Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:36:14.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Indian Nationalist Development and the Influence of Irish Home Rule, 1870–1886

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Howard Brasted
Howard Brasted
Affiliation:
University of New England, Australia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the historiography of Indian nationalism the didactic impact of the West is generally recognized but seldom detailed. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the nature of Ireland's contribution to the development of an Indian national consciousness in the formative phase of political awakening. It is hoped to establish that while many of the ideals of civic freedom and patriotism were derived from continental sources, the immediate lessons of a country struggling to free itself from the British ‘colonial’ yoke were provided essentially by Ireland. In this context, the model that will be studied for its impact on the mind of India's first generation of political leaders, belongs to the Irish Home Rule movement launched in 1870 and welded by Charles Stewart Parnell into a powerful anti-imperial force.

Type
Articles
Information
Modern Asian Studies , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , February 1980 , pp. 37 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See Desai, A. R., Social Background of Indian Nationalism (Bombay, 1965), p. 5;Google ScholarGordon, L. A., Bengal: The Nationalist Movement 1876–1940 (New York, 1974), pp. 15, 30;Google ScholarMasselos, J., Nationalism on the Indian Subcontinent (Melbourne, 1972), pp. 43 ff;Google ScholarMcCully, B. T., English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism (New York, 1940), pp. 388–9;Google ScholarMehrotra, S. R., The Emergence of the Indian National Congress (Delhi, 1971), pp. 137 ff;Google ScholarNationalism. A Report by a Study Group of Members of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (London, 1963), pp. 144–5, 151;Google ScholarSeal, A., The Emergence of Indian Nationalism. Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (London, 1968), pp. 16 ff;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSingal, D. P., Nationalism in India and Other Historical Essays (Delhi, 1967), pp. 3–5.Google Scholar

2 Rothermund, D., The Phases of Indian Nationalism and Other Essays (Bombay, 1970), p. 13.Google Scholar

3 Kedourie, E., Nationalism in Africa and Asia (London, 1970), p. 28;Google Scholar see also Kamenka, E., (ed.), Nationalism: the Nature and Evolution of an Idea (Canberra, 1973).Google Scholar

4 Kedourie, , Nationalism in Africa and Asia, p. 89.Google Scholar

5 McCully, , English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism.Google Scholar

6 For example, Mehrotra, Indian National Congress and Seal, Emergence of Indian Nationalism. The diffusion of the nationalist ideal tends to be observed as a by-product of elite rivalry and ambition at the level of provincial politics. See, for example, Johnson, G., Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism. Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880–1915, (London, 1973);Google ScholarSuntharalingam, A., Politics and Nationalist Awakening in South India, 1852–1891, (Tucson, 1974).Google ScholarDrJohnson, rather plays down the importance of ideology. Provincial Politics, pp. 196–7.Google Scholar

7 Seal, A., ‘Imperialism and Nationalism in India’, in Gallagher, J., Johnson, G. and Seal, A., (eds), Locality, Province and Nation. Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 (London, 1973), pp. 1–28.Google Scholar

8 See Argov, D., Moderates and Extremists in the Indian Nationalist Movement 1883–1920 (Bombay, 1967), p. 3;Google ScholarMehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 166;Google ScholarNationalism, A.R.I.I.A. Report, p. 152.Google Scholar

9 Banerjea, S. N., A Nation in Making. Being the Reminiscences of Fifty Years of Public Life (Calcutta, 1965), pp. 38–41. Some students did indeed begin to organize secret societies after the fashion of the Carbonari, but the attainment of independence by means of political assassination was never seriously contemplated at the time.Google Scholar See also Pal, B. C., Memories of my Life and Times, 2nd rev. edn (Calcutta, 1973), pp. 198–200. The more realistic response was the formation in 1876 of the India Association. It would seem, however, that the political association on whose lines it was supposedly styled was of Irish rather than Italian origin. Certainly, the political model cited by Banerjea in his famous lecture on Mazzini was O'Connell's Catholic Association.Google Scholar See Mehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 166Google Scholar and Banerjea, S. N., Speeches and Writings of Hon. Surendranath Banerjea (Madras, n.d.), pp. 391–416.Google Scholar

10 See Argov, , Moderates and Extremists, p. 3;Google ScholarGopal, S., British Policy in India 1858–1905 (London, 1965), p. 153;CrossRefGoogle ScholarMehrotra, , Indian National Congress, pp. 324, 397.Google Scholar

11 Masselos, , Nationalism on the Indian Subcontinent, pp. 62, 64–5, 70.Google Scholar

12 See Cashman, R. I., The Myth of the Lokamanya. Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra (Berkeley, 1975), pp. 35, 143.Google Scholar

13 See Ghose, S., The Western Impact on Indian Politics 1885–1919 (London, 1967), pp. 63, 105;Google ScholarMehrotra, S. R., India and the Commonwealth 1885–1929 (London, 1965), pp. 37, 38, 44.Google Scholar

14 Mehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 324.Google Scholar

15 Ibid., pp. 328–31.

16 McCully, , English Education and the Origins of Indian Nationalism, p. 388.Google Scholar

17 See Enke, S., Economics for Development (London, 1964), pp. 3–5;Google Scholar and Meier, G. M. and Baldwin, R. E., Economic Development: Theory, History, Policy (New York, 1963), pp. 240–1.Google Scholar

18 Pal, B. C., Swadeshi and Swaraj (The Rise of New Patriotism) (Calcutta, 1954), pp. 17–18. This volume comprises a selection of Bipin Chandra Pal's writings and speeches between the years 1902 and 1907.Google Scholar

19 Ibid., pp. 19, 21.

20 See Pal, B. C., ‘The Forces behind the Unrest in India,’ Contemporary Review, Vol. 97, 1910, p. 232.Google Scholar

21 Tagore, R., Nationalism (New York, 1917), p. 128.Google Scholar

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid., p. 130.

24 Ibid., pp. 133ff, 146.

25 Pal, , Swadeshi and Swaraj, p. 68.Google Scholar

26 See Argov, , Moderates and Extremists, pp. ix, xi, xii;Google ScholarMukherjee, H. and Mukherjee, U., Sri Aurobindo's Political Thought (1893–1908) (Calcutta, 1958), p. 34.Google Scholar

27 Aurobindo Ghose, for example, upheld the French and the Irish as men who had been purified by ‘blood and fire’, although he doubted that Indians were capable of emulating their dedication or their sacrifice. See Mukherjee, H. and Mukherjee, U., Sri Aurobindo's Political Thought, pp. 71, 81, 84–5.Google Scholar

28 For a discussion of the western influences on Gandhi see Bondurant, J., Conquest of Violence. The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict (Berkeley, 1965), pp. 106, 148, 154–9, 184–5;Google Scholar and Iyer, R., The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi (New York, 1973), pp. 14–15. More recently, Dr R. Davis discovered that Arthur Griffith's original views on passive resistance were consulted by Gandhi when he was planning his non-co-operation campaigns.Google Scholar See Davis, R., Arthur Griffith and Non-Violent Sinn Fein (Dublin, 1974), pp. 91–8.Google Scholar

29 The tactics of Irish Sinn Féin, which were recommended to Gandhi in the 1920s by certain Congressmen, were rejected by him partly because of their association with violence, and partly because he belived that India lacked an equivalent power and self-discipline to apply them successfully. Nehru, J., An Autobiography (Bombay, 1962), p. 99.Google Scholar

30 This category is used by Kedourie, E. in his discussion of nationalist types. Kedourie, Nationalism in Africa and Asia, pp. 81–2.Google Scholar

31 See Chaudhuri, N. C., The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (Bombay, 1964), p. 229.Google Scholar

32 In the many newspaper articles that were written by Indians on nationalist strategy after 1876, the author has found only the isolated allusion to Italian methods.Google Scholar

33 Anonymous, , ‘The Battle of Dorking. Reminiscences of a Volunteer’, Blackwood's Magazine, 05, 1871. G. T. Chesney was subsequently identified as the author.Google Scholar

34 See Curtis, L. P., Coercion and Conciliation in Ireland (Princeton, 1963), pp. 427–32.Google Scholar

35 The case that Ireland was virtually a colony of England's is put by Strauss, E., Irish Nationalism and British Democracy (London, 1951).Google Scholar

36 See Salisbury, Lord, ‘Disintegration’, Quarterly Review, Vol. 156, 10 1883, p. 594;Google Scholar and Salisbury, Lord quoted in Cecil, Lady Gwendolen, Life of Robert Marquis of Salisbury, Vol. 3 (London, 1931), p. 294.Google Scholar

37 See an electoral address of Naoroji's in 1886 quoted in Masani, R. P., Dadabhai Naoroji. The Grand Old Man of India (London, 1939), p. 242.Google Scholar

38 Fawcett, reverently known as the ‘Friend of India’ and considered friendly to Ireland, urged the Liberal party to remain out of office rather than accede to the ‘dismemberment’ of the empire. Hansard, Vol. 233, 24 04 1877, cols 1804–5.Google Scholar

39 Hansard, Vol. 283, 22 08 1883, cols 1682–3.Google Scholar

40 Freeman's Journal, 28 October 1881.Google Scholar

41 Hansard, Vol. 304, 8 04 1886, col. 1082.Google Scholar

42 Salisbury, to Lytton, , 20 April 1877, Salisbury Papers, Letters to Lytton II, Class D, Vol. XI.Google Scholar

43 Dufferin, to Kimberley, , 21 March 1886, Dufferin Papers, Vol. 19, Reel 517, I. O. L. Kimberley was discinclined to believe that Irish affairs had any effect on India, but in Dufferin's view the Indian ‘caucus’ would probably ‘grow into a very formidable product’. Dufferin to Northbrook, 23 June, 1886, Dufferin Papers, Eur. Mss, F. 130, Vol. 23B.Google Scholar

44 Wallace, to Wodehouse, [Kimberley's private secretary], 4 June 1886, Dufferin Papers, Eur. Mss, F. 130, Vol. 23A.Google Scholar

45 Morley, J., Recollections, Vol. II (London, 1918), pp. 173–4, 186, 218.Google Scholar See also Wolpert, S., Morley and India 1906–1910 (Berkeley, 1967), p. 24.Google Scholar

46 See, for example, Clarke, G. S., My Working Life (London, 1927), pp. 289–90.Google Scholar

47 See Hamilton, to Northcote, , 21 February, 27 November 1902,Google Scholar quoted in Cashman, , The Myth of the Lokamanya, pp. 143–4.Google Scholar

48 SirCampbell, George in Hansard, Vol. 283, 23 08 1883, cols. 1806–11;Google Scholar see Naoroji on SirHunter's, W. W. views, Mahratta, 16 April 1905.Google Scholar

49 See Hansard, Vol. 242, 23 July 1878, col. 48; and Stanhope to Lytton, 26 July 1878, Lytton Papers, Eur. Mss, E. 218, 516/7.Google Scholar

50 See governmental correspondence relating to the Vernacular Press Act, in Parl. P., 1878, Vol. LVII, c. 2040. Section 33 of the Irish Act, which gave redress to Irish proprietors aggrieved by the action of the government by permitting them to sue for damages, was omitted from the Indian Act because it might render it ineffective.Google Scholar See note of Sir A. Hobhouse, 10 August 1877, ibid., p. 38.

51 Desp., legislative No. 24, Sec. of State to Govt of India, 31 May 1877, ibid., pp. 78–81.

52 Ripon, to Forster, , 26 May 1881, Ripon Papers, Add. Ms. 43, 537, B. M.Google Scholar

53 Hartington to Ripon, I, 6 July; 12 August, 1881, Hartington papers, Reel 794, I.O.L.Google Scholar

54 Secretary of State for India, 1935–40.Google Scholar

55 Zetland to Linlithgow, 31 July 1936, Zetland Papers, Eur. Mss, D607, Vol. 7, I.O.L.Google Scholar

56 Mehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 325.Google Scholar

57 O'Brien, C. C., Parnell and his Party 1880–90, (Oxford, 1964), p. 352.Google Scholar

58 See Cumpston, I. M., ‘Some Early Indian Nationalists and their Allies in the British Parliament, 1851–1906’, English Historical Review, Vol. LXXVI, 1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

59 See Who's Who 1874–1916;Google ScholarBrasted, H. V., ‘Irish Home Rule Politics and India 1870–1886: F. H. O'Donnell and Other Irish “Friends of India”’ (unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Edinburgh, 1974).Google Scholar

60 Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. VI (London, 1929–1958), p. 518.Google Scholar

61 Nation, 24 August 1878;Google ScholarO'Donnell, F. H., A History of the Irish Parliamentary Party, Vol. II (London, 1910), p. 472.Google Scholar

62 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, p, 471;Google ScholarHansard, Vol. 285, 15 03 1884, col. 1766.Google Scholar

63 The proposal was outlined by O'Donnell, F. H., in two long letters, one to the Freeman's Journal, 13 August 1878, the other to the Nation, 24 August 1878. Both were the subject of considerable controversy in Ireland.Google Scholar

64 O'Donnell, C. J., ‘Ireland and Conservatism’, Nineteenth Century, Vol. 68, 1910, p. 204.Google Scholar

65 Cumpston, , ‘Some Early Indian Nationalists’, pp. 281–2, 286, 297.Google Scholar

66 Irish World, 2, 23, 30 April 1881;Google Scholar see also Ford, P., The Criminal History of the British Empire (New York, 1915).Google Scholar

67 See O'Brien, W. and Ryan, D. (eds), Devoy's Post Bag, Vol. I (Dublin, 1948), pp. 207ff;Google Scholar and Enclosure I, Copy of Report of Clan na Gael's military agent, Desp. Secret No. 131, Thornton, to Salisbury, , 26 April 1880, F. O. S Papers, Vol. 1745.Google Scholar

68 Irish World, 13 June 1877;Google ScholarNation, 2 January 1875;Google ScholarDavitt, M., Leaves from a Prison Diary, Vol. II (London, 1885), p. 155.Google Scholar

69 Irish World, 12 August 1877.Google Scholar

70 Ibid., 2 June 1877, 2 April 1881; see also Nation, 10 April 1875.

71 Nation, 2, 30 January 1875 Home Rule M.P. and editor of the Nation.Google Scholar

72 Founder of the Irish Land League.Google Scholar

73 Davitt, M., The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland (London, 1904), p. 446;Google Scholar and Prison Diary, Vol. II, pp. 142–61.Google Scholar

74 Treasurer of the Irish National League; M.P. for West Waterford 1890–95.Google Scholar

75 Speeches by Webb, Alfred (Bombay, 1895), Webb Papers, Ms. 1746.Google Scholar

76 Both Blake, Edward and Davitt, Michael had declined to preside over the Congress, for fear that their presence in India might do more harm than good to the nationalist cause. Westminster Gazette, 3 October, 15 November 1894. See entries in Davitt's Diary for 3, 4, 5 October 1894.Google Scholar

77 See Redmond, W. H., Hansard, Vol. 287, 25 04 1884, col. 273.Google Scholar

78 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, p. 423. Naoroji had been appointed Diwan of Baroda in 1873.Google Scholar

79 Davitt, , Feudalism, p. 447. When Naoroji lost Finsbury in 1895 he again appealed to Davitt for help, but was informed that there was ‘no hope’.Google Scholar See Naoroji, to Davitt, , 15 January 1896, Davitt Papers, supplied by courtesy of Professor T. W. Moody.Google Scholar

80 Wacha, to Naoroji, , 26 June 1888, quoted in Seal, Emergence of Indian Nationalism, p. 284. See also Wacha to Naoroji 10 July 1888, Naoroji Papers, supplied by courtesy of Dr J. Masselos.Google Scholar

81 B. 1826; d. 1890. Only son of Prasannacoomar Tagore; converted to Christianity in 1851; subsequently disinherited, which he disputed in a famous will case; first Indian to be called to the Bar in Britain 1862.Google Scholar

82 Parnellite M.P.; becomes leader of the party of Parnell's death. B. 1830; d. 1912.Google Scholar

83 Parnellite M.P.Google Scholar

84 B. 1848; d. 1909. Founding member of Congress.Google Scholar

85 O'Brien, W., Recollections (London, 1905), p. 247n;Google ScholarPioneer, 16 March 1883.Google Scholar

86 B. 1850; entered I.C.S. 1870; retired as Commissioner 1900; M.P. 1906–10; d. 1934.Google Scholar

87 Pioneer, 1 March 1882. O'Donnell was the author of two notorious Pamphlets that were highly critical of Government policy.Google Scholar See O'Donnell, C. J., The Black Pamphlet of Calcutta. The Famine of 1874 (London, 1876);Google Scholar and The Ruin of an Indian Province (London, 1880).Google Scholar

88 See Eden, to Northbrook, 19 October 1880, Ripon Papers, Add. Ms. 43, 592, B.M.Google Scholar

89 See Indian Mirror, 20, 27 August; 23 October 1880.Google Scholar

90 See Letter No. 867T, Govt of Bengal to Govt of India, 30 July 1881, para. 13, L/P & J/3, Vol. 2, 1881.Google Scholar

91 Times, 18 October 1906.Google Scholar

92 Ali, Dusé Mohamed, ‘Vis-A-Vis: III Frank Hugh O'Donnell’, Africa and orient Review, 03 1920, p. 6.Google Scholar

93 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, p. 431.Google ScholarPal, K. was editor of the Hindoo Patriot from 1861 to 1884.Google Scholar

94 B. 1855; d. 1916; editor of the Hindu from 1878 to 1898.Google Scholar See Suntharalingam, , Nationalist Awakening in South India, pp. 157–64.Google Scholar

95 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, p. 438.Google Scholar

96 Ibid., p. 431.

97 Home Rulers under the leadership of Isaac Butt.Google Scholar

98 See Hindoo Patriot, 14 June 1875, and Amrita Bazar Patrika, 11 June 1875,Google Scholar quoted in Majumdar, B. B., Indian Political Associations and Reform of Legislature 1818–1917 (Calcutta, 1965), p. 102.Google Scholar

99 The Hindoo Patriot had a very low opinion of its youthful countrymen and considered them ill-fitted to speak for India, Ibid., 9 November 1874.

100 Extract from Indian Spectator in Indian Mirror, 29 March 1883.Google Scholar

101 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, pp. 432–5.Google Scholar

102 See Bengalee, 30 December 1882; Indian Mirror, 14 January 1883.Google Scholar

103 See Voice of India, February 1883.Google Scholar

104 Indian Mirror, 25 January, 2 February 1883.Google Scholar

105 Hindu, 18 January 1883.Google Scholar

106 Bengalee, quoted in O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, pp. 436–7.Google Scholar

107 Bengalee, 30 December 1882. See letter of Banerjea to London editor of the Bengalee,Google Scholar quoted in O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, pp. 444–5n.Google Scholar

108 Indian Mirror, 17 March 1883; Bengalee, 24 March 1883; Hindoo Patriot, 2 April 1883.Google Scholar

109 See assurances concerning the non-partisan character of O'Donnell's proposals. Indian Mirror, 17 March 1883; Bengalee, 14 April 1883.Google Scholar

110 Pioneer, 16, 20, 26 March 1883.Google Scholar

111 Indian Spectator, 29 April 1883.Google Scholar

112 See Cross to Ripon 6 July 1883, Ripon Papers, Add. Ms. 43, 633 and Temple to Ripon, 11 May 1883, ibid.

113 Bengalee, 14 April 1883; Hindoo Patriot, 16 April 1883; Indian Spectator, 29 April 1883.Google Scholar

114 Times, 28 September 1883; The B.I.C. organized a number of political rallies in support of the Ilbert Bill and answered the express needs of Ripon to have the ‘House of Commons at his back’.Google Scholar

115 See valedictory appeal for help by the N.R.C. in Bengalee, 16 February 1884.Google Scholar

116 Samaya, 17 September 1883, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 9, 1883.Google Scholar

117 See Kimberley to Ripon, 11 October 1883, Ripon Papers, Add. Ms. 43, 524. Kimberley expected O'Donnell ‘to do all the mischief’ he could but was unable to suggest how best to frustrate his designs. See also Hindoo Patriot, 17 September 1883.Google Scholar

118 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, pp. 444–5.Google Scholar

119 Mehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 331.Google Scholar

120 See, for example, Mehrotra, , India and the Commonwealth, p. 16;Google ScholarParel, A., ‘Hume, Dufferin and the Origins of the Indian National Congress’, Journal of Indian History, 12 1964.Google Scholar

121 Nehrotra, , Indian National Congress, p. 331.Google Scholar

122 O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, p. 438.Google Scholar

123 Wedderburn, W., Allan Octavian Hume (London, 1913), p. 77.Google Scholar

124 Grover, B. L., ‘Allan Octavian Hume's Political Testament: an Appraisal’, Modern Review, Vol. 116, 10 1964, pp. 269–70.Google Scholar

125 See Martin, B. Jr, New India 1885 (Berkeley, 1969), p. 46.Google Scholar

126 See, for example, Bengalee, 15 May 1886;Google ScholarAmrita Bazar Patrika, 4 November 1905;Google ScholarMahratta, 1 January, 24 February 1907; 5, 12, 19 October 1930.Google ScholarForward, a nationalist paper which S. C. Bose helped to launch, ran a ‘regular column’ on Ireland during the 1920s:Google ScholarGordon, , Bengal: The Nationalist Movement, p. 163 n4. In the early months of 1906, the Kesari ran a series of articles comparing the Swadeshi with the Sinn Féin movement:Google ScholarKarandikar, S. L., Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Poona, 1957), p. 224.Google Scholar

127 See Thornley, D., Isaac Butt and Home Rule (London, 1964).Google Scholar

128 O'Brien, C. C., Parnell and his Party, p. 9.Google Scholar

129 See Thornley, D., ‘The Irish Home Rule Party and Parliamentary Obstruction, 1874–81’, Irish Historical Studies, Vol. 12, 1960–1961, pp. 47–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

130 Hindoo Patriot, 29 April 1878.Google Scholar

131 Ibid., 6 October 1879.

132 Ibid., 8 July 1878.

133 Ibid., 17, 27 December 1877.

134 Ibid., 8 July 1878; see also 11, 18 February, 16 March, 29 April, 10 June 1878.

135 B. 1831, d. 1908; cousin of G. M. Tagore; Secretary of the British Indian Association and later President.Google Scholar

136 See O'Donnell, , History, Vol. II, pp. 429–31. The letter of the British Indian Association opening negotiations with O'Donnell was published in the Freeman's Journal, 13 August 1878.Google Scholar

137 Founded as the organ of the British Military Services in India.Google Scholar

138 Civil and Military Gazette, 5 July 1878.Google Scholar

139 Ibid., 17 May 1878.

140 Ibid., 1 May 1878.

141 See Lytton to Cranbrook, 12, 15 May 1879, Lytton Papers, Eur. Mss, E.218, 518/4.Google Scholar

142 Indian Mirror, 19 October 1878;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 6 October 1879;Google ScholarBengalee, 10 January 1880.Google ScholarHenry Fawcett was restored to favour and Rs 4,000 were raised for his electoral expenses: Hindoo Patriot, 15 March 1880.Google Scholar

143 Seal, , Emergence of Indian Nationalism, pp. 254–5.Google Scholar

144 Bengalee, 8 February 1879.Google Scholar

145 Ibid., 22 May 1880.

146 Ibid., 8 February, 23 August 1879.

147 Ibid., 13 September 1879; 2, 22 May 1880.

148 Ibid., 13 September 1879.

149 Indian Mirror, 24 March 1880.Google Scholar

150 Ibid., 20 March 1880. In a manifesto to the electors of Britain and Ireland, the Indian Association openly came out against the return of the Conservative government.

151 Bengalee, 12 April 1879.Google Scholar

152 Ibid., 16 August, 13 September 1879; 3 January 1880.

153 See Mehrotra, , Indian National Congress, pp. 404–5; see also Bengalee, 30 January 1886.Google Scholar

154 Bengalee, 22 April 1882.Google Scholar

155 Indian Mirror, 12 April 1883.Google Scholar

156 Of course, serious agrarian disturbances had not been unknown in India, as in Pabna in 1873 and the Deccan in 1875, but they were probably more spontaneous than orchestrated outbursts. On occasions cultivators were encouraged to withhold rent, but they were never successfully galvanized into a potent political force. See Cashman, , The Myth of the Lokamanya, pp. 124–5.Google Scholar For more detailed information see Kumar, R., ‘The Deccan Riots of 1875’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XXIV (08 1965);Google Scholar and Sengupta, K. K., ‘The Agrarian League of Pabna’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Vol. VII (06 1970).Google Scholar

157 Compare Hindoo Patriot, 15 May 1882;Google ScholarIndian Mirror, 12 November 1880, with Bengalee, 13 November, 18 December 1880; 15 January, 18 February 1881;Google ScholarBrahmo Public Opinion, 25 August 1881;Google ScholarSadharani, 15 July 1883, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vols. 7, 9, 1883.Google Scholar

158 Bagal, J. C., History of the Indian Association 1876–1951 (Calcutta, 1853), pp. 50, 53, 70–1, 90.Google ScholarSee also Bengalee, 8 January, 12 February, 2 April, 28 May, 1881.Google Scholar

159 Background information can be found in Gopal, S., The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon 1880–1884 (Oxford, 1953), Ch. XIII;Google Scholar and Chandra, Bipin, ‘Two Notes on the Agrarian Policy of Indian Nationalists, 1880–1905’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 04 1964, pp. 143–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

160 See, for example, Bengalee, 6 November, 18 December 1880; 29 January, 30 April, 14 May 1881;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 10, 31 January; 23, 30 May; 6, 13 June; 1881;Google ScholarIndian Mirror, 2, 15 November 1880.Google Scholar

161 Bengalee, 24 July 1880;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 23 October 1880;Google ScholarIndian Mirror, 20, 23, 27 August 1880.Google Scholar

162 O'Donnell painted a grim picture of the Behar peasantry, ground down by rapacious zemindars, driven from their land by Indigo planters and betrayed by a negligent government: O'Donnell, C. J., Ruin, p. 14.Google Scholar

163 Fourth Annual Report of the Indian Association, 1879–80, pp. 7–8, quoted in Seal, , Emergence of Indian Nationalism, p. 223.Google Scholar

164 See Seal, ibid., p. 222; and Annual Report of the Indian Association for 1885 in Bagal, History of the Indian Association, p. 90.Google Scholar

165 See Bagal, History of the Indian Association, p. 90;Google ScholarBengalee, 4 March 1884.Google Scholar

166 Bengalee, 18 December 1880.Google Scholar

167 Seal, , Emergence of Indian Nationalism, p. 224.Google Scholar

168 Dufferin to Kimberley, 21 March, 26 April 1886, Dufferin Papers, Eur. Mss, F. 130, Vol. 21.Google Scholar

169 Dnyanodaya, 1 December 1882, Bombay Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15. Vol. 137, 1882.Google Scholar

170 Mahratta, 1 January 1882.Google Scholar

171 Ibid., 7 May 1881.

172 Ibid., 7 August 1881.

173 Ibid., 30 August 1881.

174 Ibid., 8 January 1881; 13 December 1885.

175 Extract from Bombay Gazette in Indian Mirror, 11 November 1881.Google Scholar

176 Mahratta, 14 October 1883.Google Scholar

177 See, for example, Indian Mirror, 23, 25 November 1881;Google ScholarGujerati, 13 November 1881, Bombay Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 136, 1881;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 29 April 1885. See also Irish World, 17 December 1881; 14 January 1882.Google Scholar O 'Donnell ‘triumphantly’ addressed a gathering of Land Leaguers that the No Rent Manifesto was being published throughout India: Freeman's Journal, 23 January 1882.Google Scholar

178 Bengalee, 3 May 1884.Google Scholar

179 Dacca Prakash, 16 January 1881, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 7, 1881.Google Scholar

180 Bengalee, 10 February 1883.Google Scholar

181 Indian Mirror, 27 October 1881.Google Scholar

182 Ibid., 17 September 1880.

183 See O'Donnell, C. J., Ruin.Google Scholar

184 Sadharani, 15 May 1881, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 7, 1881.Google Scholar

185 Bengalee, 5 November 1881; 21 July 1883; 15 May 1886;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 15 May 1882;Google ScholarIndian Mirror, 12 November 1880;Google ScholarMahratta, 26 April 1885.Google Scholar

186 Seal, , Emergence of Indian Nationalism, p. 223.Google Scholar

187 Bombay Chronicle, 3 July 1881, Bombay Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 136, 1881.Google Scholar

188 Bengalee, 6 November 1880;Google ScholarMahratta, 28 August 1881; 16 May 1882.Google Scholar

189 Indian Mirror, 20 April 1883.Google Scholar

190 Charu Varta, 6 February 1882, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 8, 1882.Google Scholar

191 Hindu, 10 October 1883.Google Scholar

192 Bengalee, 18 December 1880; 29 January 1881.Google Scholar

193 Ibid., 15 May 1886.

194 Mahratta, 9 October 1881.Google Scholar

195 Ibid., 30 October 1881.

196 Bengalee, 5 November 1881; 21 July 1883;Google ScholarMahratta, 1 January 1882.Google Scholar

197 On 6 May 1882 the new Chief Secretary of Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish, and his Under-Secretary, T. H. Burke, were cut down in Phoenix Park by a band of assassins who called themselves the ‘Invincibles’. For further information see O'Brien, R. B., The Life of Charles Stewart Parnell (London, 1899), Vol. I, pp. 353–9.Google Scholar

198 Bengalee, 13 May 1882.Google Scholar

199 Hindoo Patriot, 15 May 1882.Google Scholar

200 Bengalee, 29 November 1879.Google ScholarSee also Mahratta, 14 October 1883.Google Scholar

201 Hindoo Patriot, 7 April 1879;Google ScholarIndian Mirror, 12 November 1880;Google ScholarMahratta, 14 March 1886.Google Scholar

202 Bengalee, 14 February 1880;Google ScholarHindoo Patriot, 23 February 1880;Google ScholarSadharani, 4 June 1882, Bengal Native Newspaper Reports, L/R/15, Vol. 8, 1882.Google Scholar

203 Hindu, quoted in Indian Mirror, 12 November 1880.Google Scholar

204 Ibid.

205 Bengalee, 14 February 1880.Google Scholar

206 The general purport of the ‘Domino theory’ was well known in India. See extract from St. James' Gazette in Indian Mirror, 10 December 1880;Google Scholar extract from Liverpool Courier in Bengalee, 24 September 1881;Google Scholar article, ‘The Rising Tide’, Mahratta, 2 May 1886;Google ScholarFriend of India, 12 June 1886;Google Scholar See also diary entry of an interview between Naoroji and Dr Richard Congrieve on 15 April 1886, in Masani, , Dadabhai Naoroji, pp. 229–30.Google Scholar

207 Hindoo Patriot, 24 August 1874.Google Scholar

208 In 1874 there was understandable confusion about the exact meaning of Home Rule. See Indian Public Opinion and Punjab Times, 10 March 1874.Google Scholar

209 See ‘Home Rule for Ireland and its Morals’, Bengalee, 15 May 1886;Google Scholar and ‘Home Rule for India’, Mahratta, 27 June 1886.Google Scholar

210 Bengalee, 6 February, 10 April 1886.Google Scholar

211 Mahratta, 27 June 1886.Google Scholar

212 Freeman's Journal, 26 June 1886.Google Scholar

213 See Naoroji to Wilson, 23 September 1886,Google Scholar quoted in Seal, , Emergence of Indian Nationalism, p. 280.Google Scholar

214 Ibid., p. 282.

215 Bengalee, 15 June 1895.Google Scholar

216 Applying Gladstone's argument in support of a separate Irish parliament, the Bengalee interpreted greater Indian political representation as meaning not the ‘dismemberment but rather the consolidation of the Empire’. Ibid., 15 May 1886. See also p. 44.

217 Mahratta, 27 June 1886.Google Scholar

218 Ibid., 13 April 1884.

219 See Wacha to Naoroji, 9, 23 June 1893, Naoroji Papers, supplied by courtesy of J. Masselos.Google Scholar

220 Amrita Bazar Patrika, 4 November 1905.Google Scholar