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William Harvey's Soliloquy to the College of Physicians: Reprising Terence's Plot

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2012

Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle
Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle
Affiliation:
Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, MA, PhD, is an independent scholar, residing at 95 Normandy Boulevard, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4L 3K4.
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Medical History , Volume 52 , Issue 3 , May 2008 , pp. 365 - 386
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Copyright © The Author(s) 2008. Published by Cambridge University Press

References

1 William Harvey, Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus, facsimile rpt. of Frankfurt, William Fitzer, 1628; Birmingham, AL, Classics of Medicine Library, 1978, pp. 5, 58. Translations of Harvey are mine.

2 See Roger French, William Harvey's natural philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1994.

3 Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, Petrarch's genius: pentimento and prophecy, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1991, pp. 20–2.

4 Idem, Erasmus on language and method in theology, University of Toronto Press, 1977, pp. 39–57. See also Thomas M Greene, The light in Troy: imitation and discovery in Renaissance poetry, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1982; George W Pigman III, ‘Versions of imitation in the Renaissance’, Renaiss. Q., 1980, 33: 1–32.

5 “Denique vt si quid reipub. literariae ex opera mea vtile, & commodum hac in parte accederet, forsan recte fecisse me constaret, nec alii omnino inertem me vixisse viderent, & quod senex ait in Comoedia (Nunquam quisquam ita bene subducta ratione ad vitam fuit, / Quin res, aetas, vsus aliquid apportet noui, / Aliquid admoneat, vt illa qua te scire credas, nescias. / Et quae tibi putaris prima in experiundo repudies.)” Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21.

6 For an introduction to humanist rhetoric, see Boyle, op. cit., notes 3 and 4 above. For an introduction to Aristotle's epistemic rhetoric, see Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, Traité de l'argumentation: la nouvelle rhétorique, 2 vols in 1, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1958. For general orientation, see Walter Jost and Wendy Olmsted (eds), A companion to rhetoric and rhetorical criticism, Oxford, Blackwell, 2004.

7 “ob amorem veritatis …”. “Philosophi enim veri, qui amore veritatis & sapientiae flagrant, nunquam se tam σοΦος, sapientia plenos reperiunt, aut suo sensu abundant, quin veritati, à quocunque & quandocunque venerit, locum dent”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 7. Note the parallel between philosophical burning with wisdom and physiological burning heart as his subject.

8 “Ex quo non solum priuatim amicis, sed etiam publice in praelectionibus meis anatomicis, Academico more, proponere meam in hac re sententiam non verebar. Quae cum aliis (vti sit) placebat, aliis minus: hi conuellere, calumniari, & vitio vertere, quod à praeceptis, & fide omnium Anatomicorum discesserim: Illi rem nouam cum inquisitu dignam tum maxime vtilem fore confirmantes, plenius sibi explicatam poscere”. Ibid., pp. 10, 17, 55, 21.

9 See Ernst R Curtius, European literature and the Latin Middle Ages, transl. Willard R Trask, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953, pp. 83–6.

10 “Tum quod neque à veteribus quemquam debito honore defraudare, neque è posterioribus quemquam irritari aequum censeam, aut moliar. Neque cum iis qui in Anatomicis antecelluerunt, & me docuerunt, manus conferere, aut dimicare honestum putem”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 8.

11 “Clarissimus Hieronym. Fabr. ab Aq … : peritissimus Anatomicus & venerabilis senex… ”. Ibid., p. 55.

12 Andrew Cunningham, ‘Fabricius and the “Aristotle Project” in anatomical teaching and research at Padua’, in Andrew Wear, Robert K French, and Iain M Lonie (eds), The medical Renaissance of the sixteenth century, Cambridge University Press, 1985, pp. 195–222. Cf. Idem, ‘Aristotle's animal books: ethology, biology, anatomy, or philosophy?’ Philosophical Topics, 1999, 27: 17–41.

13 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 54–8. Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, ‘Harvey in the sluice: from hydraulic engineering to human physiology’, Hist. Technol., 2008, 24: 1–22.

14 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 42, 58–60, 61, 65.

15 Alfred of Shareshill, Des Alfred von Sareshel Alfredus Anglicus Schrift ‘De motu cordis’, ed. Clemens Baeumker, 2 vols, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, vol. 23, Münster, Aschendorff, 1923, 1–2, pp. 1–114.

16 Thomas Aquinas, De motu cordis, in Opera omnia iussu Leonis XIII P.M. edita, Rome, San Tommaso, 1976, vol. 43, pp. 91–130.

17 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 10–19; Cicero, In Catalinam 1.1.1. See also Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 9.3.30.

18 Augustine, Confessiones 9.10.25. Marjorie O'Rourke Boyle, ‘Augustine's heartbeat: from time to eternity’, Viator: medieval and Renaissance studies, 2007, 38: 19–43.

19 “Itaque ex his, & huiusmodi plurimis patet, cum ea quae dicta antehac à prioribus de motu, & usu cordis, & arteriarum, aut inconuenientia, aut obscura, aut impossiblia, diligentius considerati appareant: utile proinde admodum erit, paulo penitius rem introspicere, arteriarum, & cordis motus non solum in homine sed & aliis universis animalibus cor habentibus contemplari. Quin etiam uiuorum dissectione frequenti, multaque autopsia ueritatem discernere, & iuestigare”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 19.

20 “Quod genus hominum (cum Poeta loquor) vbi volunt concedant facile posse: vbi nolunt nullo modo: hic vbi opus est verentur, vbi nihilo opus, ibi non verentur affirmare”. Ibid., p. 37.

21 Julius Caesar, Bellum gallicum 3.18.

22 Arthur F Leach, Educational charters and documents 598 to 1909, Cambridge University Press, 1911, p. 468.

23 Julius Caesar, Bellum gallicum 5.11, 18.

24 See Eugene M Waith, The Herculean hero in Marlowe, Chapman, Shakespeare, and Dryden, London, Chatto and Windus, 1962, pp. 11, 16, 48.

25 “Vtcumque iam iacta est alea, spes mea in amore veritatis, & doctorum animorum candore”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 41. For life as a skilled game of dice, see Terence, Adelphi lines 739–41.

26 Plutarch, Vita Caesari 32; Plutarch's lives, transl. Bernadotte Perrin, 11 vols, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1958, vol. 7, p. 523. Cf. Terence, Adelphi lines 739–41.

27 See Aristotle, Rhetorica 1398a.

28 William Shakespeare, The merchant of Venice I.iii.99.

29 Jeffrey Burton Russell, Lucifer: the devil in the Middle Ages, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1984, pp. 67–91, 211; Adolphe N Didron, Christian iconography: the history of Christian art in the Middle Ages, transl. E J Millington, 2 vols, New York, Frederick Ungar, 1965, vol. 2, pp. 127, 259–60; Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian art, transl. Janet Seligman, 2 vols, London, Lund Humphries, 1971–72, vol. 1, pp. 144–5.

30 Leach, op. cit., note 22 above, pp. 456, 466–8.

31 Erasmus, De duplici copia verborum et rerum, Betty I Knott (ed.), in Opera omnia, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1971–, vol. I-6, p. 34; transl. Knott, in The collected works of Erasmus, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1974–, vol. 24, p. 303. The critical edition cited hereafter as Amsterdam.

32 Geoffrey Keynes, The life of William Harvey, Oxford, Clarendon, 1966, pp. 6, 9, 14, 15.

33 William T Costello, The scholastic curriculum of early seventeenth-century Cambridge, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1958, pp. 45–55, 31–4, 41, 43–4, 55–64; Victor Morgan with Christopher Brooke, A history of the University of Cambridge, vol. II: 1546–1750, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 511; Mark H Curtis, Oxford and Cambridge in transition, 1558–1642: an essay on changing relations between the English universities and English society, Oxford, Clarendon, 1959, p. 87.

34 See Aristotle, Rhetorica 1356b, 1393a–1394a, 1405a–b, 1406b–1407a.

35 Leach, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 468.

36 See Thomas W Baldwin, Shakespeare's small Latine and lesse Greeke, 2 vols, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1944, vol. 1, pp. 641–2. See also Robert S. Miola, Shakespeare and classical comedy: the influence of Plautus and Terence, Oxford, Clarendon, 1994.

37 Leach, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 466.

38 Morgan, op. cit., note 33 above, pp. 512–13.

39 Erasmus, De ratione studii, ed. Jean-Claude Margolin, in Opera omnia, Amsterdam, vol. I-2, pp. 115, 148; transl. Brian McGregor, Collected works of Erasmus, vol. 24, p. 669. See also Erasmi epistolae, ed. P S Allen, et al., 12 vols, Oxford, Clarendon, 1906–58, vol. 9, pp. 401–3. For De ratione studii as “the fundamental philosophy of the grammar school in England”, see Baldwin, op. cit., note 36 above, vol. 1, p. 94.

40 Erasmus, op. cit., note 31 above, p. 121; Knott (transl.), Collected works of Erasmus, p. 416.

41 Erasmus, De ratione studii, op. cit., note 39 above, pp. 136–46.

42 C E Woodruff and H J Cape, Schola regia Canturiensis: a history of Canterbury School: commonly called the King's School, London, Mitchell Hughes & Clarke, 1908, pp. 80, 89, 335–6.

43 Brooke in Morgan with Brooke, op. cit., note 33 above, p. 38; Graham Chainey, A literary history of Cambridge, rev. ed., Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 22–6. See also G C Moore Smith, College plays performed in the University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1923.

44 See Erasmus, De ratione studii, op. cit., note 39 above, pp. 136–9; Epistolae, op. cit., note 39 above, vol. 9, p. 401.

45 Erasmus, Epistolae, op. cit., note 39 above, p. 403.

46 Oxford English dictionary, second unabridged edition, “discovery”, s.v.

47 Cicero, De inventione 1.7.9, 1.15.61–63.

48 See Leach, op. cit., note 22 above, p. 468.

49 See George E Duckworth, The nature of Roman comedy, Princeton University Press, 1952, pp. 140–2, 146–75.

50 Aelius Donatus, Commentum Terenti praef. 2.1.

51 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21; Terence, Adelphi lines 855–8, 860–1; John Barsby (transl.), Terence, 2 vols, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2001, vol. 2, pp. 349, 351.

52 For an introduction, see Lloyd A Skiffington, The history of English soliloquy: Aeschylus to Shakespeare, Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 1985; Wolfgang Clemen, Shakespeare's soliloquies, transl. Charity Scott Stokes, London, Methuen, 1987, pp. 1–12; James Hirsh, Shakespeare and the history of soliloquies, Madison, NJ, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003.

53 William Shakespeare, Hamlet III i 62-63. The Stoic identification is mine, and I would add that Hamlet is full of Aristotelian-Stoic cardiocentrism mixed with Galenic humoral medicine. For the passions, see Simo Knuuttila, Emotions in ancient and medieval philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2004; Richard J Sorabji, Emotion and peace of mind: from Stoic agitation to Christian temptation, Oxford University Press, 2000. For contemporary English theory, see Thomas Wright, The passions of the mind in general, 1601, ed. William Webster Newbold, New York, Garland, 1986.

54 John Barsby (ed.), Terence, Eunuchus, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 108, 133. For egomet, see, e.g., “egomet nunc mecum”, “egomet mihi”, Terence, Heauton timorumenos lines 385, 507; “egomet mihi”, idem, Eunuchus line 252.

55 “Coepi egomet mecum cogitare, an motionem quandam quasi in circulo haberet, quam postea veram esse reperi … ”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 41.

56 Terence, Hecyra lines 18, 33, 37.

57 Duckworth, op. cit., note 49 above, pp. 143–4, 271, 300, see also, pp. 237–49, 285–7; Sander M Goldberg, Understanding Terence, Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 73–4.

58 Erasmus, De ratione studii, op. cit., note 39 above, p. 144; De copia, ed. Betty I. Knott, in Opera omnia, Amsterdam, vol. I–6, p. 208; transl., idem, in Collected works of Erasmus, vol. 24, p. 584. See also Epistolae, op. cit., note 39 above, vol. 1, pp. 75, 93, 157, 162, 209.

59 Duckworth, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 245; and for comedic duality, see pp. 184–90.

60 Erasmus, De recta pronuntiatione, ed. Maria Cytowska, in Opera omnia, Amsterdam, vol. I-4, p. 28; transl., Maurice Pope, Collected works of Erasmus, vol. 26, p. 385. Cf. Henry Peacham, The truth of our times, in The complete gentleman, The truth of our times, and The art of living, ed. Virgil B Heltzel, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press for the Folger Shakespeare Library, 1962, pp. 208–10.

61 See Goldberg, op. cit., note 57 above, p. 21.

62 Geoffrey Lloyd and Nathan Sivin, The way and the word: science and medicine in early China and Greece, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2002, p. 112.

63 ‘The Oath’, in Hippocrates, transl. W H S Jones, 2 vols, London, William Heinemann, 1923, vol. 1, p. 298; transl., p. 299.

64 Sanford V Larkey, ‘The Hippocratic Oath in Elizabethan England’, Bull. Hist. Med., 1936, 4: 201–19, on pp. 203, 212, 216, 218.

65 Jacques Jouanna, Hippocrates, transl. M B DeBevoise, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, pp. 43–52.

66 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 31, 32. See also Helen King, ‘The power of paternity: the father of medicine meets the prince of physicians’, in David Cantor (ed.), Reinventing Hippocrates, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2002, pp. 21–36, on pp. 21–2, 27–8.

67 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 55.

68 See George N Clark, A M Cooke, and Asa Briggs, A history of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 4 vols, Oxford, Clarendon for the Royal College of Physicians, 1964–2005, vol. 1, pp. 165–6.

69 See Giles Barber, ‘Thomas Linacre: a bibliographical survey of his works’, in Francis Madison, Margaret Pelling and Charles Webster (eds), Essays on the life and work of Thomas Linacre, c. 1460–1524, Oxford, Clarendon, 1977, pp. 290–336, on p. 303; Richard J Durling, ‘Linacre and medical humanism’, in ibid., pp. 76–106, on pp. 94–5. See also Webster, ‘Thomas Linacre and the foundation of the College of Physicians’, in ibid., pp. 198–222.

70 See Morgan, op. cit., note 33 above, p. 211.

71 Curtis, op. cit., note 33 above, pp. 153–4.

72 See Jerome Bylebyl, ‘Medicine, philosophy, and humanism in Renaissance Italy’, in John W Shirley and F David Hoeniger (eds), Science and the arts in the Renaissance, Washington, DC, Folger Shakespeare Library, 1985, pp. 27–49, on pp. 29–34, 43.

73 Vivian Nutton, John Caius and the manuscripts of Galen, Cambridge, Cambridge Philological Society, 1987, pp. 60, 85–6, 106; idem, ‘John Caius and the Linacre tradition’, Med. Hist., 1979, 23: 374–91, on p. 380; idem, ‘“Prisci dissectionum professiores”: Greek texts and Renaissance anatomists’, in A C Dionisotti, Anthony Grafton and Jill Kraye (eds), The uses of Greek and Latin, historical essays, London, Warburg Institute, University of London, 1988, pp. 111–26, on p. 121.

74 Erasmus, De ratione studii, op. cit., note 39 above, pp. 143, 144.

75 Donatus, Commentum Terenti ad line 992.

76 Terence, Adelphi prol. 1–5, 24–25; Barsby (transl.), op. cit., note 51 above, vol. 2, pp. 255, 257. See also Goldberg, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 31–60, 91–122; Duckworth, op. cit., note 49 above, pp. 61–5.

77 See Goldberg, op. cit., note 57 above, pp. 56–8.

78 Terence, Hecyra lines 198–204; Barsby (transl.), op. cit., note 51 above, vol. 2, pp. 164–5.

79 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 18. Ashley Montagu, The anatomy of swearing, New York, Macmillan, 1967, pp. 31–2. The undocumented locus classicus is Aulus Gellius, Noctes atticae 11.6.1, which explains that females did not swear by Hercules because they did not sacrifice to him. For Gellius, see Erasmus, De ratione studii, op. cit., note 39 above, p. 120. For hercle/mehercle sworn only by men in Terence's plays, see also Duckworth, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 333.

80 Terence, Hecyra line 750; Barsby (transl.), op. cit., note 51 above, vol. 2, p. 225. For hercle, see line 783; for Asclepius and Hygieia of the Hippocratic Oath, see line 337.

81 Terence, Hecyra lines 608–9; Barsby (transl.), op. cit., note 51 above, vol. 2, p. 211.

82 For the topic, see Curtius, op. cit., note 9 above, pp. 98–101. See also Erasmus, Adagia, in Opera omnia, ed. Johannes Clericus, 11 vols, Leiden, 1803–7, vol. 2, p. 1070.

83 See Baldwin, op. cit., note 36 above, vol. 1, pp. 152 n.18, 177–8, 294, 336–7, Micio and Demea at pp. 348, 438.

84 “Omnes item studiosi, boni, honestique, nunquam ita passionibus indignationis, inuidiae, obrui mentem sinunt, quo minus audiant aequo animo quae pro veritate proferantur, aut rem vere demonstratam intelligant. nec turpe putant mutare sententiam si veritas suadet & aperta demonstratio: nec errores, licet antiquissimos deserere arbitrantur inhonestum”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 8. See Morris P Tilley, A dictionary of proverbs in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1950, p. 190.

85 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 7–8.

86 Galen, De methodo medendi, in Opera, ed. Karl Gottlob Kühn, 22 vols in 20, Leipzig, 1821–33, vol. 10, p. 457, cited by Owsei Temkin, Galenism: the rise and decline of a medical philosophy, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1973, p. 10.

87 Galen, De naturalibus facultatibus, in op. cit., note 86 above, vol. 2, pp. 179–80, cited by Temkin, op. cit., note 86 above, p. 32. For Linacre's translations, see Barber, op. cit., note 69 above, pp. 297–99, 303; Durling, op. cit., note 69 above, pp. 87–9, 95–7.

88 For Quintilian, see Baldwin, op. cit., note 36 above, vol. 2, pp. 197–238.

89 Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 10.2-4-10.2.19.

90 See Vergil, Aeneid 9.641-42. G Karl Galinksy, The Herakles theme: the adaptations of the hero in literature from Homer to the twentieth century, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1972, p. 35. Harvey's use of the puer-senex topic also imitates Andreas Vesalius, who in the preface to De fabrica complained that his youth has provoked the envy of his elders. Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, Basel, I Oporini, 1543, fol. 4r.

91 Historia Apollonii regis tyri, in Apollonius of Tyre: medieval and Renaissance themes and variations, ed. Elizabeth Archibald, Cambridge, D S Brewer, 1991, pp. 140–1.

92 Ibid., pp. 16–18, 22–3, 182–216. For its medieval and renaissance reception, see pp. 45–51.

93 Laurence Twine, The patterne of painefull adventures, London c. 1576, rpt. 1607, ed. Geoffrey Bullough, in Narrative and dramatic sources of Shakespeare, 8 vols, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966, vol. 6, p. 449.

94 George Wilkins, The painfull adventures of Pericles prince of Tyre, London 1608, ed. Kenneth Muir, Liverpool University Press, 1953, pp. 62–5. The erasure of the medical disciple dates to John Gower's Confessio Amantis, in The complete works, ed. G C Macaulay, 4 vols, Oxford, Clarendon, 1899–1902, vol. 4, pp. 417–18.

95 For the collaboration, see MacDonald P Jackson, Defining Shakespeare: ‘Pericles’ as test case, Oxford University Press, 2003; William Shakespeare and George Wilkins, A reconstructed text of ‘Pericles, prince of Tyre’, ed. Roger Warren from the text by Gary Taylor and Macdonald P Jackson, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 1–2. For the history, see Shakespeare, Pericles, ed. Suzanne Gossett, London, Arden Shakespeare, 2004, pp. 3, 10–38, 86–7.

96 Shakespeare, Pericles III.ii. Harvey may have been exposed to Shakespeare as early as 1595 at Cambridge, when The Lord Chamberlain's Company, of which Shakespeare was a member, toured. See Chainey, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 24.

97 Edward Jorden, A briefe discourse of a disease called the suffocation of the mother, London, John Windet, 1603. Cf. Historia Apollonii, op. cit., note 91 above, pp. 138, 166.

98 Twine, op. cit., note 93 above, p. 450.

99 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21.

100 Aristotle, Rhetorica 1405b.

101 John Calvin, Institutio christianae religionis 1.6.3, in Opera quae supersunt omnia, ed. Johann Wilhelm Baum, Eduard Cunitz, and Eduard Reuss, 59 vols in 58, Brunswick, C A Schwetshke, 1863–1900, vol. 2, p. 55.

102 Hermann Kern, Through the labyrinth: designs and meanings over 5,000 years, transl. Abigail Clay, Munich, Prestel, 2000, pp. 23–30, 138–9. See also Johann Amos Comenius, Das Labyrinth der Welt und das Paradies des Herzens, 1623.

103 Galileo Galilei, Il saggiatore, in Le opere di Galileo Galilei, ed. A Favaro and I del Lungo, 20 vols, rpt. Florence, Barbèra, 1968, vol. 6, p. 232.

104 See Thomas Coryat, Coryat's crudites, 2 vols, Glasgow, James MacLehose and Sons for the University, 1905, vol. 1, pp. 162–3, although he does not mention the labyrinth. For the labyrinth at Amiens, see Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, pp. 148–9, 191.

105 Roberto Milazzi, ‘The labyrinth of Padua’, Caerdroia, 1998, 29: 35–7.

106 Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, pp. 167–70, 105–41; Craig Wright, The maze and the warrior: symbols in architecture, theology, and music, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2001, p. 20.

107 See Roy Strong, The Renaissance garden in England, London, Thames and Hudson, 1979, p. 101. The landscape included a hydraulic organ, which may have afforded Harvey an example of his “two clackes of a water bellows to rays water”. William Harvey, Anatomical lectures: ‘Praelectiones anatomie universalis’, ‘De musculis’, ed. Gweneth Whitteridge, London, E and S Livingstone for the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1964, p. 272.

108 “(quasi è thesauro & fonte) … ”. Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 60.

109 See Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, p. 261. See also Gervase Markham, Certaine excellent and new invented knots and mazes, London, John Marriott, 1623, fig. 10; William Lawson, A new orchard and garden, London, Bar: Alsop for Roger Iackson, 1618, p. 8, pl. 10.

110 Cited by Margaret Sparks, ‘The abbey site, 1538–1997’, in Richard Gem (ed.), English heritage book of St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, London, B T Batsford and English Heritage, 1997, pp. 143–61, on p. 149.

111 Vergil, Aeneid 5.546-604. For the game of Troy, see Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, pp. 77–83. For initiation rites, see pp. 30–3, 47; W F Jackson Knight, Cumaean gates: a reference of the sixth ‘Aeneid’ to the initiation pattern, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1936; Penelope Reed Doob, The idea of the labyrinth from classical antiquity through the Middle Ages, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1990, pp. 227–53. Vergil, Aeneid 6.570, 6.23-30. “Hic labor ille domus et inextricabilis error”, 6.27. Cf. Harvey “extricatum me”, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21.

112 Wright, op. cit., note 106 above, especially pp. 192–6.

113 See Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, p. 24. For the origin of the labyrinth in a rhythmic dance, see pp. 43–7.

114 Doob, op. cit., note 111 above, pp. 94, 147.

115 Christoforo Landino, Vergilius cum quinque commentariis (Venice, 1491–92), fol. 230v on Aeneid 6.126. Cited without reference to Harvey by Craig Kallendorf, ‘From Virgil to Vida: the poeta theologus in Italian Renaissance commentary’, J. Hist. Ideas, 1995, 56: 41–62 on p. 51. The location of vv. 125–35 was repeated by Giovanni Fabrini, on p. 56.

116 See Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, p. 240, fig. 446.

117 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21.

118 See Elizabeth H Haight, The symbolism of the house door in classical poetry, New York, Longmans, Green, 1950.

119 Duckworth, op. cit., note 49 above, pp. 116–17, 324. See also pp. 415, 423–7.

120 W W Mooney, The house-door on the ancient stage, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins, 1914, p. 54. For the knocking at Terence, Adelphi line 788, see pp. 27, 39, 47.

121 Ibid., line 854.

122 See Victor Turner, ‘Betwixt and between: the liminality period in rites de passage’, in idem, The forest of symbols: aspects of Ndembu ritual, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1967, pp. 93–5, 97, 106–7, citing Cicero, De legibus 2.14.

123 See Clark, op. cit., note 68 above, vol. 1, pp. 90, 93–4, 101–3, 122–3, 133, 137, 138, 141, 180, 181.

124 Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.162–66; Metamorphoses, transl. Frank J Miller, 2 vols, London, William Heinemann, 1960, vol. 1, pp. 417–19. A designed meander differs from a labyrinth because its paths are intersected. Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, p. 23. For Harvey as an explorer of “man's Meander”, see Abraham Cowley, ‘Ode upon Dr. Harvey’, cited in Keynes, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 427.

125 Vergil, Aeneid 6.128-29; Virgil, transl. H Rushton Fairclough, 2 vols, London, William Heineman, 1967, vol. 1, p. 515.

126 Tilley, op. cit., note 84 above, p. 365. See Erasmus, Parabolae sive similia, ed. Jean-Claude Margolin, in Opera omnia, Amsterdam, vol. I-5, p. 272.

127 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, between pp. 56–7. See also Keynes, op. cit., note 32 above, p. 177.

128 Francis Bacon, Filum labyrinthi, sive formula inquisitionis, in Works, ed. J Spedding, R L Ellis, and D D Heath, 7 vols, London, Longmans, Green and Roberts, 1857–59, vol. 6, p. 419. For Bacon and Harvey, see also Keynes, op. cit., note 32 above, pp. 157–61; French, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 325–7.

129 Vergil, Aeneid 6.679-702, 898; 6.156-58; Fairclough (transl.), op. cit., note 125 above, vol. 1, p. 517. Cf. Harvey's citations of Aeneid 6.726-27 and 10.5.487 in Exercitationes de generatione animalium, London, Octavian Pulleyn, 1651, pp. 83, 248.

130 Cf. Petrucchio in Padua, bidding servants to knock and knock on Hortensius's door to announce the plot: “Antonio, my father, is deceased;/And I have thrust myself into this maze”. Shakespeare, Taming of the shrew I.ii.1-55.

131 Quintilian, Institutio oratoria 5.10.112.

132 Girolamo Fabrici d'Aquapendente, De venarum ostiolis, Padua, 1603, facsimile rpt., ed. and transl. Kenneth J Franklin, London, Baillière, Tindall, and Cox, 1933, pp. 71, 75, 78–81. For ostiolum as “wicket”, see John Withals, A short dictionary most profitable for young beginners, 2nd ed., rev. Lewis Evans, London, Thomas Purfoote, 1581, s.v.; for “little dore, or wicket”, John Baret, An aluearaie or quadruple dictionarie containing foure sundrie tongues: namelie, English, Latine, Greeke, and French, 2nd ed., London, Henry Denham, 1580, p. 120. Note that Fabrici's cavitas and the caverna of a labyrinth share the same root.

133 Elsa M Cappelletti, ‘Elenco delle piante coltivate nel 1591’, in Alessandro Minelli (ed.), L'orto botanico di Padova: 1545–1995, Venice, Marsilio, 1995, pp. 212, 240. Vervain was native to the British Isles and common in its herbals. E.g. “ueruayne” in William Copland, A boke of the properties of herbes called an herball… 1568/69. There was no proper medicinal garden at the College of Physicians, London, however. Clark, op. cit., note 68 above, vol. 1, p. 256.

134 Coryat, op. cit., note 104 above, vol. 1, pp. 291–2; cf. 290, vol. 2, 384, vol. 1, p. 290.

135 Margherita Azzi Visentini, L'orto botanico di Padova e il giardino del Rinascimento, Milan, Polifilo, 1984, pp. 33–104, and figs. on pp. 116, 118; Andrea Ubrizsy Savoia, ‘L'orto di Padova all'epoca del Guilandino’, in Minnelli (ed.), op. cit., note 133 above, pp. 173–96, on pp. 188, 191, 193, 194; Vittorio Del Piaz and Maurizio Rippa Bonati, ‘L'Horto medicinale dello Studium patavinum: progeto e rappresentazione’, in ibid., pp. 33–56, on pp. 32, 36–7.

136 See Paul F Grendler, The universities of the Italian Renaissance, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002, pp. 345–6, 348.

137 Azzi Visentini, op. cit., note 135 above, p. 38. See also John Prest, The garden of Eden: the botanic garden and the re-creation of paradise, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1981.

138 Song 4:12. E Ann Matter, The voice of my beloved: the Song of Songs in western medieval Christianity, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990, pp. 154, 162–3.

139 Plato, Timaeus 70b; The dialogues of Plato, transl. Benjamin Jowett, 4 vols, 4th ed. rev., Oxford, Clarendon, 1964, vol. 3, p. 757.

140 Kenneth J Franklin (ed.), Fabrici d'Aquapendente, op. cit., note 132 above, pp. 25–9; Cynthia Klestinec, ‘A history of anatomy theaters in sixteenth-century Padua’, J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 2004, 59: 375–412, on pp. 399–400. For concentric circles and labyrinths, see Kern, op. cit., note 102 above, p. 23.

141 Leon Battista Alberti, L'Architettura [De re aedificatoria], ed. Giovanni Orlandi, 2 vols, Milan, Polifilo, 1966, vol 2, p. 751.

142 See Klestinec, op. cit., note 140 above, pp. 381, 399–409.

143 Hippocratic ‘Oath’, op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 300–1.

144 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 42, 59. Roman lares may have been ancestors worshipped at the hearth, for they were described as sooty. David G Orr, ‘Roman domestic religion: the evidence of the household shrines’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung, ed. Hildegard Temporini, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1972, 2.16. vol. 2, pp. 1564, 1566, 1567.

145 Plautus, Aulularia prol.

146 William Harvey, op. cit., note 129 above, pp. 54, 183, 250.

147 Harvey, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 58–9. See Gad Freudenthal, Aristotle's theory of material substance: heart and pneuma, form and soul, Oxford, Clarendon, 1995, pp. 19–35, 130–4, 182; Philip J van der Eijk, ‘Aristotle's psycho-physiological account of the soul-body relationship’, in John P Wright and Paul Potter (eds), Psyche and soma: physicians and metaphysicians on the mind-body problem from antiquity to enlightenment, Oxford, Clarendon, 2000, pp. 57–77, on pp. 68–9. Aristotle, De partibus animalium 670a; cf. Thomas Aquinas, Super ad Hebraeos 2.3.

148 See Angela Della Volpe, ‘From the hearth to the creation of boundaries’, J. of Indo-European Stud., 1990, 18: 157–84, on pp. 158–60; Paul Veyne, ‘The Roman house’, in Paul Veyne and Georges Duby (eds), A history of private life, vol. 1: From pagan Rome to Byzantium, transl. Arthur Goldhammer, 5 vols, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1987–91, pp. 315–17, on p. 315; Michael Rouche, ‘The early Middle Ages in the West’, in ibid., pp. 411–549, on p. 495; Robert Fossier, Peasant life in the medieval West, transl. Juliet Vale, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1988, pp. 68–9; Norman J G Pounds, Hearth and home: a history of medieval culture, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1989, pp. 194–5; Jean Chapelot and Robert Fossier, The village and house in the Middle Ages, transl. Henry Cleere, London, B T Batsford, 1985, pp. 193, 217–19.

149 For the later report from memory of a conversation that the venous membranes originated Harvey's invention of the blood's circulation, see Robert Boyle, Disquisition about the final causes of natural things, in The works of Robert Boyle, ed. Michael Hunter and Edward B Davis, 14 vols, London, Pickering and Chatto, 1999–2000, vol. 12, p. 129. Among historians who consider Harvey's research on the venous membranes “central”, see especially French, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 350–59; Boyle, op. cit., note 13 above.