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Subaerial sulfate mineral formation related to acid aerosols at the Zhenzhu Spring, Tengchong, China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2019

Lianchao Luo ,
Huaguo Wen ,
Rongcai Zheng ,
Ran Liu ,
Yi Li ,
Xiaotong Luo  and
Yaxian You
Lianchao Luo
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Huaguo Wen*
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Rongcai Zheng
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Chengdu University of Technology), Chengdu 610059, China Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Ran Liu
Affiliation:
Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Yi Li
Affiliation:
Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Xiaotong Luo
Affiliation:
Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Yaxian You
Affiliation:
Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
*
*Author for correspondence: Huaguo Wen, Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

The Zhenzhu Spring, located in the Tengchong volcanic field, Yunnan, China, is an acid hot spring with high SO42− concentrations and intense acid aerosol generation. In order to understand the formation mechanism of sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring and provide a better insight into the sulfur isotope geochemistry of the associated Rehai hydrothermal system, we investigated the spring water hydrochemistry, mineralogy and major-element geochemistry of sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring together with the sulfur-oxygen isotope geochemistry of sulfur-containing materials at the Rehai geothermal field and compared the isotope results with those in other steam-heated environments. Subaerial minerals include a wide variety of sulfate minerals (gypsum, alunogen, pickeringite, tamarugite, magnesiovoltaite and a minor Mg–S–O phase) and amorphous SiO2. The δ34S values of the subaerial sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring varied subtly from –0.33 to 1.88‰ and were almost consistent with the δ34S values of local H2S (–2.6 to 0.6‰) and dissolved SO42− (–0.2 to 5.8‰), while the δ18O values (–8.94 to 20.1‰) were between that of the spring waters (–10.19 to –6.7‰) and atmospheric O2 (~23.88‰). The results suggest that most of the sulfate minerals are derived from the oxidation of H2S, similar to many sulfate minerals from modern steam-heated environments. However, the rapid environmental change (different ratio of atmospheric and water oxygen) at the Zhenzhu Spring accounts for the large variation of δ18O. The formation of subaerial sulfate minerals around the Zhenzhu Spring is related to acid aerosols (vapour and acid water droplets). The intense activity of spring water around vents supply the aerosol with H2SO4 (H2S oxidation and acid water droplets formed by bubble bursting) and few cations. Deposition of the acid sulfate aerosol forms the acid condensate, which attacks the underlying rocks and releases many cations and anions to form subaerial sulfate minerals at the Zhenzhu Spring.

Keywords

Tengchongsubaerial environmentsulfate mineralacid aerosol
Type
Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 83 , Issue 3 , June 2019 , pp. 381 - 392
Copyright
Copyright © Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2019 

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: G. Diego Gatta

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