Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:40:50.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘Irite’ (Hermann, 1836/1841) from the Urals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

J. Jedwab
J. Jedwab*
Affiliation:
Geochemistry-Mineralogy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 160/02, 50, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A reappraisal of Hermann's ‘irite’, described in 1836 and 1841, has been attempted by examining and analysing three museum samples, accessioned before 1865. The three samples were determined to be mixtures of chromite, native Os and Ir, rutheniridosmine, platinum, laurite, hongshiite, irarsite, cuprorhodsite, iridsite, prassoite, hollingworthite, erlichmannite, several Ru-Ir-Pt-Ti-Cr-Fe oxide/ hydroxide compounds (sometimes well crystallized), Pt-Ir-K chlorocompounds, and Pt-Ir-Ru-K-Clcontaining opal. The latter two are considered as artifacts generated by the hydrometallurgical processes applied to the crude platinum ores. Individual particles of native iridium and osmium display baroque crystal habits (filaments, leafs, blades, hollow crystals) that could be their natural, although rarely observed, states. There is still doubt about the origin (either natural or artificial) of all Ru-Ir-Pt- Ti-Cr-Fe oxides, but they can be compared with those found in several pristine placer and hard-rock deposits worldwide and in the Urals.

Keywords

‘irite’ UralsPGE oxidesplatinum group minerals
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 68 , Issue 2 , April 2004 , pp. 369 - 394
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Augé, T. and Legendre, O. (1994 a) Platinum-group element oxides from the Pirogues ophiolitic mineralization, New Caledonia: Origin and significance. Economic Geology, 89, 1454–1468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Augé, T. and Legendre, O. (1994 b) Pt-Fe nuggets from alluvial deposits in eastern Madagascar. The Canadian Mineralogist, 30, 983–1004.Google Scholar
Augé, T. and Maurizot, P. (with the collaboration of J. Breton, J.-M. Eberlé, C. Gilles, P. Jézéquel, J. Mézière and M. Robert) (1995) Magmatic and supergene platinum-group minerals in the New Caledonia ophiolite. Chronique de la Recherche Minière– Chronicle of Mineral Research and Exploration, 520, 3–26.Google Scholar
Begizov, V.D. (1986) Platinum group minerals and their parageneses, related to the Nijniy Tagilsk ultrabasic massives. Pp. 14–15 in: New and less-studied minerals and mineral associatio ns of Urals. Collective work published by the SSSR Academy of Sciences. Uralian Scientific Centre, Sverdlovsk, Russia (in Russian).Google Scholar
Borg, G. (1996) The reopened PGM-Au-placer deposits of the Middle Urals and their source rocks. Erzmetall, 49, 667–677.Google Scholar
Borg, G. (1997) Distribution of osmium, iridium and ruthenium in platinum ores from Nishni Tagil, Middle Urals. Schriftenreihe der Gesellschaft für Bergbau, Metallurgie, Rohstoff- und Umwelttechnik, 80, 93–104.Google Scholar
Cabri, L.J., Criddle, A.J., Lafiamme, J.H., Bearne, G.S. and Harris, D.C. (1981) Mineralogical study of complex Pt-Fe nuggets from Ethiopia. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 104, 508–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabri, L.J., Harris, D.C. and Weiser, T.W. (1996) Mineralogy and distribution of Platinum-Group Mineral (PGM) placer deposits of the world. Exploration and Mining Geology, 5, 73–167.Google Scholar
Charonnat, R. (1958) Ruthenium. Pp. 21–171 in: Nouveau traité de chimie minérale (Pascal, P., editor). Masson & Cie, XIX, Paris.Google Scholar
Chuboda, K.F. (1960) ‘Irit’=Gemenge. P. 729 in: Ergänzungsband II. zu “ Hintze C. : Handbuch der Mineralogie”. [Supplementa ry volume II to Handbook of Mineralogy (Hintze, C., editor)]. Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany.Google Scholar
Chukhrov, F.V. and Bonstedt-Kupletskaya, E.M. (1967) Handbook of Minerals – Vol. II, Part 3: Complex Oxides. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).Google Scholar
Clark, A.M. (1993) Hey's Mineral Index. Natural History Museum Publications, Chapman & Hall, London.Google Scholar
[Claus, C. (1844) Chemical study of the residues of the Uralian platinum ores. Uchebnyi Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta . Nº3.C, 140–141 (in Russian). Quoted by Pitchkov (1996)].Google Scholar
Claus, C. (1860) Neue Beiträge zur Chemie der Platinmetalle. A. Einiges Allgemeine ü ber die Platinmetalle und einiges Besondere ü ber das Ruthenium, mit Bezugnahme der neuesten Arbeit von Sainte-Claire-Deville und Debray über diesen Gegenstand. [New contributions to the chemistry of Platinum Metals. (A) Something general about the Platinum Metals and something special about ruthenium, with consideration of the newest work by Sainte-Claire-Deville and Debray concerning this subject]. Journal für praktische Chemie, 80, 282–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dana, J.D. (1851) Irite. American Journal of Science, 2nd series, 11(32), March, 232.Google Scholar
Dana, E.S. (1892) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana, 6th edition, with Appendix I and II, completing the work to 1909. John Wiley & Sons, New York.Google Scholar
de Hautpick, E. (1910) The Russian platinum industry in the year 1909. Mining Journal, March 26, 384–386.Google Scholar
Dufrénoy, A. (1859) Irite. Pp. 516 in: Traité de Minéralogie [Treatise of Mineralogy]. 2de éd., III. Dalmont et Dunod, Paris.Google Scholar
Duparc, L. and Tikonowitch, M.-N. (1920) Le platine et les gîtes platinifères de l’Oural et du Monde. [Platinum and the platinum deposits of Urals and of the world]. Société Anonyme des Editions SONOR, Genève, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Duval, C. (1958) Platine. [Platinum]. Pp. 657–731 in: Nouveau traité de chimie minérale (Pascal, P., editor). Masson & Cie, XIX, Paris.Google Scholar
Evans, D.M. and Spratt, J. (2000) Platinum and palladium oxides/hydroxides from the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe, and thoughts on their stability and possible extraction. Pp. 289–292 in: Applied Mineralogy in Research, Economy, Technology, Ecology and Culture (Rammlmair, D. et al., editors). ICAM 2000, Göttingen.Google Scholar
Garuti, G. and Zaccarini, F. (1997) In situ alteration of platinum-group minerals at low temperature: evidence from serpentinized and weathered chromitites of the Vourinos complex, Greece. The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 611–626.Google Scholar
Garuti, G., Zaccarini, F., Cabella, R. and Fershtater, G. (1997) Occurrence of unknown Ru-Os-Ir-Fe oxides in the chromitites of the Nurali ultramafic complex, Southern Urals, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 35, 1431–1439.Google Scholar
Garuti, G., Rudashevsky, N.S., Rudashevsky, V.N. and Zaccarini, F. (2002) Platinum-Group Element mineralization in chromitites of the Niquelandia layered intrusion (Central Goias, Brazil): New Findings by the use of the Hydroseparation (HS) Technology. Pp. 153–156 in: Extended Abstrac ts of the 9th Internat ional. Platinum Symposium, Billings, Montana, USA (Boudreau, A., editor).Google Scholar
Grubenmann, U. (1897) Gustav Adolph Kenngott. Vierteljahrschrift der naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zü rich, XLII, 74–86.Google Scholar
Hermann, R. (1836) Über Irit und Osmit, zwei neue Meneralien [sic]. [About irite and osmite, two new minerals]. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes de Moscou, 9, 215–232.Google Scholar
Hermann, R. (1841) Über Ural-Orthit und Irit, zwei neue Mineralien. [About Ural-orthite and irite, two new minerals]. Journal für praktische Chemie, 23, 273–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hey, M.H. (1962) An Index of Mineral Species & Varieties Arranged Chemically. British Museum, London.Google Scholar
Hey, P.V. (1999) The effects of weathering on the UG2 chromitite reef of the Bushveld Complex, with special reference to the platinum-group minerals. South African Journal of Geology, 102, 251–260.Google Scholar
Hillebrand, W.F. and Lundell, G.E.F. (1953) Applied Inorganic Analysis with Special Reference to the Analysis of Metals, Minerals and Rocks, 2nd edition. revised by Lundell, G.E.F., Bright, H.A. and Hoffman, J.I.. J. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Howe, J.L. and Holtz, H.C. (1919) Bibliography of the metals of the Platinum Group. USGS Bulletin 694.Google Scholar
Jedwab, J. (1995) Oxygenat ed Platinum-Group- Elements and Transition-metal (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ce)-compounds in the supergene domain. Chronique de la Recherche Minière – Chronicle of Mineral Research and Exploration, 520, 47–53.Google Scholar
Jedwab, J. and Cassedanne, J. (1998) Historical observations on oxygen-bearing compounds of platinum and palladium in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36, 887–893.Google Scholar
Johnson, P.N. and Lampadius, W.A. (1837) Ueber brasilianisches Palladgold und dessen Ausbringen und Scheidung. Mittheilung des Herrn P.N.Johnson, nebst Bemerkungen von W.A. Lampadius). [About Brazilian palladian gold, its extraction and its separation. Communication from Mr. P.N. Johnson, with remarks by W.A. Lampadius]. Erdmann’s Journal für Chemie, 11, 309–315.Google Scholar
Kenngott, G.A. (1849) Irit. Pp. 61–62 in: Mineralogis che Untersuchung en (erstes Heft ). [Irite. Mineralogical studies (first issue)]. Printed by Carl Schmeidler, Breslau, Germany.Google Scholar
Legendre, O. and Augé, T. (1993) Natural iridum oxide from platiniferous concentrates of the Antanambao- Manampotsy area, Madagascar. Comptes-rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris, 316, Série II, 921–927.Google Scholar
McDonald, I., Ohnenstetter, D., Ohnenstetter, M. and Vaughan, D.G. (1999 a) Palladium oxides in ultramafic complexes ne ar Lava trafo, Wes tern Andriamana, Madagascar. Mineralogical Magazine, 63, 345–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, I., Ohnenstetter, D., Rowe, J.P. Tredoux, M., Pattrick, R.A.D. and Vaughan, D.J. (1999b) Platinum precipitation in the Waterberg deposit, Naboomspruit, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 102(3), 184–191.Google Scholar
Mertie, J.B. Jr. (1969) Economic Geology of the Platinum Metals. USGS Professional Paper 630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merz, A.R. (1918) Russia's production of platinum. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 10(11), 920–925.Google Scholar
Milliotti, C.A. and Stumpfi, E.F. (1996) Ruthenium oxide, palladium iodade [sic] and Platinum Group Element-bearing goethites from the Niquelandia Complex, and their significance. Pp. 172–175 in: XXXIX Congr esso Brasi lei ro de Geologia- Magmatismo màfico-ultramàfico e depôsitos minerais associados. Salvador, Anais, 6.Google Scholar
Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C. (1946) The System of Mineralogy of J. D. Dana, 7th edition. Volume 1, John Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Pitchkov, V.N. (1996) The discovery of ruthenium. Platinum Metals Review, 40(4). 181–188.Google Scholar
[Rose, G. (1833) Die im Ural vorkommenden krystallisierten Verbindungen von Osmium und Iridium. [The crystallised compounds of osmium and iridium occur ring in Urals]. Annal en der Phys ik. (Poggendorff), 29, 452. [Erroneously quoted by Dufrénoy (1859) under the undated title in French: “Sur les combinaisons cristallisées d’osmium et d’iridium de l’Oural, par M. G. Rose (Ann. Poggen., t. XXIX, p. 452“)]. [Title only in: Howe and Holtz (1919)].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, G. (1837–1842) Mineralogisch-geognostiche Reise nach dem Ural, dem Altai und dem Kaspischen Meere. [Mineralogical-geognostical travel to the Ural, the Altai and the Caspian Sea]. I. Verlag der Sanderschen Buchhandlung, Berlin.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, S., Carlson, R.R., Nishi, J.M. and Overstreet, W.C. (1986) Platinum-group elements in magnetic concentrates from the Goodnews Bay District, Alsaka. USGS Bulletin, 1660, 38 pp.Google Scholar
Swjagintzeff, O.E. (1932) Über das Osmiridium. [On osmiridium]. Zeitschrift für Krystallographie, 83, 172–186.Google Scholar
Tamana, H. (1994) The Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Platinum Group Minerals from Eluvial and Alluvial Deposits. PhD thesis, The University of Manchester, UK.Google Scholar
Urashima, Y., Nedachi, M., Wakabayashi, T. and Masaki, T. (1977) A Ru-Mn-O mineral from Yubdo. Mineralogical Society of Japan, 1977 Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 7 (trad. Massimo Nespolo and co-workers) (in Japanese).Google Scholar
von Kokscharow, N. (1866) Materialen zur Mineralogie Russlands. [Materials for the mineralogy of Russia]. 5, Printed by A. Jacobson, St. Petersburg.Google Scholar
von Muchin, J. (1842) Analyse mehrerer Platinsorten des Ural. [Analysis of several platinum-varieties from Urals]. Arbeiten der Mineral ogisch en Gesellschaft in St Petersburg, II, 101–135.Google Scholar
Weiser, T. (1992) The quantitative proof of the existence of PGE-oxides. Abstracts of the 6th Interational Platinum Symposium, Perth, 1990, p. 52.Google Scholar
Weiser, T. and Bachmann, H.-G. (1999) Platinum-group minerals from the Aikora River area, Papua New Guinea. The Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1131–1145.Google Scholar
Westland, A.D. (1981) Inorganic chemistry of the Platinum-Group Elements. Pp. 5–18 in Platinum- Group Elements: Mineralogy, Geology, Recovery (Cabri, L.J., editor). CIM Spec. Vol. 23, Canadian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Montreal.Google Scholar
Wyssotzky, N. (1913) Die Platinseifengebiete von Issund Nischny-Tagil im Ural. (The platinum placer districts of Iss- and Nizhnyi-Tagil in Urals). Mémoires du Comité Géologique, Nouvelle Série, Livraison 62, St Petersburg. [Extended abstract in German of the main work which is in Russian, with the same title in the same volume].Google Scholar
Yushkin, N.P., Ivanov, O.K. and Popov, V.A. (1986) ‘Irit’. Pp. 222 in: Introduction to the Topomineralogy of Urals. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).Google Scholar