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The Middle Line of Truth: Religious and Secular Ideologies in the Making of Brazilian Evangelical Thought, 1870–1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2021

Pedro Feitoza Open the ORCID record for Pedro Feitoza [Opens in a new window]
Pedro Feitoza*
Affiliation:
The Brazilian Center of Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP), São Paulo
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article examines the ways in which Protestant ministers, laypeople and foreign missionaries mediated between religious and secular ideologies in Brazil and took part in international theological debates. It concentrates on a group of church pastors and lay writers based in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro who produced and circulated Christian literature widely across evangelical networks. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Protestants engaged with both the local reverberations of the Catholic revival, with its impact on the hierarchy and devotional practices of the Brazilian Church, and the secularist leanings of the Brazilian intelligentsia. Focusing on a variety of high- and low-level publications, including periodicals, tracts, theological compendia, religious controversies and sermons, the article examines how Brazilian evangelicals appropriated Protestant theology and channeled its concepts and ideas into local arguments.

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Modern Intellectual History , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , December 2022 , pp. 1033 - 1057
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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122 Francis McConnell, “Christian Faith in an Age of Doubt,” in Christian Work in Latin America, vol. 3 (New York, 1917), 297–304.

123 Pereira, O Problema Religioso da America Latina, 168–9.

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125 Braga and Grubb, The Republic of Brazil, 8–10, 14, 27; Braga, Pan-Americanismo, 106, 156–7.

126 Braga, Pan-Americanismo, 52–4.

127 Braga, Religião e Cultura, 70–71. Erasmo Braga, “Protestantismo,” in Gustavo Macedo, ed., Religiões Comparadas (Rio de Janeiro, 1929), 76–96.

128 Braga, Religião e Cultura, 92–8.

129 Skidmore, Black into White, 179–84; Nicolau Sevcenko, Orfeu Extático na Metrópole: São Paulo, Sociedade e Cultura nos Frementes Anos 20 (São Paulo, 1992), 84–5.

130 Braga and Grubb, The Republic of Brazil, 8–9, 27–9; Braga, Pan-Americanismo, 150–54.

131 Pierson, A Younger Church, 94–104; Alves, Protestantism, Ch. 6.

132 Todd Hartch, The Rebirth of Latin American Christianity (New York, 2014); Daniel Salinas, Latin American Evangelical Theology in the 1970s: The Golden Decade (Leiden and Boston, 2009); David Kirkpatrick, A Gospel for the Poor: Global Social Christianity and the Latin American Evangelical Left (Philadelphia, 2019).

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136 Antonio Ribeiro, A Questão da Infallibilidade da Biblia Perante a Egreja Methodista do Brasil (São Paulo, 1908).

137 O Puritano, 26 Nov. 1914, n. 780; Brian Stanley, A World History of Christianity in the Twentieth Century (Princeton and Oxford, 2018), 28.

138 Gilberto Freyre, Tempo de Aprendiz, vol. 1 (São Paulo, 1979), 52–3.

139 Braga, Religião e Cultura, 74–6.

140 Pereira, O Problema Religioso da America Latina, 168–72.

141 Otoniel Mota, A Archeologia e a Biblia: Luzes de Gezer (São Paulo, 1926); Mota, Uma Passagem Interessante: Mateus XXV-46 (São Paulo, 1938).

142 Braga, Religião e Cultura, 51, 53.

143 On modernism and folk culture see Sevcenko, Orfeu extático, 224–307.

144 José Carlos Rodrigues, Estudo Historico e Critico Sobre o Velho Testamento, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1921).

145 José Carlos Rodrigues, Considerações Geraes Sobre a Bíblia (Rio de Janeiro, 1918), 105, 168–9.

146 Rodrigues, Considerações, 13, 17–18, 20–22.

147 Rodrigues, Considerações, 36–7, 70–82, 116, 147, 165.

148 Pereira, O Problema Religioso da America Latina, 124; Mota, Uma Passagem, 8.

149 Mark Chapman, “Liberal Readings of the Bible and Their Conservative Responses,” in Riches, The New Cambridge History of the Bible, pp. 208–19.

150 This point has been made in influential studies of Pentecostalism in Latin America. David Lehmann, Struggle for the Spirit: Religious Transformation and Popular Culture in Brazil and Latin America (Cambridge, 1996), 217–18; Martin, Forbidden Revolutions.

151 David Maxwell, “Historical Perspectives on Christianity Worldwide: Connections, Comparisons and Consciousness,” in Cabrita, Maxwell and Wild-Wood, Relocating World Christianity, 47–69, at 50.