Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T20:46:39.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Origin of quartz cores in tourmaline from Roche Rock, SW England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

A. Müller ,
B. J. Williamson  and
M. Smith
A. Müller*
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
B. J. Williamson
Affiliation:
Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
M. Smith
Affiliation:
School of the Environment, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The nature and mode of origin of quartz-cored tourmalines (QCT) are studied from hydrothermal quartz veins within massive quartz-tourmaline (MQT) rocks at Roche, SW England. The QCT are annular, have blue maximum absorption colour and occur together with tourmalines with brown cores rimmed by blue tourmaline. Where the quartz core is not continuous throughout the length of the QCT crystals, the tourmaline core has brown maximum absorption colour, similar to tourmalines without quartz cores. Both the blue and brown tourmalines are schorl, but are compositionally distinct showing different Fe/(Mg + Ti) ratios and Ca concentrations. Fluid inclusion data indicate quartz precipitation from a moderate salinity (∼20–25 wt.% NaCl eq.) brine which periodically boiled following pressure drops within the vein system. The QCT show rheomorphic and lobate textures on their inner margins indicating selective dissolution of their brown, relative Mg-, Ti- and Ca-rich tourmaline cores and replacement with quartz. This presents a problem in terms of the nature of the fluid responsible for such selective dissolution because tourmaline is generally highly resistant under the normal range of hydrothermal fluid conditions. It is proposed that the relatively high concentrations of Ti, Mg and Ca in the brown tourmaline caused significant lattice strain, which together with an increase in pH, and probably Al, in the boiling hydrothermal fluid caused the brown cores to become unstable compared with the Fe-rich blue tourmaline rims.

Keywords

quartztourmalinehydrothermalRoche RockEngland
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 69 , Issue 4 , August 2005 , pp. 381 - 401
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

†

Present address: Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

References

Alderton, D.H.M. and Rankin, A.H. (1983) The character and evolution of hydrothermal fluids associated with the kaolinized St. Austell granite, S.W. England. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 140, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benard, F., Moutou, P. and Pichavant, M. (1985) Phase relations of tourmaline leucogranites and the significance of tourmaline in silicic magmas. Journal of Geology, 93, 271–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodnar, R.J. (1993) Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O-NaCl fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 683–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodnar, R.J. (1994) Synthetic fluid inclusions: XII. The system H2O-NaCl. Experimental determination of the halite liquidus and isochores for a 40 wt.% NaCl solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 1053–1063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borisenko, A.S. (1977) Cryometric technique applied to studies of the saline composition of solutions in gaseous fluid inclusions in minerals. Akademiya Nauk SSSR Sibirskoe Odtelenie, Institut Geologii i Geqfiziki, 8, 16–27.Google Scholar
Bowers, T.S. and Helgeson, H.C. (1983) Calculation of the thermodynamic and geochemical consequences of nonideal mixing in the system H2O-CO2-NaCl on phase relations in geologic systems: Equation of state for H2O-CO2-NaCl fluids at high pressures and temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 1247–1275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brammall, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1925) Tourmalinisation in the Dartmoor granite. Mineralogical Magazine, 20, 319—330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P.E. and Hagemann, S.G. (1994) MacFlinCor: A computer program for fluid inclusion data reduction and manipulation. Pp. 231–250 in: Fluid Inclusions in Minerals: Methods and Applications (de Vivo, B. and Frezzotti, M.L., editors). IMA Short Course, VPI Press, Virginia, USA.Google Scholar
Burns, P.C., MacDonald, D.J. and Hawthorne, F.C. (1994) The crystal chemistry of manganese-bearing elbaite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 32, 31–41.Google Scholar
Burt, D.M. (1989) Vector representation of tourmaline compositions. American Mineralogist, 74, 826—839.Google Scholar
Charoy, B. (1982) Tourmalinisation in Cornwall, England. Pp. 63–70 in: Metallization Associated with Acid Magmatism (Evans, A.M., editor). Wiley, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Charoy, B. (1986) The genesis of the Cornubian batholith (southwest England): the example of the Carnmenellis pluton. Journal of Petrology, 27, 571–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chou, I.-M. (1987) Phase relations in the system NaCl-KC1-H2O. III. Solubilities of halite in vapor saturated liquids above 445°C and redetermination of phase equilibrium in the system NaCl-H2O to 1000°C and 1500 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 1965–1975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, P.L.F. (1979) Gas hydrates in CO2-bearing fluid inclusions and the use of freezing data for estimation of salinity. Economic Geology, 74, 1435—1444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussmann, J. (2001) Rock-forming Minerals Vol IB. Disilicates and Ring Silicates. Geological Society of London.Google Scholar
Diamond, L.W. (1992) Stability of CO2 clathrate hydrate + CO2 liquid + CO2 vapour + aqueous KCl-NaCl solutions: Experimental determination and application to salinity estimates of fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drummond, S.E. and Ohmoto, H. (1985) Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydro-thermal systems. Economic Geology, 80, 126—147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutrow, B.L. and Henry, D.J. (2000) Complexly zoned fibrous tourmaline, Cruzeiro Mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil: A record of evolving magmatic and hydrothermal fluids. The Canadian Mineralogist, 38, 131–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutrow, B.L., Foster, C.T. and Henry, D.J. (1999) Tourmaline-rich pseudomorphs in sillimanite zone metapelites: demarcation of an infiltration front. American Mineralogist, 84, 794–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exley, C.S. and Stone, M. (1982) Hercynian intrusive rocks. Pp. 287–320 in: Igneous Rocks of the British Isles (Sutherland, D.S., editor). Wiley & Son, London.Google Scholar
Farmer, C.B. and Halls, C. (1993) Paragenetic evolution of cassiterite-bearing lodes at South Crofty Mine, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Pp. 365–382 in: Proceedings of the 8th IAGOD Symposium, Ottawa 1990 (Maurice, Y., editor). E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.Google Scholar
Faye, G.H., Manning, P.G., Gosselin, J.R. and Tremblay, R.J. (1974) The optical absorption spectra of tourmaline, cordierite, chloritoid and vivianite: ferrous-ferric electronic interaction as a source of pleochroism. American Mineralogist, 53, 1174–1201.Google Scholar
Floyd, P. (1971) Geochemistry, origin and tectonic environment of the basic and acid rocks of the Cornubia, England. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 83, 385–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frondel, C. and Collette, R.L. (1957) Synthesis of tourmaline by reaction of mineral grains with NaCl-H3BO3 solution, and its implication in rock metamorphism. American Mineralogist, 42, 754–758.Google Scholar
Fuchs, Y. and Lagache, M. (1994) La transformation chlorite-tourmaline en milieu hydrothermal, examples naturels et approche expérimentale. Academie des Sciences Paris, Comptes Rendus, 319, 907–913.Google Scholar
Götze, J., Plötze, M. and Habermann, D. (2001) Origin, spectral characteristics and practical applications of the cathodoluminescence (CL) of quartz - a review. Mineralogy and Petrology, 71, 225—250.Google Scholar
Götze, J., Plötze, M., Graupner, T., Hallbauer, D.K. and Bray, C.J. (2004) Trace element incorporation into quartz: A combined study by ICP-MS, electron spin resonance, cathodoluminescence, capillary ion analysis, and gas chromatography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 3741–3759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawthorne, F.C. (1996) Structural mechanism for light-element variations in tourmaline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 123–132.Google Scholar
Hawthorne, F.C. and Henry, D.J. (1999) Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group. European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 201—215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, D.J. and Guidotti, C.V. (1985) Tourmaline as a petrogenetic indicator mineral: An example from the staurolite-grade metapelites of NW Maine. American Mineralogist, 70, 1 — 15.Google Scholar
Henry, D.J. and Dutrow, B.L. (1996) Metamorphic tourmaline and its petrologic applications. Pp. 503—557 in: Boron — Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (Grew, E.S. and Anovitz, L.M., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy 33, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, P.I. and Manning, D.A.C. (1987) Multiple intrusions and pervasive hydrothermal alteration in the St Austell Granite, Cornwall. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 6, 447–453.Google Scholar
Jiang, S.-Y., Palmer, M.R., Slack, J.F. and Shaw, D.R (1998) Paragenesis and chemistry of multistage tourmaline formation in Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Colombia. Economic Geology, 93, 47–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kempe, U., Götze, J., Dandar, S. and Habermann, D. (1999) Magmatic and metasomatic processes during formation of the Nb-Zr-REE deposits from Khaldzan Buregte (Mongolian Altai): Indications from a combined CL-SEM study. Mineralogical Magazine, 63, 165–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krynine, P.D. (1946) The tourmaline group in sediments. Journal of Geology, 54, 65–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, R.B., Polvé, M. and Juve, G. (2000) Granite pegmatite from Evje-Iveland: trace element chemistry and implications for the formation of high-purity quartz. Norges geologiske undersekelse Bulletin, 436, 57–65.Google Scholar
Lister, C.J. (1979) Quartz-cored tourmaline from Cape Cornwall and other localities. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 4, 402–418.Google Scholar
London, D. (1986a) The magmatic-hydrothermal transition in the Tanco pegmatite: evidence from fluid inclusions and phase equilibrium experiments. American Mineralogist, 71, 376—395.Google Scholar
London, D. (1986b) Formation of tourmaline-rich gem pockets in miarolitic pegmatites. American Mineralogist, 71, 396–405.Google Scholar
London, D. (1986c) Holmquistite as a guide to pegmatitic rare-metal deposits. Economic Geology, 81, 704–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
London, D. (1987) Internal differentiation of rare-element pegmatites: the effects of boron, phosphorus, and fluorine. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 403–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
London, D. (2004) Comments and questions to pegmatite interest group: What would cause corrosion of some minerals in one portion of the pegmatite while in other areas of the same pegmatite minerals show little or no corrosion. URL:http./Avww.minso-cam.org/msa/special/Pig/PIG_CQ/PIG_PQ_hllw_tur.html, Accessed 8th April 2004.Google Scholar
London, D. and Manning, D.A.C. (1995) Chemical variation and significance of tourmaline from Southwest England. Economic Geology, 90, 495–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
London, D., Morgan, G.B. and Wolf, M.B. (1996) Boron in granitic rocks and their contact aureoles. Pp. 299—330 in: Boron: Mineralogy, Petrology, and Geochemistry (Grew, E.S. and Anovitz, L.M., editors). Reviews in Mineralogy, 33, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, D.A.C. (1991) Chemical variation in tourmalines from south-west England. Proceedings of the Ussher Society, 5, 411–416.Google Scholar
Manning, D.A.C., Hill, P.I. and Howe, J.H. (1996) Primary lithological variation in the kaolinized St Austell Granite, Cornwall, England. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 153, 827–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marfunin, A.S. (1979) Spectroscopy, Luminescence and Radiation Centers in Minerals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 345 ppCrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCurry, P. (1971) A pseudomorphic quartz-tourmaline relationship from northern Nigeria. American Mineralogist, 56, 1474–1476.Google Scholar
Morgan, G.B. VI and London, D. (1987) Behaviour of boron and tourmaline stability in granitic systems. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 19, 777–778.Google Scholar
Morgan, G.B. VI and London, D. (1989) Experimental reactions of amphibolite with boron-bearing aqueous fluids at 200 MPa: implications for tourmaline stability and partial melting in mafic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 102, 281–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, A., Lennox, P. and Trzebski, R. (2002) Cathodoluminescence and micro-structural evidence for crystallisation and deformation processes of granites in the Eastern Lachlan Fold Belt (SE Australia). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 143, 510–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, A., René, M., Behr, H.-J. and Kronz, A. (2003a) Trace elements and cathodoluminescence of igneous quartz in topaz granites from the Hub Stock (Slavkovsk Les Mts., Czech Republic). Mineralogy and Petrology, 79, 167–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, A., Wiedenbeck, M., van den Kerkhof, A.M., Kronz, A. and Simon, K. (2003b) Trace elements in quartz - a combined electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry, laser-ablation ICP-MS, and cathodoluminescence study. European Journal of Mineralogy, 15, 747–763.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oakes, C.S., Bodnar, R.J. and Simonson, J.M. (1990) The system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O: I. The ice liquidus at 1 atm total pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 603–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penniston-Dorland, S.C. (2001) Illumination of vein quartz textures in a porphyry copper ore deposits using scanned cathodoluminescence: Grasberg Igneous Complex, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. American Mineralogist, 86, 652–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perny, B., Eberhardt, P., Ramseyer, K., Mullis, J. and Pankrath, R. (1992) Microdistribution of aluminium, lithium and sodium in quartz: possible causes and correlation with short lived cathodoluminescence. American Mineralogist, 11, 534—544.Google Scholar
Pott, G.T. and McNicol, B.D. (1971) Spectroscopy study of the coordination and valence of Fe and Mn ions in and on the surface of aluminas and silicas. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 52, 121 —131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, R.W. II, Babcock, R.S. and Brown, D.L. (1977) A new method for determining the solubility of salts in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures. Journal of Research of the US Geological Survey, 5, 389–395.Google Scholar
Pouchou, J.L. and Pichoir, F. (1987) Basic expression of ‘PAP’ computation for quantitative EPMA. Pp. 249—253 in: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on X-ray Optics and Microanalysis (ICXOM). University of Western Ontario.Google Scholar
Ramboz, C., Pichavant, M. and Weisbrod, A. (1982) Fluid immiscibility in natural processes: Use and misuse of fluid inclusion data. Chemical Geology, 37, 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, M.H. (1998) Calculation of simultaneous chemical equilibria in aqueous-mineral-gas systems and its application to modelling hydrothermal processes. Pp. 109–124 in: Techniques in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Geology (Richards, J.P. and Larson, P.B., editors). Reviews in Economic Geology, 10.Google Scholar
Reed, M.H. and Spycher, N.F. (1985) Boiling, cooling and oxidation in epithermal systems: A numerical modeling approach. Pp. 249—272 in: Geology and Geochemistry of Epithermal Systems (Robertson, J.M., editor). Reviews in Economic Geology, 2.Google Scholar
Roedder, E. (1972) Composition of fluid inclusions. Data of Geochemistry (Fleischer, M., editor). US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 440-JJ. US Department of the Interior. 164 pp.Google Scholar
Roedder, E. (editor) (1984) Fluid Inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, 12. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C. 646 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schust, F., Striegler, R. And Oemler, M. (1970) Bemerkungen zur räumlichen Verteilung von Turmalin-Quarz-Knollen im Eibenstocker Granitmassiv. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 16, 113–122.Google Scholar
Shaposhnikov, G.N. (1959) The case-like form of tourmaline crystals. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva, 88, 336—338.Google Scholar
Shepherd, T., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M. (1985) A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies. Blackie, London (Chapman and Hall, New York). 239 pp.Google Scholar
Thiéry, R. and Dubessy, J. (1998) Description of vapour-liquid phase equilibria of the H2O-NaCl system between 100-900°C with a thermodynamic model based on the Mean Spherical Approximation. European Journal of Mineralogy, 10, 1151 — 1166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanko, D.A., Bodnar, R.J. and Sterner, S.M. (1988) Synthetic fluid inclusions: VIII. Vapour-saturated halite solubility in part of the system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O, with application to fluid inclusions from oceanic hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 52, 2451—2456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Goerne, G. and Franz, G. (2000) Synthesis of Ca-tourmaline in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-H2O-HC1. Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 161–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vorbach, A. (1989) Experimental examination on the stability of synthetic tourmalines in temperatures from 250°C to 750°C and pressures up to 4 kb. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen, 161, 69–83.Google Scholar
Werding, G. and Schreyer, W. (1984) Alkali-free tourmaline in the system MgO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2-H2O. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48, 1331–1344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams-Jones, A.E. and Samson, I.M. (1990) Theoretical estimation of halite solubility in the system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O: Applications to fluid inclusions. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28, 299–304.Google Scholar
Williamson, B.J., Spratt, J., Adams, J.T., Tindle, A.G. and Stanley, C.J. (2000) Geochemical constraints from zoned hydrothermal tourmalines on fluid evolution and Sn mineralisation: an example from fault breccias at Roche, SW England. Journal of Petrology, 41, 1439–1453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wooster, W.A. (1976) Etch figures and crystal structures. Kristall und Technik, 11, 615–623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yucheng, L. (1989) Comparative aspects ofpegmatitic and pneumatolytic evolution of Cornish granites. PhD thesis, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y.G. and Frantz, J.D. (1987) Determination of homogenization temperatures and densities of supercritical fluids in the system NaCl-KCl-CaCl2-H2O using synthetic fluid inclusions. Chemical Geology, 64, 335–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar