Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T08:48:01.126Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

IC-ICP-MS and IC-ICP-HEX-MS determination of arsenic speciation in surface and groundwaters: preservation and analytical issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

D. A. Polya ,
P. R. Lythgoe ,
F. Abou-Shakra ,
A. G. Gault ,
J. R. Brydie ,
J. G. Webster ,
K. L. Brown ,
M. K. Nimfopoulos  and
K. M. Michailidis
D. A. Polya*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
P. R. Lythgoe
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
F. Abou-Shakra
Affiliation:
Micromass (UK) Ltd, Floats Road, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9LZ, UK
A. G. Gault
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
J. R. Brydie
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
J. G. Webster
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand
K. L. Brown
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand
M. K. Nimfopoulos
Affiliation:
IGME, 1 Fragon Street, Thessaloniki, GR-54626, Greece
K. M. Michailidis
Affiliation:
Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology Department, University of Thessaloniki, GR-54006, Greece
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Understanding the biogeochemical behaviour of arsenic in the weathering and shallow subsurface environment depends critically upon determining the nature and distribution of the chemical species present in natural waters. To this end, coupled ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) is widely used, though species fractionation during ultrasonic nebulization, and matrix-dependent ionization in the plasma are analytical issues that need to be addressed. Hexapole collision cell technology is shown to be effective in suppressing chloride-based polyatomic interferences. Irrespective of the analytical technique used, As(III)/As(V) ratios of natural waters may change substantially during storage due to (1) differential adsorption of arsenic species on hydrated ferric oxides (HFOs); and (2) microbial activity. A wide range of apparently contradictory speciation changes observed by various workers can be rationalized in terms of the differences of microbial consortia present in different water samples. Arsenic speciation in certain water types can be stabilized for days or even weeks by combined filtration, acidification and refrigeration whilst the addition of EDTA and the use of 0.1 mm filters is indicated for iron-rich waters and waters with high activities of redox-active bacteria, respectively. Although the use of hydrochloric acid has been reported elsewhere as resulting in the apparent oxidation of As(III), we show that for certain water types it acts as an extremely effective preservative of arsenic speciation.

Keywords

arsenicspeciationpreservationIC-ICP-MSHexapolebiogeochemistry.
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , pp. 247 - 261
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abou-Shakra, F. (1999) The determination of arsenic in seawater by platform ICP-HEX-MS. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication, 241, 120—131.Google Scholar
Abou-Shakra, F. and Churchman, D. (1999) The Determination of Arsenic in Seawater by Platform ICP-HEX-MS. Micromass (UK) Ltd Application Note, 302.Google Scholar
Aggett, J. and Kriegman, M.R. (1988) The extent of formation of arsenic(III) in sediment interstitial waters and its release to hypolimnetic waters in Lake Ohakuri. Water Research, 22, 407—411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aggett, J. and O’Brien, G.A. (1985) Detailed Model for the Mobility of Arsenic in Lacustrine Sediments Based on Measurements in Lake Ohakuri. Environmental Science and Technology, 19, 231—238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alves, L.C., Lloyd, A. and Houk, R.S. (1993) Measurement of vanadium, nickel and arsenic in seawater and urine reference materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with cryogenic desolvation. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 2468—2471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, L.C.D. and Bruland, K.W. (1991) Biogeochemistry of arsenic in natural waters: the importance of methylated species. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 420—427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.K., Thompson, M. and Culbard, E. (1986) Selective reduction of arsenic species by continuous hydride generation. Part I. Reaction media. The Analyst, 111, 1143—1151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apte, S. (1989) Arsenic and antimony. Pp. 258—298 in: Environmental Analysis Using Chromatography Interfaced with Atomic Spectroscopy (Harrison, R.M. and Rapsomanikis, S., editors). Ellis Horwood, New York.Google Scholar
Ariza, J.L.G., Morales, E., Sanchez-Rodas, D. and Giraldez, I. (2000) Stability of chemical species in environmental matrices. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 19, 200—209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, D.R., Tanner, S.D., Baranov, V.I., Koyanagi, G.K., Lavrov, V.V. and Bohme, D.K. (2001) Ion- Molecule Chemistry Solutions to the ICP-MS Analytical Challenges. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication, 267, 130—147.Google Scholar
Bednar, A.J., Garbarino, J.R., Ranville, J.F. and Wildeman, T.R. (2002) Preserving the distribution of inorganic arsenic species in groundwater and acid mine drainage samples. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 2213—2218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belzile, N. and Tessier, A. (1990) Interactions between arsenic and iron hydroxides in lacustrine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 103—109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabon, J.Y. and Cabon, N. (2000) Determination of arsenic species in seawater by flow injection hydride generation in situ collection followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy — Stability of As(III). Analytica Chimica Acta, 418, 19—31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, A., Das, D., Mandal, B.K., Chowdhury, T.R., Samanta, G. and Chakraborti, D. (1995) Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part 1. Arsenic species in drinking water and urine of the affected people. The Analyst, 120, 643—650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creed, T., Martin, T.D. and Brockhoff, C.A. (1995) Ultrasonic nebulization and arsenic valence state considerations prior to determination via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 10, 443—447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, W.R. and Reimer, K.J. (1989) Arsenic speciation in the environment. Chemical Reviews, 89, 713—764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, D., Chatterjee, A., Mandal, B., Samanta, G., Chanda, B. and Chakraborti, D. (1995) Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: The biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part 2. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people. The Analyst, 120, 917—924.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Boer, L.M. (1999) On the ‘ultimate’ elemental correction equations for arsenic and selenium. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication, 241, 27—33.Google Scholar
Ebdon, I., Ford, M.J. and Hutton, R.C. (1994) Evaluation of ethene addition to the nebulizer gas in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the removal of matrix-, and support-gas-derived polyatomic interferences. Applied Spectroscopy, 48, 507—516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, J.G. and Lovell, M.A. (1986) Natural enrichment of arsenic in Loch Lomond sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 2059—2067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fecher, P.A. and Nagenngsat, A. (1993) Trace analysis in high matrix aqueous solutions using helium microwave induced plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 9, 1021—1027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ficklin, W.H. (1983) Separation of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) in ground waters by ion-exchange. Talanta, 30, 371—373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finlayson, J.B. and Webster, J.G. (1989) As, Fe and Si in effluent and sinters of the Wairakei Borefield in New Zealand. DSIR Chemistry Division Technical Note, 89/17.Google Scholar
Freeman, M.C. (1985) The reduction of arsenate to arsenite by an Anabaena oscillaroides bacteria isolated from the Waikato River. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 9, 277—282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, P.A., Schwegel, C.A., Wei, X.Y. and Creed, J.T. (2001) Speciation and preservation of inorganic arsenic in drinking water sources using EDTA with IC separation and ICP-MS detection. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3, 371—376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gault, A.G. and Polya, D.A. (2001) Processes controlling species-dependent dispersion of arsenic in a temperate weathering environment: a case study. Geological Society meeting on ‘Metals in the Weathering Environment9 Abstracts (Rice, C. and Herrington, R., editors). Geological Society, London, October, 2001.Google Scholar
Gault, A.G., Polya, D.A. and Lythgoe, P.R. (2001a) Application of IC-ICP-MS to the determination of arsenic speciation in contaminated surface waters, Accrington, U^. Pp. 1083—1086 in: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction (Cidu, R., editor). Villasimius, Sardinia, Italy and Balkema, A.A., Rotterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Gault, A.G., Polya, D.A. and Lythgoe, P.R. (2001b)) Hyphenated IC-ICP-MS for the determination of arsenic speciation in acid mine drainage. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication, 267, 387—400.Google Scholar
Gault, A.G., Davidson, L.E., Lythgoe, P.R., Polya, D.A., Abou-Shakra, F.R., Walker, H.J. and Chatterjee, D. (2002) Iron and arsenic speciation in groundwaters from West Bengal, India by coupled IC-ICP-MS utilising a Hexapole collision cell. 8th International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry, Durham, UK, September, 2002.Google Scholar
Gault, A.G., Polya, D.A. and Lythgoe, P.R. (2003) Seasonal variation of total dissolved arsenic and arsenic speciation in a polluted surface waterway. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33, 77—85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, A.E. and Eaton, A.D. (editors) (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition. American Public Health Association.Google Scholar
D.N., Guha Mazumder, Chakroborty, A.K., Ghose, A., Das Gupta, J., Chakroborti, D., Dey, S.B. and Chattopadhaya, N. (1988) Chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking tubewell water in rural West Bengal. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 64, 499—506.Google Scholar
Hall, G.E.M., Pelchat, J.C. and Gauthier, G. (1999) Stability of inorganic arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) in water samples. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 14, 205—213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, S.J., Ford, M.J. and Ebdon, I. (1992) Investigations into the application of methane addition to the nebulizer gas in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the removal of polyatomic interferences. Journal ofAnalytical Atomic Spectrometry, 7, 1157—1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, L.E. and Howard, A.G. (1994) Arsenic speciation and distribution in the Carnon estuary following the acute discharge of contaminated water from a disused mine. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28, 33—38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, K.E., Gray, A.L. and Houk, R.S. (1992) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Blackie, Glasgow and London, 380 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershisnik, M.M., Kalamegham, R., Ash, K.O., Nixon, D.E. and Ashwood, E.R. (1992) Using (OCl)-O-16- Cl-35 to correct for chloride interference improves accuracy of urine arsenic determinations by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Clinical Chemistry, 38, 2197—2202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korte, N.E. and Fernando, Q. (1991) A review of As(III) in groundwater. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 21, 1—39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, X.C., Yalcin, S. and Ma, M. (2000) Speciation of submicrogram per liter levels of arsenic in water: On-site species separation integrated with sample collection. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 2342—2347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lythgoe, P.R., Polya, D.A. and Parker, C. (1999) Improved determination of arsenic and selenium species in water by coupled IC-ICP-MS with post column reaction and ultrasonic nebulisation. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication, 241, 141—149.Google Scholar
McArthur, J.M. (1999) Arsenic poisoning in the Ganges delta. Nature, 401, 546—547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCurdy, E., Wilbur, S., Woods, G.D. and Potter, D. (2001) Moving to the next level: Sample introduction and plasma interface design for improved performance in ICP-MS. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication , 261, 45—62.Google Scholar
McLaren, S.J. and Kim, N.D. (1995) Evidence for a seasonal fluctuation of arsenic in New Zealand's longest river and the effect of treatment on concentrations in drinking water. Environmental Pollution, 90, 67—73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G.P., Norman, D.I. and Frisch, P.L. (2000) A comment on arsenic species separation using ion exchange. Water Research, 34, 1397—1400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, J.N., Ficklin, W.H. and Johns, C. (1988) Partitioning of arsenic and metals in reducing sulfidic sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 22, 432—437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1999) Risk assessment of arsenic in drinking water. Subcommittee on arsenic in drinking water. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., USA, 263 pp.Google Scholar
Neubauer, K. and Vollkopf, U. (1999) The benefits of a dynamic reaction cell to remove carbon- and chloride-based spectral interferences by ICP-MS. Atomic Spectroscopy, 20, 64—68.Google Scholar
Palacios, M.A., Gomez, M., Camara, C. and López, M.A. (1997) Stability studies of arsenate, mono- methylarsonate, dimethylarsinate, arsenobetaine and arsenochlorine in deionised water, urine and cleanup dry residue from urine samples and determination by liquid chromatography with microwave-assisted oxidation-hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 340, 209—220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, M.L. and Moore, C.B. (1982) Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on amorphous iron hydroxide. Water Research, 16, 1247—1253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polya, D.A., Lythgoe, P.R., Brydie, J.R., Webster, J.G., Brown, K.L. and Parker, C. (1998) Application of IC-USN-ICP-MS to the redox behaviour of arsenic- rich geothermal waters discharged into the Waikato River Catchment, New Zealand. 6th International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry, Durham, UK, September, 1998.Google Scholar
Polya, D.A. and Lythgoe, P.R. (2001) Prediction of inorganic speciation: A useful tool for ICP-MS and IC-ICP-MS analysts. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication, 267, 347—360.Google Scholar
Polya, D.A., Bourne, N.J., Gault, A.G., Lythgoe, P.R. and Cooke, D.A. (2002) Coupled HPLC-ICP-MS analysis indicates highly hazardous concentrations of dissolved arsenic species are present in Cambodian groundwaters. 8th International Conference on Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry, Durham, UK, September, 2002.Google Scholar
Rassler, M., Michalke, B., Schramel, P., Schuste- Hostede, S. and Kettrup, A. (1998) Speciation of inorganic arsenic and selenium in contaminated ground water samples — distribution and long-term stability of species. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 72, 195—203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raven, K.P., Jain, A. and Loeppert, R.H. (1998) Arsenite and arsenate adsorption on ferrihydrite: kinetics, equilibrium, and adsorption envelopes. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 344—349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roig-Navarro, A.F., Martinez-Bravo, Y., López, F.J. and Hernandez, F. (2001) Simultaneous determination of arsenic species and chromium (VI) by high- performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 912, 319—327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saverwyns, S., Zhang, X.R., Vanhaecke, F., Cornelis, R., Moens, L. and Dams, R. (1997) Speciation of six arsenic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with sample introduction by thermospray nebulization. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 12, 1047—1052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scudlark, J.R. and Johnson, D.L. (1982) Biological oxidation of arsenite in sea-water. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 14, 693—706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stolz, J.F. and Oremland, R.S. (1999) Bacterial respiration of arsenic and selenium. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Microbiology Reviews, 23, 615—627.Google ScholarPubMed
Takamatsu, T., Kawashima, M. and Koyama, M. (1985) The role of Mn2+-rich hydrous manganese oxides in the accumulation of arsenic in lake sediments. Water Research, 8, 1029—1032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tallman, D.E. and Shaikh, A.U. (1980) Redox stability of inorganic arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) in aqueous solution. Analytical Chemistry, 52, 196—199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, S.D. and Baranov, V.I. (1999) Theory, design and operation of a dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Atomic Spectroscopy, 20, 45—52.Google Scholar
Terasahde, P., Pantsar-Kallio, M. and Manninen, P.K.G. (1996) Simultaneous detemination of arsenic species by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 750, 83—88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J.J., Pahlavanapour, B. and Thorne, L.T. (1981) The simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium and tellurium in waters by an inductively coupled plasma/volatile hydride method. Water Research, 15, 407—411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, P.J., Merren, T., Speakman, J. and Haines, C. (1997) Interface studies in the ICP-mass spectrometer. Pp. 28—34 in: Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications (Holland, G. and Tanner, S.D., editors). Special Publication, 202, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK.Google Scholar
Van Elteren, J.T., Hoegee, J., Van der Hoek, E.E., Das, H.A., De Ligny, C.L. and Agtrerdenbos, J. (1991) Preservation of As(III) and As(V) in some water samples. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry Letters, 154, 343—355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volke, P. and Merkel, B. (1999) Anwendung eines neuen Feldanalkysenverfahrens zur Untersuchung der Stabilitat von Arsen und seinen anorganischen Spezies in aquatischen Systemen. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica, 27, 230—238.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wangkarn, S. and Pergantis, S.A. (2000) High-speed separation of arsenic compounds using narrow-bore high-performance liquid chromatography on-line with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 15, 627—633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, J.G. (1990) The solubility of As2S3 and speciation of As in dilute and sulphide-bearing fluids at 25 and 90°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 1009—1017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkie, J.A. and Hering, J.G. (1998) Rapid oxidation of geothermal arsenic (III) in streamwaters of the Eastern Sierra Nevada. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 657—662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yokoyama, T., Takahashi, Y. and Tautani, T. (1993) Simultaneous determination of arsenic and arsenious acids in geothermal water. Chemical Geology, 103, 103—111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar