Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:45:29.300Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Claudia Jones, International Thinker

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2021

Sarah Dunstan Open the ORCID record for Sarah Dunstan [Opens in a new window]  and
Patricia Owens Open the ORCID record for Patricia Owens [Opens in a new window]
Sarah Dunstan*
Affiliation:
History Department, Queen Mary, University of London
Patricia Owens
Affiliation:
Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article analyses the early international thought of Trinidad-born Marxist journalist Claudia Jones. We focus on a neglected aspect of Jones's intellectual production in the United States: her interrogation of geopolitics in her Weekly Review articles in the early 1940s. We situate Jones in relation to the contemporary popularization of geopolitical thought in this period, reading her alongside another neglected figure in histories of international thought, the African American geopolitical scholar and diplomatic historian Merze Tate. Jones read together the geopolitical, class, racialized, and anticolonial implications of the expanding Nazi empire, positioning her at the forefront of Marxist theoretical innovation in this period. Moving beyond studies of canonical texts and white male thinkers in international intellectual history, we build on black women's intellectual history to center a black working-class woman's popular theorizing of international relations.

Type
Articles
Information
Modern Intellectual History , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , June 2022 , pp. 551 - 574
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Umoren, Imaobong, “Anti-fascism and the Development of Global Race Women, 1928–1945,” Callaloo 39/1 (2016), 151–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 151.

2 C.f. Andrews, Gregg, Thyra J. Edwards: Black Activist in the Global Freedom Struggle (Columbia, 2011)Google Scholar; Higashida, Cheryl, Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945–1995 (Chicago, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Horne, Gerald, Race Woman: The Lives of Mrs. Shirley Graham Du Bois (New York, 2000)Google Scholar; Gore, Dayo F., Radicalism at the Crossroads: African American Women Activists in the Cold War (New York, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ransby, Barbara, Eslanda: The Large and Unconventional Life of Mrs. Paul Robeson (New Haven, 2014)Google Scholar; Umoren, Imaobong, Race Women Internationalists: Activist-Intellectuals and Global Freedom Struggles (Berkeley, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blain, Keisha N., Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom (Philadelphia, 2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Blain, Keisha N. and Gill, Tiffany M., eds., To Turn the World Over: Black Women and Internationalism (Urbana, 2019)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dunstan, Sarah C., “‘Une nègre de drame’: Jane Vialle and the Politics of Representation in Colonial Reform, 1945–1953,’ Journal of Contemporary History 55/3 (2020), 645–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 A recent study of sixty historical surveys of international thought published since 1929 found references to only four women of color. Owens, Patricia, “Women and the History of International Thought,” International Studies Quarterly 62/3 (2018), 467–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 470.

4 Savage, Barbara D., “Beyond Illusions: Imperialism, Race and Technology in Merze Tate's International Thought,” in Owens, Patricia and Rietzler, Katharina, eds., Women's International Thought: A New History (Cambridge, 2021), 266–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 276.

5 Kimberly Hutchings and Patricia Owens, “Women Thinkers and the Canon of International Thought: Recovery, Rejection, and Reconstitution,” American Political Science Review (2021), https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000969.

6 On methodologies of black intellectual history see Brian D. Behnken, Gregory D. Smithers, and Simon Wendt (eds.), Black Intellectual Thought in Modern America: A Historical Perspective (Jackson, 2017); and Keisha N. Blain, Christopher Cameron, and Ashley D. Farmer (eds.), New Perspectives on the Black Intellectual Tradition (Evanston, 2018).

7 Brandon Byrd, “The Rise of African American Intellectual History,” Modern Intellectual History (2020), https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244320000219, 3.

8 Bedasse, Monique, Butler, Kim D., Fernandes, Carlos, Laumann, Dennis, Nagaraja, Tejasvi, Talton, Benjamin, and Thurman, Kira, “AHR Conversation: Black Internationalism,” American Historical Review 125/5 (2020), 1699–1739CrossRefGoogle Scholar, quote by Carlos Fernandes at 1720.

9 Taylor, Ula, “Street Strollers: Grounding the Theory of Black Women Intellectuals,” Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 30/2 (2006), 153–71Google Scholar; Joy Jones, “An End to the Neglect of the Problems of Black Women,” in Beverly Guy-Shefthall (ed.), Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (New York, 1995), 108–23.

10 There are no circulation figures for Weekly Review. However, Daily Worker had a circulation of 64,348 in 1948 and Political Affairs reached 17,000 in 1954. David Shannon, The Decline of American Communism: History of the Communist Party of the United States since 1945 (New York, 1959), 88–91. The West Indian Gazette had a steady circulation of 10,000 throughout its run, peaking at 30,000 in 1958. Marika Sherwood, Claudia Jones: A Life in Exile (London, 1999), 134.

11 Schwarz, Bill, “Claudia Jones and the West Indian Gazette: Reflections on the Emergence of Post-colonial Britain,” Twentieth Century British History 14/3 (2003), 264–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Erik S. McDuffie, Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism (Durham, NC, 2011), 8.

13 Carol Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones (Durham, 2008); Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism; Denise Lynn, “Socialist Feminism and Triple Oppression: Claudia Jones and African American Women in American Communism,” Journal for the Study of Radicalism 8/2 ( 2014), 1–20; McDuffie, Sojourning for Freedom; Gore, Radicalism at the Crossroads, 15–73.

14 Francisca de Haan, “Eugénie Cotton, Pak Chong-ae, and Claudia Jones: Rethinking Transnational Feminism and International Politics,” Journal of Women's History 25/4 (2013), 174–89.

15 Cristina Mislán, “Claudia Jones Speaks to “Half the World”: Gendering Cold War Politics in the Daily Worker, 1950–1953,” Feminist Media Studies 17/2 (2017), 281–96.

16 Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 73–4.

17 Ibid., 2. But see Kate Weigand, Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation (Baltimore, 2001), 97–113.

18 Carol Boyce Jones, “Sisters Outside: Tracing the Caribbean/Black Radical Intellectual Tradition,” Small Axe 13/1 (2009), 217–29.

19 Claudia Jones, “How Is Morale in America's Army?”, Weekly Review, 26 Aug. 1941, 6, 15.

20 Claudia Jones, “Books in Review: The War and the Negro People, by James W. Ford,” Weekly Review, 3 Feb. 1942, 14. On geopolitical thinking in the US context more generally see Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, 2003).

21 Halford J. Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot in History,” Geographical Journal 23/4 (1904), 421–7. See also Karl Haushofer, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans (Berlin, 1925); Ellen Churchill Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment: On the Basis of Ratzels’ System of Anthropo-geography (London, 1911).

22 This follows in the vein of Adom Getachew's important reading of anticolonial writers against the dominant literatures in international relations and political theory. Adom Getachew, Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination (Princeton, 2020).

23 Sarah C. Dunstan, Race, Rights and Reform: Black Activism in the French Empire and the United States from World War 1 to Cold War (New York, 2021), 171–218.

24 M. Isserman, Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party during the Second World War (Middletown, 1982), 12.

25 Stephen Wertheim, Tomorrow, the World: The Birth of US Global Supremacy (Cambridge, 2020).

26 See James G. Thompson, letter to the editor, Pittsburgh Courier, originally printed 31 Jan. 1942; reprinted 11 April 1942, 5.

27 On African American connections to anticolonial movements see Carol Anderson, Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941–1960 (Cambridge, 2014); Dunstan, Race, Rights and Reform. On the movement away from an international focus in African American activism see Carol Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African-American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955 (Cambridge, 2003); Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, 2011).

28 Cristina Mislán, “The Imperial ‘We’: Racial Justice, Nationhood, and Global War in Claudia Jones’ Weekly Review Editorials, 1938–1943”, Journalism 18/10 (2017), 1415–30, at 1427, 1417, 1426.

29 Keisha N. Blain, “‘The Dark Skin[ned] People of the Eastern World’: Mittie Maude Lena Gordon's Vision of Afro-Asian Solidarity,” in Patricia Owens and Katharina Rietzler eds., Women's International Thought: A New History (Cambridge, 2021), 179–97.

30 Savage, “Beyond Illusions”, 277.

31 Brittney C. Cooper, Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women (Illinois, 2017); Taylor, “Street Strollers”; Blain, Set the World on Fire.

32 James, Holding Aloft, 358.

33 See Stephen Robertson, Shane White, Stephen Garton, and Graham White, “This Harlem Life: Black Families and Everyday Life in the 1920s and 1930s,” Journal of Social History 44/1 (2010), 97–122.

34 M. Fitzgerald, M. Furmanovsky, and R. Hill, “The Comintern and American Blacks 1919–1943,” in R. Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and the UNIA Papers, vol. 5 (Berkeley, 1986), 841–54, at 849.

35 Gerald Horne, “The Red and Black,” in Michael E. Brown et al eds., New Studies in the Politics and Culture of US Communism (New York, 1993), 199–238, at 214.

36 Claudia Jones FBI File, 25 May 1942, 4, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Claudia Jones/Marika Sherwood Research Collection, Box 2(2) US FOIA 2/8.

37 Claudia Jones, “Dear Comrade Foster, The Following Is the Autobiographical (Personal, Political, Medical) History that I Promised … Comradely, Claudia Jones (December 6, 1955),” American Communist History 4/1 (2005), 85–93, at 89.

38 The ABB was short-lived and ultimately absorbed into the CPUSA. Many of its key members went on to join key black organizations such as Marcus Garvey's UNIA and the American Negro Labor Congress, as well as the CPUSA itself.

39 Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill, 2005; first published 1983), 69, 72–3.

40 See Minkah Makalani, In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939 (Chapel Hill, 2011).

41 Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York, 1994), 105.

42 Dunstan, Race, Rights and Reform, 48–85.

43 Cyril Briggs and Eugene Gordon, The Position of the Negro Woman (Pittsburgh, 1931).

44 Maude White, “Special Negro Demands,” Labor Unity 6 (May 1931), 10–11; “Fighting Discrimination,” Labor Unity 7 (Nov. 1932), 27–8; Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 33, 247.

45 Robert Chrisman, “Preface,” in Theodore G. Vincent, ed., Voices of a Black Nation: Political Journalism in the Harlem Renaissance (San Francisco, 1973), 20.

46 See W. E. B. Du Bois, “The African Roots of War,” Atlantic Monthly, May 1915, 707–14; Du Bois, “Chapter 1: Interpretations: The Black Man and the Wounded World,” Crisis, 27 (Jan. 1924), 110–14; Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868–1963, Africa, Its Place in Modern History, ca. 1930, W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.

47 Cyril Briggs, “What Does Democratic America in Haiti? [sic]”, in The Crusader I (New York, 1987), 329–30.

48 Cyril Briggs, “If It Were Only True,” The Crusader I 1:7 (New York, 1987), 228.

49 Marcus Garvey, “Address by Marcus Garvey in Brooklyn,” West Indian, 28 Feb. 1919, in Robert A. Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Papers, vol. 1 (Berkeley, 1983), 374–5.

50 Jones, “Dear Comrade Foster,” 89. It had a circulation of 4,000–5,000, but no further details of the publication are available.

51 Ibid., 89. This is likely the then editor of the Daily Worker, the Harvard-trained African American lawyer Benjamin J. Davis Jr. See Claudia Jones, “Ethiopian Aide and Wife Rally Help Here for People,” Daily Worker, 26 Jan. 1937, 5; Jones, “NAACP Youth Delegates Map Program: 200 Discuss Special Problems Confronting Negro Youth,” Daily Worker, 2 July 1937, 3; Jones, “Negro Youth Pamphlet,” Daily Worker, 17 June 1938, 7.

52 Marvin E. Gettleman, “The New York Workers School, 1923–1944: Communist Education in American Society,” in Michael E. Brown, Randy Martin, Frank Rosengarten, and George Snedeker, eds., New Studies in the Politics and Culture of U.S. Communism (New York, 1993), 261–80.

53 Announced in “Negro Women in the Struggle for Peace and Democracy,” Daily Worker, 15 Feb. 1952, 8.

54 See, for example, McDuffie, Sojourning for Freedom, 126–59.

55 Harry Winston, “An understanding of the YCL Convention,” Party Organiser, July 1937, 17–19.

56 William Z. Foster, “Editorial,” Party Organiser, Feb. 1938, 5, cited in Mark Sylvers, “American Communists in the Popular Front Period: Reorganization or Disorganization?”, Journal of American Studies 23/3 (1989), 375–93, at 388.

57 John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, “The CPUSA reports to the comintern: 1941,” American Communist History 4/1 (2005), 21–60, at 32.

58 Eugene Dennis, quoted in ibid., 32.

59 “A Statement from the Editors,” Weekly Review, 6 July 1943, 2.

60 Walter Goldwater, Radical Periodicals in America 1890–1950: A Bibliography with Brief Notes (New Haven, 1963), 170. Jones left Spotlight in 1945 to become the Editor of the “Negro Affairs” unit at the Daily Worker.

61 Mark Solomon, The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917–1936 (Jackson, 1998), 83.

62 Chester Himes, “Now Is The Time! Here Is The Place!”, Opportunity 20/9 (1942), 272–3; Carol Posgrove, Divided Minds: Intellectuals and the Civil Rights Movement (New York, 2001), 66–9. See also Manfred Berg, “Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism: The NAACP in the Early Cold War,” Journal of American History 94/1 (2007), 72–96, at 80–81.

63 Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 76.

64 Claudia Jones, Jim Crow in Uniform (New York, 1940), 19; Jones, “In the Spirit of Frederick Douglass,” Weekly Review, 17 March 1941, 3, 21.

65 Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (Urbana, 2005), 293.

66 A heavily annotated copy of Zetkin's 1934 book Lenin on the Woman Question is among Jones's papers. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Claudia Jones Memorial Collection, Box 3 (3).

67 Jones, Jim Crow in Uniform, 13.

68 Claudia Jones, “Quiz: Wasn't the Bourgeois Democracy of the British …”, Weekly Review, 9 Dec. 1941, 14. Jones's most powerful arguments against the US joining the inter-imperial war is in her 1940 pamphlet Jim Crow in Uniform. Tam132 CPUSA, Box 113. According to Jones, this pamphlet “had a popular distribution of 100 thousand copies.” “An Interview with Claudia Jones, Associate Editor,” Weekly Review, 3 Feb. 1942, 5.

69 Written under the penname J. R. Johnson, “Beware of Those Pushing You into the War,” Labor Action 5/27 (1941), 4, available at www.marxists.org/archive/james-clr/works/1941/07/beware.htm, accessed 18 Oct. 2019.

70 Ibid., 4.

71 Jones, “How Is Morale in America's Army?”, Weekly Review, 26 Aug. 1941, 6, 15.

72 Jones, “What We Must Now Do about India,” 10.

73 Jones, “How Is Morale in America's Army?”, 6.

74 Ibid., 6, 15.

75 Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot in History,” 422. See also Halford J. Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality (Washington, 1942; first published 1919), 1; Haushofer, Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans; Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment.

76 Quoted in Mark Polelle, Raising Cartographic Consciousness: The Social and Foreign Policy Vision of Geopolitics in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1999), 69.

77 Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, 1.

78 Jeremy Black, Geopolitics and the Quest for Dominance (Bloomington, 2015), 167–8.

79 Matthew Farish, The Contours of America's Cold War (Minneapolis, 2010), 16.

80 Merze Tate, “Teaching of International Relations in Negro Colleges,” Quarterly Review of Higher Education Among Negroes 15 (1947), 149–53, at 150, 151.

81 Claudia Jones, “Is Socialism the Issue in This War?”, Weekly Review, 2 Sept. 1941, 12.

82 Jones, “What We Must Now Do about India,” 8.

83 Claudia Jones, “Full Speed Ahead to Victory,” Weekly Review, 25 Nov. 1942, 2.

84 Jones, “Your Questions Answered: Where Do the Colonies Stand?”, 13.

85 Ibid., 13. Cf. Ellen Churchill Semple, “Japanese Colonial Methods,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 45/4 (1913), 255–75.

86 Jones, “Where Do the Colonies Stand?”, 13.

87 Ibid., 13.

88 Merze Tate, “Review: Krishnalal Shridharani, Warning to the West,” Journal of Negro Education 12/4 (1943), 654–5, at 654.

89 Owen Lattimore, America and Asia (Claremont, 1943), 32.

90 Claudia Jones, “Why Not Negotiate Peace with Hitler?” Weekly Review, 9 Sept. 1941, 13.

91 Jones, “Is Socialism the Issue in This War?”, 12.

92 Claudia Jones, “Quiz: Does Support for the National Front Mean an End to the Struggle against Capitalism?”, Weekly Review, 4 Nov. 1941, 14.

93 Jones, “Is Socialism the Issue in This War?”, 12, emphasis added.

94 Claudia Jones, “Quiz: Is Not the Question for the Struggle for Negro Rights Equally an Important Issue as the Defeat of Hitler?”, Weekly Review, 18 Nov. 1941, 13.

95 Claudia Jones, “Know What We're fighting! Hitler's New Order,” Weekly Review, 30 June 1942, 11, 14.

96 Jones, “Quiz: Is Not the Question,” 13.

97 Jones, “Where Do the Colonies Stand?”, 13, emphasis added.

98 Cf. Rosa Luxemburg, The National Question: Selected Writings by Rosa Luxemburg, ed. Horace B. Davis (New York, 1976).

99 Claudia Jones, “On the Right to Self-Determination for the Negro People in the Black Belt” (1946), in Claudia Jones: Beyond Containment, ed. Boyce Davies (Oxford, 2011), 60–70, at 68.

100 Earl Browder, “A Great Ordeal … A Great Opportunity,” People's Voice, 8 July 1944, 14.

101 Jones, “Is Socialism the Issue in This War?”, 12.

102 Jones, “On the Right to Self-Determination,” 67.

103 For her earlier work see Amy Jacques Garvey, ‘What Some Women of the Race Have Accomplished,’ Negro World, 7 June 1924, n.p.; Jacques Garvey, “Women as Leaders Nationally and Racially,” Negro World, 24 Oct. 1925, 7; Jacques Garvey, “Black Women's Resolve for 1926,” Negro World, 9 Jan. 1926, n.p.; Jacques Garvey, “A Woman's Hands Guide the Indian National Congress,” Negro World, 28 Aug. 1926, n.p.; Jacques Garvey, “Scanty Clothes Make Hardy Women,” Negro World, 27 Nov. 1926, n.p. See also Ula Yvette Taylor, The Veiled Garvey: The Life and Times of Amy Jacques Garvey (Chapel Hill, 2003); Judith Stein, The World of Marcus Garvey (Baton Rouge, 1986), 151; Tony Martin, Marcus Garvey, Hero (Dover, 1983), 67.

104 Blain, Set the World on Fire, 110.

105 See also Taylor, The Veiled Garvey, 158–9.

106 Blain, Set the World on Fire, 127–8.

107 Mackinder, “The Geographical Pivot,” 422.

108 Claudia Jones, “The Political Score,” Weekly Review, 27 April 1943, 10; Jones, “Quiz: The Polish Government Was So Reactionary in the Past. How Can We Support It Today?”, Weekly Review, 11 Nov. 1941, 12.

109 Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 76.

110 Ibid., 10. On the black press as an essential source for histories of international thought see Musab Younis, “The Grand Machinery of the World: Race, Global Order and the Black Atlantic” (PhD thesis, University of Oxford, 2017).

111 For the most developed later such attempt see Benno Teschke, The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics, and the Making of Modern International Relations (London, 2003).

112 Mackinder, Democratic Ideals, 2.

113 The most extensive treatments are Barbara Savage, “Professor Merze Tate: Diplomatic Historian, Cosmopolitan Woman,” in Mia Bay, Farah J. Griffin, Martha S. Jones, and Barbara D. Savage, eds., Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women (Chapel Hill, 2015), 252–69. Savage, “Beyond Illusions”; Robert Vitalis, White World Order, Black Power Politics: The Birth of American International Relations (Ithaca, 2015), 12–19, 158–68.

114 Savage, “Professor Merze Tate,” 255.

115 Vitalis, White World Order, 161.

116 Lattimore also advanced a noncommunist anti-imperial position. See Owen Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934); and Lattimore, America and Asia (Claremont, 1943). Also see Rosenboim, Or, “Geopolitics and Empire: Visions of Regional World Order in the 1940s,” Modern Intellectual History 12/2 (2015), 353–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Tate, “War Aims,” 523. Her two most important early works were Merze Tate, The Disarmament Illusion: The Movement for a Limitation of Armaments to 1907 (New York, 1942); and Tate, The United States and Armaments (Cambridge, 1948).

118 Tate, “War Aims,” 526.

119 Ibid., 532.

120 Tate, The Disarmament Illusion, 27–8. Morgenthau, Hans J., “Reviewed Work: The Disarmament Illusion by Merze Tate,” Russian Review 2/2 (1943), 104Google Scholar.

121 Savage, “Beyond Illusions”, 275.

122 Du Bois, W. E. B., “Scholarly Delusion,” Phylon 4/2 (1943), 189–91Google Scholar, at 191.

123 Vitalis, White World Order, 166.

124 Tate, “Teaching,” 149.

125 Tate, Merze, The United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom: A Political History (New Haven, 1965), 308Google Scholar; also see Tate, Hawaii: Reciprocity or Annexation (East Lansing, 1968).

126 Tate, “Teaching,” 151.

127 Ibid., 151.

128 Ibid., 151. Tate evoked Mackinder in her “strategic appraisal” of Africa's role in the Cold War: “Africa is apt to assume primary strategic importance … because it lies against the great ‘World Island’ without being part of it … The Dark Continent has area enough to provide ‘“defense in depth’ and possesses large sparsely populated spaces in which certain war industries might be hidden.” Tate, Merze, “Reviewed Work: Africa, A Study in Tropical Development by L. Dudley Stamp,” Journal of Negro History 38/3 (1953), 338CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

129 Hill, Rebecca, “Fosterities and Feminists, or 1950s Ultra-Leftists and the Invention of AmeriKKKa,” New Left Review 1/228 (1998), 75Google Scholar.

130 Jones, “What We Must Now Do about India,” 8.

131 Claudia Jones, “The Political Score,” Weekly Review, 13 April 1943, 10.

132 Mislán, “The Imperial ‘We’,” 1427, 1417, 1426.

133 McDuffie, “Long Journeys,” 345.

134 Jones, “Quiz: Since Great Britain and the United States Are Imperialist Powers, How Can We Support Them in This War?”, Weekly Review, 16 Sept. 1941, 13.

135 Jones, “Is Socialism the Issue in This War?”, 12.

136 Jones, “On the Right to Self-Determination,” 60.

137 Claudia Jones, “He Had a Dream of Freedom: The Young Douglass,” Weekly Review, 24 Feb. 1942, 7.

138 Jones, “Quiz: Since Great Britain,” 13.

139 Ibid., 13.

140 Ibid., 13.

141 Ibid., 13.

142 Jones, “Is Socialism the Issue in This War?”, 12.

143 Jones, “He Had a Dream of Freedom,” 7.

144 Jones, “Quiz: Wasn't the Bourgeois Democracy of the British …,” Weekly Review, 9 Dec. 1941, 14.

145 Jones, “Your Questions Answered: How Can We Win the Peace?”, Weekly Review, 7 April 1942, 11, 14.

146 Jones, “The Political Score,” Weekly Review, 6 April 1943, 10.

147 Sherwood, Claudia Jones, 164.

148 See Denise Lynn's series on the African American Intellectual History Society's blog, Black Perspectives: “Claudia Jones and the FBI Harassment of Black Radicals,” 3 Oct. 2018; “Black Radicalism and the Trial of Claudia Jones,” 4 Oct. 2018; “The Deportation of Claudia Jones,” 5 Oct. 2018. On anticommunism see Woods, Jeff, Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-communism in the South, 1948–1968 (Baton Rouge, 2004)Google Scholar.

149 Sherwood, Claudia Jones, 73, 74.

150 Looking for Claudia Jones, documentary, dir. Nia Reynolds. 2013, London, Black Stock Films; Sherwood, Claudia Jones, 67–71.

151 Boyce Davies, Left of Karl Marx, 224–5.

152 Vitalis, White World Order, 19.

153 Guilhot, Nicolas, ed., The Invention of International Relations: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Rise of IR Theory (New York, 2011)Google Scholar. Cf. Patricia Owens, Katharina Rietzler, Kimberley Hutchings, and Sarah C. Dunstan, eds., Women's International Thought: Toward a New Canon (Cambridge, forthcoming 2021).

154 Umoren, “Anti-fascism,” 151.

155 Bay et al., Toward an Intellectual History of Black Women.

156 Owens, “Women and the History of International Thought”; Valeska Huber, Tamson Pietsch, and Katharina Rietzler, “Women's International Thought and the New Professions, 1900–1940,” Modern Intellectual History (2019), https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479244319000131.

157 Owens, Patricia, Between War and Politics: International Relations and the Thought of Hannah Arendt (Oxford, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sluga, Glenda, “Madame de Staël and the Transformation of European Politics, 1812–17,” International History Review 37/1 (2015), 142–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.