Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T19:55:23.645Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Possible Focus of Asiatic Influence in the Late Classic Cultures of Mesoamerica

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 June 2018

Gordon F. Ekholm
Gordon F. Ekholm*
Affiliation:
American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

There is a Growing trend, I believe, for American archaeologists to look beyond the limits of their specialized and local areas of research and to take more interest in some of the basic problems of culture history — of the processes of origin and growth of cultures and civilizations. The Americanist looks at these problems in terms of the American Indian cultures, but in doing so, to be logically consistent, he must make some judgment on the old question as to whether or not influences from the civilizations of Asia had anything to do with the growth of those in America.

This problem, or what turns out to be a great series of problems when one looks into it at all, is of great practical and theoretical interest, and will, I am convinced, receive much attention in future years. Such attention is somewhat slow in coming, however, because of the uncompromisingly isolationist point of view held up to now by most Americanists and reflected in the almost complete lack of research on the problems of Asiatic-American cultural relationships.

Type
Research Article
Information
Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology , Volume 9: Asia and North America Transpacific Contacts , 1953 , pp. 72 - 97
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 1953

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aase, H. C. 1935. Cytology of Cereals. Botanical Review, Vol. 1, pp. 470-4. Lancaster.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aberg, Ewert 1940. The Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Hordeum. L. Sect. Cerealia Ands. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1–156. Upsala.Google Scholar
Albright, W. F. 1940. From the Stone Age to Christianity. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Aschmann, Homer 1952. A Primitive Food Preparation Technique in Baja, California. SIA, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 36–9.Google Scholar
Bacon, Elizabeth 1946. A Preliminary Attempt to Determine the Culture Areas of Asia. SIA, Vol. 2, pp. 117-32.Google Scholar
Bacon, Elizabeth and Hudson, A. E. 1945. Asia (Ethnology). Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 2, pp. 523-5. Chicago.Google Scholar
Bailey, L. H. 1930. Various Botanical and Horticultural Problems. Gentes Herbarum, Vol. II, Fasc. IV. Ithaca.Google Scholar
Barbeau, Marius 1947. Alaska Beckons. Caldwell, Ida.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh 1924. The Indian Buddhist Iconography. London.Google Scholar
Bhattacharyya, Benoytosh 1932. An Introduction to Buddhist Esoterism. London.Google Scholar
Birket-Smith, Kaj, and de Laguna, Frederica 1938. The Eyak Indians of the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Bosch, F. D. K. 1948. de Gouden Kiem: Inleiding in de Indische Symboliek. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Braidwood, R. J. 1950. Jarmo: a Village of Early Farmers in Iraq. A, Vol. 24, No. 96, pp. 189-95.Google Scholar
Brand, D. B. 1936. Symposium on Prehistoric Agriculture. UNM-B, No. 296.Google Scholar
Briggs, Lawrence Palmer 1951. The Ancient Khmer Empire. APS-T, Vol. 41, Pt. 1.Google Scholar
Brown, T. Burton 1951. Excavation in Azerbaijan, 1948. London.Google Scholar
Bruman, H. J. 1944. Some Observations on the Early History of the Coconut in the New World. Acta Americana, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 220-43. Mexico.Google Scholar
Bruman, H. J. 1947. A Further Note on Coconuts in Colima. HAHR, Vol. 27, pp. 572-3.Google Scholar
Brunton, G., and Morant, G. 1937. Mostagedda and the Tasian Culture. London.Google Scholar
Bylin-Althin, Margit 1946. The Sites of Ch'i Chia P'ing and Lo Han T'ang in Kansu. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, No. 18, pp. 383–498. Stockholm.Google Scholar
Carter, G. F. 1945. Plant Geography. VF-PA, No. 5.Google Scholar
Caso, Alfonso 1928. Las estelas zapotecas. Monografias del Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Historia y Etnografia. Mexico.Google Scholar
Caton-Thompson, G., and Gardiner, E. W. 1934. The Desert Fayum. London.Google Scholar
Cheng, Te-K'un 1942. The Lithic Industries of Prehistoric Szechwan. Journal of the West China Border Research Society, Vol. 14, Series A, pp. 1–16. Chengtu.Google Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1948. The Dawn of European Civilization. New York.Google Scholar
Clark, John Grahame 1948. Review of Gutorm Gjessing. A, Vol. 22, No. 86.Google Scholar
Clark, John Grahame 1941. Horses and Battle Axes. A, Vol. 15, pp. 50–70.Google Scholar
Colani, Madeleine 1932. Champs de Jarres Monolithiques et de Pierres Funeraires du Tran-ninh (Haut-Laos). Praehistorica Asiae Orientalis I., pp. 103-28. Hanoi.Google Scholar
Collings, H. D. 1940. Neolithic Pottery from Sungai Siput, Perak. CPFE-P, 3d, pp. 126-30.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1928. Check-stamped Pottery from Alaska. WAS-J, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 254-56.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1945. Ales Hrdlicka: The Anthropology of Kodiak Island. The Aleutian and Commander Islands and their Inhabitants (Review). AJPA, n.s. Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 355-61.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1937. Archeology of St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. SMC, Vol. 96, No. 1.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1940. Outline of Eskimo Prehistory. SMC, Vol. 100, pp. 533-92.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1943. Eskimo Archeology and its Bearing on the Problem of Man's Antiquity in America. APS-P, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 220-35.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1950. Excavations at Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. CNM-AR, No. 118, pp. 18–43.Google Scholar
Collins, Henry B. 1951. The Origin and Antiquity of the Eskimo. Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, 1950, pp. 423-67. Washington.Google Scholar
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. 1927. History of Indian and Indonesian Art. London.Google Scholar
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. 1931. Yaksas. Part II. Smithsonian Institution, Freer Gallery of Art, Publication 3059. Washington.Google Scholar
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. 1935. Elements of Buddhist Iconography. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Czaplicka, M. A. 1914. Aboriginal Siberia. Oxford.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H. 1877a. On the Distribution and Nomenclature of the Native Tribes of Alaska, CNAE, Vol. I, pp. 24–36.Google Scholar
Dall, W. H. 1877b. On Succession in the Shell-heaps of the Aleutian Islands. CNAE, Vol. I, pp. 41–91.Google Scholar
Dawson, G. M. 1889. Report on an Exploration in the Yukon District, N.W.T., and Adjacent Northern Portion of British Columbia. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, Annual Report, (new series) Vol. 3, Part I, Report B, pp. 5b–261b. Montreal.Google Scholar
de Bono, Fernand 1948. El-Omari (pres d’ Helouan). Annates du Service des Antiq. de L'Egypte. Vol. 48. pp. 561-83.Google Scholar
de Laguna, Frederica 1940. Eskimo Lamps and Pots. RAI-J, Vol. 70, Pt. 1, pp. 53–76.Google Scholar
de Laguna, Frederica 1946. The Importance of the Eskimo in Northeastern Archeology. In: Man in Northeastern North America. RSPFA-P, Vol. 3, pp. 106-42.Google Scholar
de Laguna, Frederica 1947. The Prehistory of Northern North America as seen from the Yukon. SAA-M, No. 3.Google Scholar
de Laguna, Frederica n.d. Chugach Prehistory, (ms)Google Scholar
de Terra, Helmut 1942. The Megaliths of Bursahom, Kashmir, A New Prehistoric Civilization from India. APS-P, Vol. 85, No. 5, pp. 483–504.Google Scholar
Drucker, Philip 1943. Archaeological Survey on the Northern Northwest Coast. BAE-B, No. 133, pp. 17–132.Google Scholar
Dyson, R. H. Jr. n.d. The Chronological Development of Major Cultural Traits in the Near East, 5000-2500 B.C. A.B. Thesis, Harvard University, (ms).Google Scholar
Egami, Namio and Mizuno, Seiichi 1935. Inner Mongolia and the Region of the Great Wall. Archaeologia Orientalis, B. Series, Vol. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Ekholm, Gordon F. 1950. Is American Indian Culture Asiatic. N.H., Vol. 59, No. 8, pp. 344-51, 382.Google Scholar
Emmons, George T. 1911a. Native Account of the Meeting between La Perouse and the Tlingit. AA, Vol. 13, pp. 294-8.Google Scholar
Emmons, George T. 1911b. The Tahltan Indians. UPM-AP, Vol. 4, No. 1.Google Scholar
Fergusson, James 1868. Tree and Serpent Worship. London.Google Scholar
Field, Henry 1932. Ancient Wheat and Barley from Kish, Mesopotamia. AA, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 304-5.Google Scholar
Finan, John F. 1950. Maize in the Great Herbals. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass.Google Scholar
Fischer-Møller, K. 1942. The Mediaeval Norse Settlements in Greenland. MG, Vol. 89, No. 2.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, G. M. 1935. The Earliest Pottery from Beth-Shan. UP-MJ, Vol. 24, pp. 5–32.Google Scholar
Fournereau, Lucien 1890. Les Ruines Khmeres. Paris.Google Scholar
Frankfort, H. 1933. Tell Asmar, Khafaje, and Khorsabad, Second Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition. Oriental Institute Communications No. 16. Chicago.Google Scholar
García Payón, José 1946. Los monumentos arqueologicos de Malinalco, Estado de Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropologicos, Vol. 8, Nos. 1-3, pp. 5–63. Mexico.Google Scholar
Garfield, Viola E. 1947. Historical Aspects of Tlingit Clans in Angoon, Alaska. AA, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 438-52.Google Scholar
Garstang, J. 1940. The Story of Jericho. London.Google Scholar
Giddings, J. L. Jr. 1949. Early Flint Horizons on the North Bering Sea Coast. WAS-J, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 85–96.Google Scholar
Giddings, J. L. Jr. 1951. The Denbigh Flint Complex. AAn, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 193–203.Google Scholar
Gilmore, Raymond M. 1950. Fauna and Ethnozoology of South America. BAE-B, No. 143, Vol. 6, pp. 345–464.Google Scholar
Gjessing, Gutorm 1942. Yngre Steinalder I Nord-Norge. Instituttet For Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie B, Vol. 29. Oslo.Google Scholar
Gray, Asa and Turnbull, J. H. 1883. Review of de Candolles Origin of Cultivated Plants; with Annotations upon certain American Species. American Journal of Science, Series 3, Vol. 25. New Haven.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1950. Studies in African Linguistic Classification: V. The Eastern Sudanic Family. SJA, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 143-60.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1946. Cultural Change and Continuity in Eastern United States Archaeology. In: Man in Northeastern North America, RSPFA-P, Vol. 3, pp. 37–95.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1951. Some Adena and Hopewell Radiocarbon Dates. SAA-M, No. 8, pp. 26–9.Google Scholar
Guppy, H. B. 1906. Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899. Vol. 2. London.Google Scholar
Guppy, H. B. 1917. Plants, Seeds and Currents in the West Indies and Azores. London.Google Scholar
Hallowell, A. Irving 1926. Bear Ceremonialism in the Northern Hemisphere. AA, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1475.Google Scholar
Hambly, Wilfrid D. 1937. Source Book for African Anthropology. FMNH-A, No. 394, Pt. 1.Google Scholar
Harada, Yoshito (ed.) 1950. Nihon Kokogaku Nyumon (Introduction to Japanese Archaeology). Tokyo.Google Scholar
Harp, Elmer Jr. 1951. An Archaeological Survey in the Strait of Belle Isle Area. AAn, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 203-20.Google Scholar
Hatt, Gudmund 1951. The Corn Mother in America and in Indonesia. An, Vol. 46, No. 5-6, pp. 853–914.Google Scholar
Heine-Geldern, Robert, and Ekholm, Gordon F. 1951. Significant Parallels in the Symbolic Arts of Southern Asia and Middle America. ICA-P, 27th, Vol. 1, pp. 299–309.Google Scholar
Heizer, Robert F. 1943. Aconite Poison Whaling in Asia and America: an Aleutian Transfer to the New World. BAE-B, No. 133, pp. 415-68.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J. 1924. A Preliminary Consideration of the Culture Areas of Africa. AA, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 50–63.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J. 1948. Man and his Works. New York.Google Scholar
Heyerdahl, Thor 1950. The Voyage of the Raft Kon-Tiki. Geographical Journal, Vol. 115. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, William H. 1895-1897. Archeological Studies among the Ancient Cities of Mexico. Field Columbian Museum , Anthropological Series, Vol. 1, No. 1. Chicago.Google Scholar
Holtved, Erik 1944. Archaeological Investigations in the Thule District. MG, Vol. 141, Nos. 1 and 2.Google Scholar
Honigmann, J. J. 1949. Culture and Ethos of Kaska Society. YU-PA, No. 40.Google Scholar
Hrdlicka, Ales 1945. The Aleutian and Commander Islands and Their Inhabitants. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Humlum, Johannes 1942. Zur Geographie des Maisbaus. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, J. B., Silow, R. A. and Stephens, S. G. 1947. The Evolution of Gossypium and the Differentiation of the Cultivated Cottons. London.Google Scholar
Irving, William 1951. Archaeology in the Brooks Range of Alaska. AAn, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 52.Google Scholar
Jablow, Joseph 1951. The Cheyenne. AES-M, No. 19.Google Scholar
Jackson, A. 1933. Comment i. Nature, 6 May, quoted in A, Vol. 7, p. 354.Google Scholar
Jenness, Diamond 1925. A New Eskimo Culture in Hudson Bay. Geographical Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 428-37. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenness, Diamond 1928. Ethnological Problems of Arctic America. AGS-SP, Vol. 7, pp. 167-75.Google Scholar
Jenness, Diamond 1933. The Problem of the Eskimo. I. The American Aborigines, their Origin and Antiquity, pp. 373-96. Toronto.Google Scholar
Jenness, Diamond 1941. Prehistoric Culture Waves from Asia to America. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 1940. pp. 383-96. Washington.Google Scholar
Jessen, K., and Helbaek, H. 1944. Cereals in Great Britain and Ireland in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Jochelson, Waldemar 1925. Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands. CIW-P, No. 367.Google Scholar
Jochelson, Waldemar 1928. People. of Asiatic Russia. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Livingston|F. 1914. A Study of the Thlingets of Alaska. New York.Google Scholar
Keleman, Pál 1943. Medieval American Art. 2 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Kelly, Isabel 1951. The Bottle Gourd and Old World Contacts. I. Homenaje al Doctor Alfonso Caso, pp. 207-14. Mexico.Google Scholar
Knuth, Eigil 1952. An Outline of the Archaeology of Peary Land. Arctic, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 17–33. Montreal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosay, H. 1944. Ausgrabungen von Alaca Hoyuk. Veröffentlichungen der Türkischen Geschichtskomission, Ser. 5, 2a. Ankara.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1931. The Culture-Area and Age-Area Concepts of Clark Wissler. I. Methods in Social Sciences, ed. Rice, S. A.. Chicago.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1939. Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1947. Culture Groupings in Asia. SJA, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 322-30.Google Scholar
Kroeber, A. L. 1948. Anthropology. New York.Google Scholar
Krom, N. J., and Van Erp, T. 1920. Beschrijving van Barabudur. The Hague.Google Scholar
Kuftin, B. A. 1946. Prehistoric Culture Sequence in Transcaucasia, Henry Field, ed. SJA, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 340-60.Google Scholar
Lamb, W. 1936. Excavations at Kursura near Afyon Karahisar. Archaeologia, Vol. 86, pp. 1–64. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, Helge 1950. Archaeological Investigations in Southwestern Alaska. AAn, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 177-86.Google Scholar
Larsen, Helge, and Rainey, Froelich 1949. Ipiutak and the Arctic Whale Hunting Culture. AMNH-AP, No. 42.Google Scholar
Lattimore, Owen D. 1951. Inner Asian Frontiers of China. Research Series, American Geographical Society, No. 21. New York.Google Scholar
Laughlin, W. S. 1951. The Alaska Gateway Viewed from the Aleutian Islands. In “Papers on the Physical Anthropology of the American Indian.”. VF-SSPA, No. 4.Google Scholar
Laughlin, W. S. 1951. Notes on an Aleutian Core and Blade Industry. AAn, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 52.Google Scholar
Laughlin, W. S., and Marsh, G. H. 1951. A New View of the History of the Aleutians. Arctic, Vol. 4, No. 2. Montreal.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavachery, Henri A. 1929. Les Arts Anciens D'Amerique au Musee Archeologique de Madrid. Anvers.Google Scholar
Leechman, Douglas 1948. Two New Cape Dorset Sites. AAn, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 363-75.Google Scholar
MacNeish, Richard S. 1951. An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Northwest Territories. CNM-AR, No. 123.Google Scholar
McFadden, E. S., and Sears, E. R. 1946. The Origin of Triticum Spelta and Its Free- Threshing Hexaploid Relatives. Journal of Heredity, Vol. 37, Nos. 3-4, pp.81-9, 107-16. Baltimore.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKern, Will C. 1937. An Hypothesis for the Asiatic Origin of the Woodland Culture Pattern. AAn, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 138-43.Google Scholar
Mallowan, M. 1946. Excavations in the Balik Valley, 1938. I, Vol. 8, pp. 111-59.Google Scholar
Mallowan, M. 1947. Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar. I, Vol. 9, pp. 1–259.Google Scholar
Mallowan, M., and Rose, J. C. 1933. Excavations at Tell Arpachiyah. I, Vol. 2, pp. 1–178.Google Scholar
Mandelbaum, D. G. 1949. Materials for a Bibliography of the Ethnology of India. (Mimeographed). Berkeley.Google Scholar
Mangelsdorf, P. C., and Oliver, D. L. 1951. Whence Came Maize to Asia? Harvard University', Botanical Museum Leaflet, Vol. 14, No. 10, pp. 263-91. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquina, Ignacio 1951. Arquitectura Prehispanica. Memorias del lnstituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historic, I. Mexico.Google Scholar
John H., Marshall 1921. Excavations at Taxila, No. 7. ASI-M, Vols. 6-10.Google Scholar
John H., Marshall 1931. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization. 3 vols. London.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, Therkel 1927. Archaeology of the Central Eskimos. Report 5th Thule Expedition, 1921-1924, Vol. 4. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, Therkel 1930. Inugsuk, a Mediaeval Eskimo Settlement in Upernivik District, West Greenland. MG, Vol. 77.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, Therkel 1931. Ancient Eskimo Settlements in the Kangamiut Area. MG, Vol. 91, No. 1.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, Therkel 1933. Prehistory of the Angmagssalik Eskimos. MG, Vol. 92, No. 4.Google Scholar
Mathiassen, Therkel 1934. Contributions to the Archaeology of Disko Bay. MG, Vol. 93, No. 2.Google Scholar
Frederick R., Matson 1945. Technological Development of Pottery in Northern Syria during the Chalcolithic Age. ACS-J, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 20–5.Google Scholar
A. P., Maudslay 1889-1902. Archaeology. Biologia Centrali Americana. 4 Vols. Plates, 1 Vol. Text. London.Google Scholar
Mkldgaard, Jorgkn 1952. A Paleo-Eskimo Culture in West Greenland. AAn, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 222-30.Google Scholar
Mknohin, O., and Amer, M. 1936. The Excavations of the Egyptian University in the Neolithic Site at Ma'adi, Second Preliminary Report. Cairo.Google Scholar
Merrill, E. D. 1950. Observations on Cultivated Plants with Reference to Certain American Problems. Ceiba, Vol. 1.Google Scholar
Minns, E. H. 1945. The Art of the Northern Nomads. Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 28, pp. 47–99. London.Google Scholar
Movius, Hallam L. Jr. 1944. Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southern and Eastern Asia. PMAAE-P, Vol. 19, No. 3.Google Scholar
Murdock, G. P. 1949. Social Structure. New York.Google Scholar
Nansen, Fridtjof 1911. In. Northern Mists. London.Google Scholar
Naroll, Raoul S. 1950. A Draft Map of the Culture Areas of Asia. SJA, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 183-7.Google Scholar
Nelson, N. C. 1935. Early Migrations of Man to America. NH, Vol. 35, p. 356.Google Scholar
Norlund, Poul 1924. Buried Norsemen at Herjolfsnes. MG, Vol. 67.Google Scholar
O'Bryan, Deric n.d. Excavation of a Cape Dorset Eskimo House Site, Mill Island, West Hudson's Strait, (ms).Google Scholar
Olson, Ronald L. 1933. Clan and Moiety in Native America. UCPAAE, Vol. 33, No. 4.Google Scholar
Osten, H. H. Von Der 1937. The Alishar Huyuk. Part II, Seasons 1930-32. OI-P, Vol. 30.Google Scholar
Patai, Raphael 1952. The Middle East as a Culture Area. MEJ, Vol. 6, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Peake, H. J. 1939a. The First Cultivation of Wheat. MG, Vol. 39, pp. 34–6.Google Scholar
Peake, H. J. 1939b. The Early Spread of Agriculture. MG, Vol. 39, pp. 51–5.Google Scholar
Peet, T. E. 1913. Cemeteries of Ahydos III. London.Google Scholar
Percival, J. 1921. The Wheat Plant. New York.Google Scholar
Pigcot, S. 1950. Prehistoric India. Middlesex, England.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana A. 1946. An Album of Maya Architecture. CIW-P, No. 558.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana A. 1950. A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture. CIW-P, No. 593.Google Scholar
Pumpelly, R. 1908. Explorations in Turkestan, Expedition of 1904. CIW-P, No. 73.Google Scholar
Quimby, George I. 1948. Prehistoric Art of the Aleutian Islands. Chicago Natural History Museum, Fieldiana Anthropology, Vol. 36, No. 3. Chicago.Google Scholar
Rainey, Froelich 1939. Archaeology in Central Alaska. AMNH-AP, Vol. 36, Pt. 4.Google Scholar
Ratzel, Friedrich 1891. Anthropogeographie. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Raup, Hugo M., and Johnson, Frederick n.d. Archaeological, Botanical and Geological Reconnaissance in Southwestern Yukon, 1948. (ms).Google Scholar
Reynolds, P. K. 1951. Earliest Evidence of Banana Culture. Supplement to JAOS, No. 12. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Richthofen, B. Von 1932. Zur Frage der Archáologischen Beziehungen zwischen Nordamerika and Nordasien. An, Vol. 27, pp. 123-51.Google Scholar
Rns, P. J. 1948. Hama, Fouilles et Recherches, 1931-38. Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Ritchie, William A. 1951. Ground Slates: Eskimo or Indian. PA, Vol. 21, Nos. 3-4, pp. 46–52.Google Scholar
Ross, E. J. 1946. A Chalcolithic Site in Northern Baluchistan. JNES, Vol. 5, pp. 284–316.Google Scholar
Rowley, Graham 1940. The Dorset Culture of the Eastern Arctic. AA, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 490-99.Google Scholar
Rudenko, Sergei I. 1947. The Ancient Culture of the Bering Sea and the Eskimo Problem (translated title). Moscow.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward 1949. Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture: A Study of Method. I. Selected Writings of Edward Sapir, ed. Mandelbaum, D. G., pp. 389–462. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sauer, C. O. 1950. Cultivated Plants of South and Central America. BAE-B, No. 143, Vol. 6, pp. 487–543.Google Scholar
Sauer, J. D. 1950. The Grain Amaranths: A Survey of their History and Classification. Annals of Missouri Botanical Gardens, Vol. 37, pp. 561–632. St. Louis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saurin, M. Edmond 1940. Station Prehistoriques du Qui-Chau et de Thuong-Xuan (Nord Annam). CPFE-P, 3d, pp. 126-30.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Wilhelm 1951. Zu den Anfängen der Tierzucht: Nachtrag zu Kapitel III: die Pferdezüchter. ZE, Vol. 76, pp. 201-5.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1902-1923. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach- und Alterthumskunde. 5 Vols. Berlin.Google Scholar
Seler, Eduard 1916. Die Quetzalcouatl - Fassaden Yukatekischer Bauten. Abhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Academie der Wissenschaften, Phil. - Hist. Klasse, No. 2. Berlin.Google Scholar
Skarland, Ivar and Giddings, J. L. Jr. 1948. Flint Stations in Central Alaska. AAn, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 116-20.Google Scholar
Smith, A. Ledyard 1940. The Corbeled Arch in the New World. I. The Maya and Their Neighbors, ed. Vaillant, G., pp. 202-21. New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Harlan I. 1906. Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound.. JNPE, Vol. 2, Pt. 6.Google Scholar
Solberg, O. 1907. Beiträge zur Vorgeschichte der Osteskimo. Christiania.Google Scholar
Solecki, Ralph 1951. Archaeology and Ecology of the Arctic Slope of Alaska. Smithsonian Institution, Annual Re port, 1950, pp. 469-95. Washington.Google Scholar
Solecki, Ralph and Hackman, Robert J. 1951. Additional Data on the Denbigh Flint Complex in Northern Alaska. WAS-J, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 85–8.Google Scholar
Spinden, Herbert J. 1913. A Study of Maya Art. PMAAE-M, Vol. 6.Google Scholar
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur 1942. Greenland. Garden City, N. Y. Google Scholar
Stephens, John Lloyd 1843. Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. 2 Vols. New York.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1947. American Culture History in the Light of South America. SJA, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 85–107.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H. 1949. Handbook of South American Indians. BAE-B, No. 143, Vol. 5.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1943. Stone Monuments of Southern Mexico. BAE-B, No. 138.Google Scholar
Stirling, Matthew W. 1947. On the Trail of La Venta Man. National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 137-72. Washington.Google Scholar
Stonor, C. R., and Anderson, Edgar 1949. Maize among the Hill Peoples of Assam. Annals of Missouri Botanical Gardens, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 355–405. St. Louis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stutterheim, W. F. 1926. Pictorial History of Civilization in lava. Weltevreden.Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1908. Social Conditions, Beliefs, and Linguistic Relationship of the Tlingit Indians. BAE-AR, No. 26, pp. 391–485.Google Scholar
Swanton, John R. 1909. Tlingit Myths and Texts. BAE-B, No. 39.Google Scholar
Teit, J. 1906. Notes on the Tahltan Indians of British Columbia, I. Boas Anniversary Volume, pp. 337–340. New York.Google Scholar
Teit, J. 1909. Two Tahltan Traditions. JAFL, Vol. 22, No. 85, pp. 314-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teit, J. 1912. On Tahltan (Athabaskan) Work, 1912. Summary Report of the Canadian Geological Survey, 1912, pp. 484-7. Ottawa.Google Scholar
Thomassen, , à Thuessink van der Hoop, A. N. J. 1940. A Prehistoric Site near Lake Kerinchi, Sumatra. CPFE-P, 3d, pp. 200-4.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. Eric S. 1948. An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Cotzumalhuapa Region, Escuintla, Guatemala. CIW-CAAH, No. 44.Google Scholar
Thomsen, Thomas 1917. Implements and Artifacts of the Northeast Greenlanders. MG, Vol. 44, pp. 359–496.Google Scholar
Towle, M. A. 1952. The Pre-Columbian Occurrence of Lagenaria Seeds in Coastal Peru. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 171-84. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vats, M. S. 1933. Excavations at Harappa. Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1928-29. Delhi.Google Scholar
Vats, M. S. 1940. Excavations at Harappa. 2 Vols. Calcutta.Google Scholar
Vavilov, N. I. 1926. Studies on the Origin of Cultivated Plants. Leningrad.Google Scholar
Vavilov, N. I. 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected writings translated by K. Starr Chester. Chronica Botanica, Vol. 13. Waltham, Mass.Google Scholar
Vestal, P. A. n.d. Report of Evidence of’ Cultivated Plants and Agriculture in Early Archaeological Sites of the Near East. (ms).Google Scholar
Watkins, A. 1930. The Wheat Species: a Critique. Journal of Genetics, Vol. 23, pp. 173–263. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkins, A. 1933. The Origin of Cultivated Plants. A, Vol. 7, pp. 73–80.Google Scholar
Webb, W. S., and Funkhouser, W. D. 1929. The So-called Ash Caves in Lee County, Kentucky. UK-RAA, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 37–112.Google Scholar
Webb, W. S., and Funkhouser, W. D. 1932. Archaeological Survey of Kentucky. UKRAA, Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Webb, W. S., and Funkhouser, W. D. 1936. Rock Shelters in Menifee County, Kentucky. UK-RAA, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 105-67.Google Scholar
Whitaker, T. W. 1948. Lagenaria, a Pre-Columbian Cultivated Plant in the Americas. SJA, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 49–68.Google Scholar
Whitaker, T. W., and Bird, J. B. 1949. Identification and Significance of the Cucurbit Materials from Huaca Prieta, Peru. American Museum Novitates, No. 1426. New York.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1949. Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast. SMC, Vol. 113.Google Scholar
Wintembero, W. J. 1939-40. Eskimo Sites of the Dorset Culture in Newfoundland. AAn, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 83–102; Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 309-33.Google Scholar
Wissler, Clark 1922. The American Indian. New York.Google Scholar