Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:14:39.584Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sources, mineralogy, chemistry and fate ofheavy metal-bearing particles in mining-affected river systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2018

K. A. Hudson-Edwards
K. A. Hudson-Edwards*
Affiliation:
Research School of Earth Sciences at Birkbeck-UCL, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Heavy metal-bearing sediment particles enter river systems by discharge of mine or processing waste, tailings dam failures, remobilization of mining-contaminated alluvium and mine drainage. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these particles is dependent upon the original ore mineralogy, and on processes that have occurred in the source areas, during transport and deposition and during postdepositional early diagenesis. This paper reviews the research carried out to date on the sources, mineralogy, chemistry and fate of heavy metal-bearing particles in mining-affected river systems, and identifies six important avenues for further investigation.

Keywords

River sedimentheavy metalminingmineralogygeochemistry.
Type
Research Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 67 , Issue 2 , April 2003 , pp. 205 - 217
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alastuey, A., Garcia-Sanchez, A., López, F. and Querol, X. (1999) Evolution of pyrite mud weathering and mobility of heavy metals in the Guadiamar valley after the Aznalc(Sllar spill, south-west Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 242, 41—55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpers, C.N., Maenz, C., Nordstrom, D.K., Erd, R.C. and Thompson, J. (1991) Storage of metals and acidity by iron-sulfate minerals associated with extremely acidic mine waters, Iron Mountain, California (abstract). Geological Society of America Annual Meeting , San Diego, p. 382.Google Scholar
Andrews, E.D. (1987) Longitudinal dispersion of trace metals in the Clark Fork River, Montana. Pp. 179—191 in: Chemical Quality of Water and the Hydrologic Cycle (Averett, R.C. and McKnight, D.M., editors). Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea, Michigan.Google Scholar
Apte, S.C., Benko, W.I. and Day, G.M. (1995) Partitioning and complexation of copper in the Fly River, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 52, 67—79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axtmann, E.V. and Luoma, S.N. (1991) Large-scale distribution of metal contamination in fine-grained sediments of the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 6, 75—88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertin, C. and Bourg, A.C.M. (1995) Trends in the heavy metal content (Cd, Pb, Zn) of river sediments in the drainage basin of smelting activities. Water Research, 29, 1729—1736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biester, H., Gosar, M. and Covelli, S. (2000) Mercury speciation in sediments affected by dumped mining residues in the drainage area of the Idrija Mercury Mine, Slovenia. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 3330—3336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigham, J.M., Schwertmann, U., Carlson, L. and Murad, E. (1990) A poorly crystallised oxyhydroxysulfate of iron formed by bacterial oxidation of Fe(II) in acid mine waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2743—2578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigham, J.M., Schwertmann, U., Traina, S.T., Winland, R.L. and Wolf, M. (1996) Schwertmannite and the chemical modelling of iron in acid sulfate waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2111—2121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowell, R.J. and Bruce, I. (1995) Geochemistry of iron ochres and mine waters from Levant Mine, Cornwall. Applied Geochemistry, 10, 237—250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, S.B. and Cox, J.J. (1986) Heavy metals in the Hamps and Manifold valleys, N Staffordshire, UK: Distribution in floodplain soils. Science of the Total Environment, 50, 103—128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, S.B. and Cox, J.J. (1987) Heavy metals in the Hamps and Manifold valleys, north U.K. Staffordshire: Partitioning of metals in floodplain soils. Science of the Total Environment, 65, 135—153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, K.S., Bigham, J.M., Jaynes, W.F. and Logan, J.J. (1986) Influence of sulfate on Fe-oxide formation: comparison with a stream receiving acid mine drainage. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 266—274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandvold, L.A., McLemore, V.T. and O’Connor, C. (1995) Distribution and partitioning of copper, lead and zinc in stream sediments above and below an abandoned mining and milling area near Pecos, New-Mexico, USA. Analyst, 120, 1485—1495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brumbaugh, W.G., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., Max, T.W. and Zajicek, J.L. (1994) Chemical characterization of sediments and pore water from the upper Clark Fork River and Milltown reservoir, Montana. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 13, 1971—1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, B.M., Jones, D.R. and Jung, R.F. (1983) Processes controlling the metal ion attenuation in acid mine drainage streams. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 1957—1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulthard, T.J., Kirkby, M.J. and Macklin, M.G. (1998) Non-linearity and spatial resolution in a cellular automaton model of a small upland basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2, 257—264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, A., Olsen, R.L. and Walker, D.R. (1991) Distribution of metals between water and entrained sediment in streams impacted by acid mine discharge, Clear Creek, Colorado, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry, 6, 333—348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennis, I.A., Coulthard, T.J., Macklin, M.G. and Brewer, P.A. (2001) The impact of the autumn 2000 floods on channel and floodplain geochemistry in the River Swale catchment, Yorkshire, UK. Poster presentation, British Geomorphological Research Group Annual Conference, University of Nottingham.Google Scholar
Eggleton, R.A. and Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1988) New data and a revised structural model for ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 111—124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehlers, E.G. and Stiles, D.V. (1965) Melanterite- rozenite equilibrium. American Mineralogist, 50, 1457—1461.Google Scholar
Evans, D. and Davies, B.E. (1994) The influence of channel morphology on the chemical partitioning of Pb and Zn in contaminated river sediments. Applied Geochemistry, 9, 45—52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forstner, U. and Wittman, G.T.W. (1981) Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. Springer-Verlag, Germany.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabler, H.-E. (1997) Mobility of heavy metals as a function of pH of samples from an overbank sediment profile contaminated by mining activities. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 58, 185—194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, R.J. (1977) Transport phases of transition metals in the Amazon and Yukon Rivers. Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, 88, 829—843.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosbois, C.A., Horowitz, A.J., Smith, J.J. and Elrick, K.A. (2001) The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment-trace element geochemistry of Lake Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, USA. Part III. Downstream effects: the Spokane River Basin. Hydrological Processes, 15, 855—875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakansson, K., Karlsson, S. and Allard, B. (1989) Effects of pH on the accumulation and redistribution of metals in a polluted stream bed sediment. Science of the Total Environment , 87/88, 43—57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helgen, S.O. and Moore, J.N. (1996) Natural background determination and impact quantification in trace metal-contaminated river systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 129—135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hem, J.D. (1964) Chemistry of manganese in natural water; Deposition and solution of manganese oxides. U.S.G.S. Water Supply Paper 1667—B.Google Scholar
Hem, J.D. (1977) Reactions of metal ions at surfaces of hydrous iron oxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 41, 527—538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochella, M.F., Jr., Moore, J.N., Golla, U. and Putnis, A. (1999) A TEM study of samples from acid mine drainage systems: Metal-mineral association with implications for transport. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3395—3406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A. (2000) Heavy metal-bearing Mn oxides in river channel and floodplain sediments. Pp. 207—226 in: Environmental Mineralogy: Microbial Interactions, Anthropogenic Influences, Contaminated Land and Waste Management (Cotter-Howells, J.D., Campbell, L.S., Valsami-Jones, E. and Batchelder, M., editors). Mineralogical Society Series, 9. Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Macklin, M.G., Curtis, C.D. and Vaughan, D.J. (1996) Processes of formation and distribution of Pb-, Zn-, Cd- and Cu-bearing minerals in the Tyne basin, NE England: implications for metal-contaminated river systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 72—80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Macklin, M.G., Curtis, C.D. and Vaughan, D.J. (1998) Chemical remobilisation of contaminant metals within floodplain sediments in an incising river system: implications for dating and chemostratigraphy. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23, 671—684.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Macklin, M.G., Finlayson, R. and Passmore, D.G. (1999a)) Medieval lead pollution in the River Ouse at York, England. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26, 809—819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Schell, C. and Macklin, M.G. (1999b) Mineralogy and geochemistry of alluvium contaminated by metal mining in the Rio Tinto area, southwest Spain. Applied Geochemistry, 14, 55—70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Macklin, M.G., Miller, J.R. and Lechler, P.J. (2001) Sources, distribution and storage of heavy metals in the Rio Pilcomayo, Bolivia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 72, 229—250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Macklin, M.G., Jamieson, H.E., Brewer, P.A., Coulthard, T.J., Howard, A.J. and Turner, J. (2003) The impact of tailings dam spills and clean-up operations on sediment and water quality in river systems: The Rios Agrio-Guadiamar, Aznalcollar, Spain. Applied Geochemistry, 18, 221—239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulshof, A.H.M. and Macdonald, A.S. (1998) Dispersion of tailings from the Stirling Zn-Pb-Cu mine site, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 34, 159—170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jambor, J.L. and Blowes, D.W., editors (1998) Environmental Geochemistry of Sulfide Minewastes. Short Course, 22. Mineralogical Association of Canada.Google Scholar
James, L.A. (1989) Sustained storage and transport of hydraulic gold mining sediment in the Bear River, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79, 570—592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenne, E.A. (1968) Controls on Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn concentrations in soils and water: the significant role of hydrous Mn and Fe oxides. Advances in Chemistry Series, 73, 337—388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C.A. (1986) The regulation of trace element concentrations in river and estuarine waters contaminated with acid mine drainage: The adsorption of Cu and Zn on amorphous Fe oxyhydroxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 2433—2438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, C.N. and Vaughan, D.J. (2000) Mechanisms and rates of sulphide oxidation in relation to the problems of acid rock (mine) drainage. Pp. 117—139 in: Environmental Mineralogy: Microbial Interactions, Anthropogenic Influences, Contaminated Land and Waste Management (Cotter-Howells, J.D., Campbell, L.S., Valsami-Jones, E. and Batchelder, M., editors). Mineralogical Society Series, 9. Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Klarup, D.G. (1997) The influence of oxalic acid on release rates of metals from contaminated river sediment. Science of the Total Environment, 204, 223—231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langedal, M. (1997) Dispersion of tailings in the Knabeana — Kvina drainage basin, Norway, 2: Mobility of Cu and Mo in tailings-derived fluvial sediments. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 58, 173—183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langmuir, D. and Whittemore, D.O. (1971) Variations in the stability of precipitated ferric oxyhydroxides. Pp. 209—234 in: Non-equilibrium Systems in Natural Water Chemistry (Hem, J.D., editor). American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series, 106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leblanc, M., Morales, J.A., Borrego, J. and Elbaz-Poulichet, F. (2000) 4,500-year-old mining pollution in southwestern Spain: long-term implications for modern mining pollution. Economic Geology, 95, 655—662.Google Scholar
Lechler, P.J., Miller, J.R., Hsu, L.-C. and Desilets, M.O. (1997) Mercury mobility at the Carson River Superfund Site, west-central Nevada, USA: interpretation of mercury speciation data in mill tailings, soils and sediments. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 58, 259—267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
H., Leenaers (1989) The Dispersal of Metal Mining Wastes in the Catchment of the River Geul (Belgium-The Netherlands). Geografisch Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Leigh, D.S. (1997) Mercury-tainted overbank sediment from past gold mining in North Georgia, USA. Environmental Geology, 30, 244—251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, J. and Macklin, M.G. (1987) Metal mining and floodplain sedimentation in Britain. Pp. 1009—27 in: International Geomorphology 1986, Part 1 (V. Gardiner, editor). Wiley, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Lewin, J., Davies, B.E. and Wolfenden, P.J. (1977) Interactions between channel change and historic mining sediments. Pp. 353—367 in: River Channel Changes (Gregory, R.C., editor). Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Lewin, J., Bradley, S.B. and Macklin, M.G. (1983) Historical valley alluviation in mid-Wales. Geological Journal, 18, 331—350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lind, C.J. and Hem, J.D. (1993) Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, USA — A mining related acid drainage problem. Applied Geochemistry, 8, 67—80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Pamo, E., Barettino, D., Antón-Pacheco, C., Ortiz, G., Arránz, J.C., Gumiel, J.C., Martinez-Pledel, B., Aparicio, M. and Montouto, O. (1999) The extent of the Aznalcollar pyritic sludge spill and its effects on soils. Science of the Total Environment, 242, 57—88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macklin, M.G. (1996) Fluxes and storage of sediment-associated heavy metals in floodplain systems: assessment and river basin management issues at a time of rapid environmental change. Pp. 441—460 in: Floodplain Processes (Anderson, M.G., Walling, D.E., and Bates, P.D., editors). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Macklin, M.G. and Dowsett, R.B. (1989) The chemical and physical speciation of trace metals in fine grained overbank flood sediments in the Tyne basin, north-east England. Catena, 16, 135—151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklin, M.G. and Lewin, J. (1989) Sediment transfer and transformation of an alluvial valley floor: the river South Tyne, Northumbria, UK. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 14, 233—246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklin, M.G. and Klimek, K. (1992) Dispersal, storage and transportation ofmetal contaminated alluvium in the Upper Vistula basin, south-west Poland. Applied Geography, 12, 7—30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Rumsby, B.T. and Newson, M.D. (1992) Historic overbank floods and vertical accretion of fine-grained alluvium in the lower Tyne valley, north east England. Pp. 564—580 in: Dynamics of Gravel- bed Rivers (Billi, P., Hey, R.D., Tacconi, P. and Thorne, C., editors). Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Gravel-bed Rivers. Wiley, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Ridgway, J., Passmore, D.G. and Rumsby, B.T. (1994) The use of overbank sediment for geochemical mapping and contamination assessment: results from selected English and Welsh floodplains. Applied Geochemistry, 9, 689—700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Payne, I., Preston, D. and Sedgwick, C. (1996) Review of the Porco mine tailings dam burst and associated mining waste problems, Pilcomayo basin, Bolivia. Report to the UK Overseas Development Agency, 33 pp.Google Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Hudson-Edwards, K.A. and Dawson, E.J. (1997) The significance of pollution from historic metal mining in the Pennine orefields on river sediment contaminant fluxes to the North Sea. Science of the Total Environment , 194/195, 391—397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macklin, M.G., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Jamieson, H.E., Brewer, P., Coulthard, T.J., Howard, A.J. and Remenda, V.H. (1999) Physical stability and rehabilitation of sustainable aquatic and riparian ecosystems in the Rio Guadiamar, Spain, following the Aznalcollar mine tailings dam failure. Pp. 271—278 in: Mine Water and Environment, International Congress, International Mine Water Association, September 13—17, 1999, Sevilla, Spain.Google Scholar
Mann, A.W. and Lintern, M. (1983) Heavy metal dispersion patterns from tailings dumps, Northampton District, Western Australia (Chapman River, Bowes River, Murchison River). Environmental Pollution B, 6, 33—49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, W.A. (1987) Copper dispersion in ephemeral stream sediments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 12, 217—228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marron, D.C. (1992) Floodplain storage of mine tailings in the Belle Fourche river system: a sediment budget approach. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 17, 675—685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merrington, G. and Alloway, B.J. (1994) The transfer and fate of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn from two historic metalliferous mine sites in the U.K. Applied Geochemistry, 9, 677—687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J.R. (1997) The role of fluvial geomorphic processes in the transport and storage of heavy metals from mine sites. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 58, 101—118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J.R., Lechler, P.J. and Desilets, M. (1998) The role of geomorphic processes in the transport and fate of mercury within the Carson River Basin, west- central Nevada. Environmental Geology, 33, 249—262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J., Barr, R., Grow, D., Lechler, P., Richardson, D., Waltman, K. and Warwick, J. (1999) Effects of the 1997 flood on the transport and storage of sediment and mercury within the Carson River valley, west-central Nevada. Journal of Geology, 107, 313—327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordstrom, D.K. (1982) Aqueous pyrite oxidation and the consequent formation of secondary iron minerals. Pp. 37—63 in: Acid Sulfate Weathering (Kittrick, J.A., Fanning, D.S. and Hossner, L.R., editors). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Nordstrom, D.K., Jenne, F.A. and Ball, J.W. (1979) Redox equilibria of iron in acid mine waters. American Chemical Society Symposium Series , 93(3), 51—79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowlan, G.A. (1976) Concretionary manganese-iron oxides in streams and their usefulness as a sample medium for geochemical prospecting. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 6, 193—210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nriagu, J. (1993) Legacy of mercury pollution. Nature , 363, 589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pestana, M.H.D., Formoso, M.L.L. and Teixeira, E.C. (1997) Heavy metals in stream sediments from copper and gold mining areas in southern Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 58, 133—143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pestana, M.H.D., Lechler, P., Formosos, M.L.L. and Miller, J. (2000) Mercury in sediments from gold and copper exploitation areas in the Camaqua River Basin, Southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Science, 13, 537—547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirrie, D., Camm, G.S., Sear, L.G. and Hughes, S.H. (1997) Mineralogical and geochemical signature of mine waste contamination, Tresillian River, Fal Estuary, Cornwall, UK. Environmental Geology, 29, 58—65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirrie, D., Power, M.R., Payne, A., Camm, G.S. and Wheeler, P.D. (2000) Impact of mining on sedimentation; the Camel and Gannel estuaries, Cornwall. Geoscience in south-west England, 10, 21—28.Google Scholar
Ponnamperumna, F.N., Rianco, E.M. and Teresita, L. (1967) Redox equilibria in flooded soils: I. The iron hydroxide system. Soil Science, 103, 374—382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prieto, G. (1999) Geochemistry of heavy metals derived from gold-bearing sulphide minerals in the Marmato District (Colombia). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 64, 215—222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rang, M.C. and Schouten, C.J. (1989) Evidence for historical heavy metal pollution in floodplain soils: the Meuse. Pp. 127—142 in: Historical Change of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe (Petts, G.E., Moller, H. and Roux, A.L., editors). John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.Google Scholar
Robinson, G.D. (1981) Trace metal adsorption potential of phases comprising black coatings on stream pebbles. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 17, 205—219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, A.W. and Cravotta, C.A. III (1998) Geochemistry of coal mine drainage. Pp. 1.1–1.22 in: Coal Mine Drainage Pollution Prevention in Pennsylvania (Brady, K.B.C., Smith, M.W. and Schueck, J., editors). Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 5600-BK-DEP 2256 8/98, Harrisburg, PA.Google Scholar
Sassoon, M. (1998) Los Frailes aftermath. Mining and Environmental Management, 1, 8—12.Google Scholar
Schwertmann, U., Bigham, J. and Murad, E. (1995) The first occurrence of schwertmannite in a natural stream environment. European Journal of Mineralogy, 7, 547—552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simón, M., Ortiz, I., Garcia, I., Fernandez, E., Fernandez, J., Dorronsoro, C. and Aguilar, J. (1999) Pollution of soils by the toxic spill of a pyrite mine (Aznalcollar, Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 242, 105—115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, B., Wilson, M.J., McHardy, W.J., Fraser, A.R. and Merrington, G. (1999) Mineralogy and chemistry of ochre sediments from an acid mine drainage near a disused mine in Cornwall. Clay Minerals, 34, 301—317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swennen, R. and Van der Sluys, J. (2002) Anthropogenic impact on sediment composition and geochemistry in vertical overbank profiles of river alluvium from Belgium and Luxembourg. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 75, 93—105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swennen, R., Van Keer, I. and De Vox, W. (1994) Heavy metal contamination in overbank sediments of the Geul river (East Belgium): its relation to former Pb-Zn mining activities. Environmental Geology, 24, 12—21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tessier, A., Campbell, P.G.C. and Bisson, M. (1979) Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844—851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trefry, J.H. and Presley, B.J. (1976) Heavy metal transport from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 39—76 in: Marine Pollution Transfer (Windom, H.L. and Duce, R.A., editors). Health Publications, Lexington, USA.Google Scholar
Vidal, M., López-Sanchez, J.F., Sastre, J., Jimenez, G., Dagnac, T., Rubio, R. and Rauret, G. (1999) Prediction of the impact of the Aznalcollar toxic spill on the trace element contamination of agricultural soils. Science of the Total Environment, 242, 131—148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, J.G., Swedlund, P.J. and Webster, K.S. (1998) Trace metal adsorption onto acid mine drainage Fe (III) oxyhydroxysulphate. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 1361—1368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wen, X. and Allen, H.E. (1999) Mobilization of heavy metals from Le An River sediment. Science of the Total Environment, 227, 101—108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, P.R. (1975) Relationship of manganese-iron oxides and associated heavy metals to grain size in stream sediments. Journal of Geochemical Exploration , 4, 251—263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfenden, P.J. and Lewin, J. (1977) Distribution of metal pollutants in floodplain sediments. Catena, 4, 309—317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfenden, P.J. and Lewin, J. (1978) Distribution of metal pollutants in active stream sediments. Catena, 5, 67—78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yim, W.W.S. (1981) Geochemical investigations of fluvial sediments contaminated by tin-mine tailings, Cornwall, England. Environmental Geology, 3, 245—256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yu, J.-Y., Heo, B., Choi, I.-K., Cho, J.-P. and Chang, H.- W. (1999) Apparent solubilities of schwertmannite and ferrihydrite in natural stream waters polluted by mine drainage. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 3407—3416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar