Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-04T19:53:56.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Strategic Space: Exclusion and Inclusion in Wildland Policies in Late Imperial China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Nicholas K. Menzies
Nicholas K. Menzies
Affiliation:
Ford Foundation, Beijing
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Wildlands have attracted the attention of national governments, not only for the natural resources they contain, but also as land available for settlement or as the home of marginalized populations, a potential source of disorder. Some countries have attempted to maintain control over wildlands and their resources by excluding people from them. The historical record of government policies towards wildlands in Late Imperial China Shows that wildlands had more symbolic and strategic value to the authorities than economic value. In this case, policies adopted an alternative strategy of filling the ‘strategic space’ represented by wildlands, bringing them more closely into the cultural and economic orbit of the centre by settlement–the policy of inclusion.

Type
Articles
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 26 , Issue 4 , October 1992 , pp. 719 - 733
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Averill, Stephen, 1983. The Shed People and the Opening of the Yangzi Highlands. Modern China 9 (1): 84–126.Google Scholar
Zhenqing, Cao, 1986. Kangxi nianjian Sichuan famu [Logging in Sichuan during the Kangxi Period], Gugong Bowuyan Yuankan, 1986 (3): 87–9.Google Scholar
Puru, Chen, and Baokang, Lu, 1984. Nanping faxian baohu senlindi beike [Discovery in Nanping of a Stele Inscription Protecting the Forest], Nongye Kaogu 1984 (2): 205–6.Google Scholar
Yong, Chen, 1981. Zhongguo senlin shiliao [Historical Materials on the History of Forestry in China], Beijing, Nongye (First published in 1935).Google Scholar
Dao Zhou Zhi, 1878. [Gazetteer of Dao Prefecture, Hunan Province].Google Scholar
Claudel, Paul, 1905. Rapport sur le Commerce du Bois à Foutcheou (Copy of the original typescript provided by the Société Paul Claudel, Paris).Google Scholar
Chu, Djang, 1984. A Complete Book Concerning Happiness and Benevolence. Translation of ‘Fu Hui Quan Shu’ by Huang Liuhong. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Edmonds, Richard Louis, 1985. Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan. A comparative study of Frontier Policy. Chicago, University of Chicago, Department of Geography Research Paper, # 213.Google Scholar
Fenghua Xian Zhi (Qing, Guangxu period. Exact date unknown) [The Gazetteer of Fenghua Country (Zhejiang Province)].Google Scholar
Funing Fu Zhi, 1762. [The Gazetteer of Funing Prefecture (Fujian Province)]. Qianlong Edition, Compiled by Li Ba.Google Scholar
Duo, Gan, 1964. Zhongguo linye jishu shiliao chubu yanjiu [Preliminary Researches into Historical Materials on Forest Technology in China]. Beijing, Nongye.Google Scholar
Guanzi, Late 4th Century BC. [The Book of Master Guan], attributed to Guan Zhong.Google Scholar
Guha, Ram, 1985. Scientific Forestry and Social Change in Uttarakhand. Economic and Political Weekly Special Number, XX (45/46/47): 1939.–1952.Google Scholar
Guzhou Ting Zhi, 1849 [The Gazetteer of Guzhou Sub Prefecture (Guizhou Province)].Google Scholar
Hinde, Thomas, 1985. Forests of Britian. London, Victor Gollancz Ltd.Google Scholar
Huang, Ray, 1974. Taxation and Governmental Finance in 16th Century Ming China. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sixie, Jia, 533–544 AD. Qimin yaoshu [Essential Techniques for the Peasantry]. Using Nongye, Beijing ed.Google Scholar
Xianzhou, Kong, 1986. Gongxian xian cun zui zodi hulin bei [The oldest extant forest protection stele at Gongxian]. Zhong Zhou Jin Gu 1986 (1): 47.Google Scholar
Lee, Robert G. 1984. Sustained Yield and Social Order. In History of Sustained-Yield Forestry: A Symposium. Steen, Harold K., ed. Santa Cruz, Forest History Society.Google Scholar
Wang, Liu Hui-chen, 1959. The Traditional Chinese Clan Rules. New York, Augustin (Association for Asian Studies Monograph No. 7).Google Scholar
Xuanmin, Liu, 1938. Qingdai dongsansheng yimin yü kaiken [Migrants and land clearance in the three eastern provinces (Manchuria) during the Qing Dynasty]. Shiuxue Nianbao 2 (5): 67–120.Google Scholar
Menzies, N. 1988. Trees, Fields, and People. The Forests of China from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Forestry and Resource Management, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Menzies, N. 1991. The History of Forestry in China. In Vol. 6.3 of J. Needham, 1954–Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (In Press).Google Scholar
Morita, Akira, 1976. Minmatsu Shindai no ‘Homin’ ni tsuite [Concerning the ‘Shed People’ of the Ming and Qing Dynasties]. Jimbun Kenkyu 28 (9): 1–38.Google Scholar
Pan Shan Zhi, 1872. [The Gazetteer of Panshan Temple (nr. Beijing)].Google Scholar
Peluso, Nancy Lee, 1988. Rich Forests, Poor People, and Development: Frest Access Control and Resistance in Java. PhD Dissertation, Department of Rural Sociology, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Perdue, Peter, 1987. Exhausting the Earth. State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500–1850. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. Harvard East Asian Monographs on China; 130.Google Scholar
Chengtong, Ren (C. T. Jen), 1930. Jingying cunyou lindi haochu he banfa [Advantages and Methods of Managing Village owned Forests] Nanjing, Jinling Daxue Tuiguang Congkan No. 5.Google Scholar
Romm, Jeff, 1988. Forestry for Development: Some Lessons from Asia. Journal of World Forest Resources Management. Vol. 3 (2) (Fall).Google Scholar
Shaw, N. 1914. Chinese Forest Trees and Timber Supply. London, T. Fisher Unwin.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. E. 1940. Kueichou: an Internal Chinese Colony. Pacific Affairs 13 (06): 162–72.Google Scholar
Nianhai, Shi, 1981. Huangtu Gaoyuan ji qi nong lin mu fenbu diqudi bianqian [The Loess Plateau and the Changes in Land Utilisation between the Agricultural, Forest, and Pastroal Areas.] Lishi Dili 1981 (1): 21–33.Google Scholar
Nianhai, Shi, 1983. You dilidi yinsuo shitan yuangu shiqi Huanghe liuyu wenhua zui wei fadadi yuanyin [Using geographical factors to examine the reasons for the Yellow River basin being the most developed area in ancient times] Lishi Dili 3 (1983): 1–20.Google Scholar
E-tu Zen, Sun, 1968. Qing Government and the Mineral Industries before 1800. The Journal of Asian Studies XXVII (4): 835–45.Google Scholar
Twitchett, Dennis, 1959. Lands under State Cultivation under the Tang. Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient. V, 2 (1959): 162–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiuling, Wang, 1982. Beijing diqu lishi shiqidi senlin [The Forests of Beijing during the Historical Period] In Linye shi, yuanlin shi lunwenji [Collected Articles on the History of Forestry and Landscape Architecture (Vol. 1)] Beijing, Linye Xueyuan.Google Scholar
Ruyu, Yan, 1821. San sheng bianfang belian [A Complete Survey of Border Defences in the three Provinces], reprinted in 1934 as Chuan shaan E bianfang ji. Nanchang, Guomindang Military Commission.Google Scholar
Yan tie lun, BC 80–60. [The Disourses on Salt and Iron], edited by Kuan, Huan.Google Scholar
Sheng, Yang Lien, 1964. Les Aspects Economiques des Travaux Publics dans la Chine Impèriale. Paris, Collège de France.Google Scholar
Shengmin, Yang, 1981. Yang Shegmin: Guanyu Zhongguo fengjian tudi suoyouzhidi yixie wenti [Some Questions about Fedual Land Owenership in China] Lishi Yanjiu 1981(3).Google Scholar
Zhong shu shu Ming. (14th Century) [The Manual of Sylviculture (lit. The Book of Tree Planting.)] Sometimes attributed to the Yuan or even Tang. Chen Zhi et al. date it to the early Ming writer Yü Zhenmu. Using Nongye Chubanshe, 1962 edition.Google Scholar