a Heritage (San Antonio, 1963)Google Scholar.

38 Edward Said, “An Ark for the Listener,” 1 March 1965, EWSP, Box 77, Folder 17, Series II.4.

39 Abdel-Malek, Anouar, “Orientalism in Crisis,” Diogenes 44 (1963), 103–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tibawi, A. L., “English-Speaking Orientalists: A Critique of Their Approach to Islam and Arab Nationalism,” Muslim World 53/4 (1963), 298–313CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Aboul-Ela, “The Specifics of Arab Thought,” 143–62; Brisson, Les intellectuels arabes en France; Hassan, Waïl, Immigration Narratives: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in Arab American and Arab British Literature (New York: Oxford, 2011)Google Scholar; and Lockman, Zachary, Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (New York, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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41 Edward Said, “Lebanon: Paradise Lost,” Travel + Leisure, Dec. 2000, at www.travelandleisure.com/articles/paradise-lost, accessed 16 Nov. 2013.

42 Said, “An Ark for the Listener.”

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51 Said, “An Ark for the Listener.”

52 Hilda Musa Said to Edward Said, 4 Dec. 1965, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 16, Series I.2; and Said, Reflections on Exile and Other Essays, xxi.

53 Kleinberg, Ethan, Generation Existential: Heidegger's Philosophy in France, 1927–1961 (Ithaca, 2005), 9, 99–100Google Scholar; Said, Edward, “Labyrinth of Incarnations: The Essays of Maurice Merleau-Ponty,” Kenyon Review 29/1 (1967), 56–63Google Scholar; and Said, “Vico,” 340–41.

54 In 1963, Egyptian political theorist Anouar Abdel-Malek published a critique of the lack of Arab participation in the academic profession of orientalism. Abdel-Malek, “Orientalism in Crisis,” 104, 107–8, 110; and Brisson, Les intellectuels arabes en France, 10 and 65. Said later acknowledged a dominant “crisis of representation” in Said, “Representing the Colonized,” 205.

55 Said, Culture and Imperialism, 216.

56 Helen Yglesias to Edward Said, 18 July 1967, EWSP, Box 65, Folder 8, Series II.2; and Mousa, Suleiman, T. E. Lawrence: An Arab View (New York, 1966), viiGoogle Scholar.

57 Review, EWSP, Box 65, Folder 8, Series II.2.

58 Ward, “The European Provenance of Decolonization,” 253, 256.

59 Review, EWSP, Box 65, Folder 8, Series II.2, original emphasis. On the postcolonial effort to reclaim histories see Said, “Representing the Colonized,” 219.

60 The naksa was an idea invoked by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and perpetuated by renowned Al-Ahram editor Hasanayn Haykal to downplay state culpabilities in Arab military annihilation at the hands of Israel. See Arab World: A Daily Digest of Arab Opinion, Political & Business News (hereafter Arab World), 10 June 1967, 6. Said, Out of Place, 282; “Edward Said: Between Two Cultures,” 237; and Said, “The Meaning of Life.”

61 Kaplan, Our American Israel, 12.

62 “An Interview with Edward W. Said,” in The Edward Said Reader, ed. Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin (New York, 2000), 419–44, at 422–3; “Exile,” at www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g1ooTNkMQ4, accessed 27 Oct. 2013; “What People in the US Know”; Edward Said, “The Palestinian Experience,” in Herbert Mason, ed., Reflections on the Middle East Crisis (Paris, 1970), 127–147, at 135.

63 New York Times, 8 June 1967, 11; and Hanson Baldwin, “Why Israel Prevailed,” New York Times, 8 June 1967, 16.

64 Helen Yglesias to Edward Said, 9 June 1967, EWSP, Box 65, Folder 8, Series II.2; Helen Yglesias to Edward Said, 18 July 1967, EWSP, Box 65, Folder 8, Series II.2; Edward Said to Carey McWilliams, 9 July 1967, EWSP, Box 65, Folder 8, Series II.2.

65 Edward Said to Robert Silvers, 10 July 1969, EWSP, Box 69, Folder 10, Series II.2; “What People in the US Know”; letter to Edward Said, 4 Nov. 1967, EWSP, Box 28, Folder 22, Series I.1; and Said, Edward, The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination, 1969–1994 (New York, 1994), xiii, xivGoogle Scholar.

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69 Nassar, Maha, Brothers Apart: Palestinian Citizens of Israel and the Arab World (Stanford, 2017), 157–8Google Scholar; and Bardawil, Revolution and Disenchantment, 93.

70 Arab World, 20 Dec. 1967, 3; Arab World, 22 Dec. 1967, 11–12; Erakat, Justice for Some, 73; and Arab World, 26 Dec. 1967, 2, 11.

71 Maire Jaanus Said held a faculty position at the University of Illinois (Urbana–Champaign) during the 1968–9 academic year. It was at around that time that her marriage with Edward Said ended. Veeser, Edward Said, 36, 40.

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75 Di-Capua, No Exit, 9; Omnia el Shakry, The Arabic Freud: Pyschoanalysis and Islam in Modern Egypt (Princeton, 2017), 12; and Abu-Rabi, Contemporary Arab Thought, 354–5.

76 Feldman, A Shadow over Palestine, 165; and Veeser, Edward Said, 52–3, 55.

77 Abu-Lughod, Resistance, Exile, and Return, 110; Said, “The Meaning of Life”; and Ibrahim Abu-Lughod to Edward Said, 4 June 1968, EWSP, Box 6, Folder 10, Series II.2.

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81 Said, Beginnings, 13; Said, “The Meaning of Life”; and Edward Said, “The Arab Portrayed,” EWSP, Box 6, File 10, Series II.2.

82 Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 36; Said, “The Arab Portrayed.”

83 Eqbal Ahmad to Tim May, 7 Dec. 1992, Eqbal Ahmad Papers, Box 1, File: Edward Said, Hampshire College Archives; and Pennock, Pamela, The Rise of the Arab American Left: Activists, Allies, and Their Fight against Imperialism and Racism, 1960s–1980s (Chapel Hill, 2017), 112CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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85 Said, “Between Worlds,” 563; and “Golda Meir Scorns Soviets,” Washington Post, 16 June 1969, A1.

86 Said, “Between Worlds.”

87 Said, The Politics of Dispossession, xvi, xvii.

88 Edward Said, “A Palestinian Voice,” Columbia Forum, 1969, 24–31; Said, “The Palestinian Experience,” 127–47; and Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 200.

89 Said, “The Palestinian Experience,” 134, original emphasis.

90 Said, The Politics of Dispossession, xv–xvi; Said, Edward, “A Palestinian Voice,” Middle East Newsletter 4/8 (1970), 11–14Google Scholar.

91 Edward Said, “Introduction,” in Halim Barakat, Days of Dust (Washington, 1983; first published 1974), ix–xxxiv, at xxv; Said, “A Palestinian Voice,” 27; and Said, “The Palestinian Experience,” 143.

92 Laroui, Abdullah, L'idéologie arabe contemporaine (Paris, 1967), 4Google Scholar; Said, “A Palestinian Voice,” Columbia Forum, Winter 1969, 27, 30, 31, added emphasis.

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97 Edward Said, “Arab–American Relations: Their Present and Futures,” n.d., EWSP, Box 117, Folder 42, Series II.3, emphasis added.

98 Edward Said, “Beginnings,” in Said, Power, Politics, and Culture, 3–38, at 38.

99 Said, “The Palestinian Experience,” 147; and Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 36, 197, 201.