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Competition and Cooperation in Hospital Provision in Middlesbrough, 1918–1948

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2012

Barry M Doyle
Barry M Doyle
Affiliation:
School of Social Sciences and Law, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK
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Information
Medical History , Volume 51 , Issue 3 , 01 July 2007 , pp. 337 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2007. Published by Cambridge University Press

References

1 R M Titmuss, Problems of social policy, London, Longman, 1950.

2 For a modern summary of this view, see N Timmins, The five giants: a biography of the welfare state, London, Harper Collins, 1995.

3 S Cherry, ‘Beyond national health insurance. The voluntary hospitals and hospital contributory schemes: a regional study’, Soc. Hist. Med., 1992, 5: 455–82; idem, ‘Accountability, entitlement, and control issues and voluntary hospital funding c.1860–1939’, Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9: 215–33; idem, ‘Before the National Health Service: financing the voluntary hospitals, 1900–1939’, Econ. Hist. Rev., 1997, 50: 305–26.

4 B Abel-Smith, The hospitals 1800–1948: a study in social administration in England and Wales, London, Heinemann, 1964; R Pinker, English hospital statistics, 1861–1938, London, Heinemann, 1966; C Webster, The health services since the war: problems of health care, London, HMSO, 1988.

5 In particular, M Gorsky, J Mohan and M Powell, ‘British voluntary hospitals, 1871–1938: the geography of provision and utilization’, J. Hist. Geog., 1999, 25: 463–82; M Gorsky and J Mohan, ‘London's voluntary hospitals in the interwar period: growth, transformation or crisis?’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2001, 30: 247–75; M Gorsky, J Mohan, and M Powell, ‘The financial health of voluntary hospitals in interwar Britain’, Economic History Review, 2002, 55: 533–57; M Gorsky, M Powell and J Mohan, ‘British voluntary hospitals and the public sphere: contribution and participation before the National Health Service’, in S Sturdy (ed.), Medicine, health and the public sphere in Britain, 1600–2000, London, Routledge, 2002, pp. 123–44.

6 M Gorsky, J Mohan and T Willis, ‘Hospital contributory schemes and the NHS debates 1937–46: the rejection of social insurance in the British welfare state?’, Twentieth Cent. Br. Hist., 2005, 16: 170–92.

7 Gorsky, Mohan and Powell, ‘Geography of provision’, op. cit., note 5 above; idem, ‘Public sphere’, op. cit., note 5 above.

8 Gorsky, Mohan and Powell, ‘Geography of provision’, op. cit., note 5 above, pp. 472–4; J Mohan, Planning, markets and hospitals, London, Routledge, 2002.

9 See, for example, Gorsky and Mohan, ‘London's voluntary hospitals’, op. cit., note 5 above, for the situation in the capital.

10 C Webster, The National Health Service: a political history, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 15–25; H Jones, Health and society in twentieth-century Britain, Harlow, Longman, 1994, pp. 119–25, 139–40; A Hardy, Health and medicine in Britain since 1860, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, pp. 140–2.

11 See, for example, V Berridge, Health and society in Britain since 1939, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 14–15.

12 Webster, Political history, op. cit., note 10 above, pp. 3–5.

13 Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 37–44.

14 A Levene, M Powell, and J Stewart, ‘Patterns of municipal health expenditure in interwar England and Wales’, Bull. Hist. Med., 2004, 78: 635–69; A Levene, M Powell, and J Stewart, ‘The development of municipal hospital care in English county boroughs in the 1930s’, Med. Hist., 2006, 50: 3–27.

15 M Powell, ‘An expanding service: municipal acute medicine in the 1930s’, Twentieth Cent. Br. Hist., 1997, 8: 334–57.

16 J Stewart, ‘“For a healthy London”: the Socialist Medical Association and the London County Council in the 1930s’, Med. Hist., 1997, 41: 417–36; idem, ‘The battle for health’: a political history of the Socialist Medical Association, 1930–1951, Aldershot, Ashgate, 1999.

17 Webster, Political history, op. cit., note 10 above; Jones, op. cit., note 10 above; V Berridge, ‘Health and medicine, 1750–1950’, in F M L Thompson (ed.), Cambridge social history of Britain, 1750–1950: vol. III, Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp. 171–242;

18 Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, chs 2–3, for a regional example.

19 Consultative Council on Medical and Allied Services, Interim report on the future provision of medical and allied services (Dawson Report), Cmnd 693, London, HMSO, 1920. See Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, for discussion.

20 Political and Economic Planning (PEP), Report on the British health services, London, PEP, 1937.

21 Geoffrey Finlayson, Citizen, state and social welfare in Britain, 1830–1990, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994.

22 C Webster, ‘Conflict and consensus: explaining the British health service’, Twentieth Cent. Br. Hist., 1990, 1: 115–51; Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above.

23 For the nineteenth-century origins, see K Waddington, Charity and the London hospitals, 1850–1898, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2000; Stewart, ‘“For a healthy London”’, op. cit., note 16 above; G Rivett, The development of the London hospital system, 1823–1982, London, King's Hospital Fund for London, 1986.

24 J V Pickstone, Medicine and industrial society: a history of hospital development in Manchester and its region 1752–1946, Manchester University Press, 1985.

25 D Fox, Health policies, health politics: the British and American experience, 1911–1965, Princeton University Press, 1986.

26 J Mohan, ‘The neglected roots of regionalism? The Commissioners for the Special Areas and grants to hospital services in the 1930s’, Soc. Hist. Med., 1997, 10: 243–62.

27 Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, chs 2 and 3.

28 M Gorsky, ‘“For the treatment of sick persons of all classes”: the transformation of Bristol's hospital services, 1918–1939’, in P Wardley (ed.), Bristol historical resource CD-ROM, Bristol, 2000, for Bristol and Birmingham, and Pickstone, op. cit., note 24 above, pp. 251–67, for Manchester.

29 This would seem to be the case in Bristol, Manchester, Aberdeen and Birmingham by the 1940s. Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above, section 5.3, ‘The revival of integration in the 1930s’; Pickstone, op. cit., note 24 above, p. 267; and M Gorsky, ‘“Threshold of a new era”: the development of an integrated hospital system in north-east Scotland, 1900–39’, Soc. Hist. Med., 2004, 17: 247–67.

30 J Welshman, Municipal medicine: public health in twentieth-century Britain, Oxford, Peter Lang, 2000.

31 S Cherry, ‘Medical care since 1750’, in C Rawcliffe and R Wilson (eds), Norwich since 1550, London, Hambledon, 2004, pp. 271–94.

32 T Willis, ‘Politics, ideology and the governance of health care in Sheffield before the NHS’, in R J Morris and R H Trainor (eds), Urban governance: Britain and beyond since 1750, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2000, pp. 128–49.

33 Ministry of Health [H Lett and A E Quine], Hospital survey: the hospital services of the North-Eastern area, London, HMSO, 1946; B Doyle, A history of hospitals in Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough, South Tees NHS Hospitals Trust, 2002.

34 The issue has received some attention from J Mansfield, ‘From competition to co-operation: co-ordination of acute hospital services in Middlesbrough, 1920–1950’, MA Dissertation, Teesside Polytechnic, 1991; and Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, especially pp. 54, 58, which draw heavily on Mansfield.

35 Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above.

36 A Briggs, ‘Middlesbrough: the growth of a new community’, in idem, Victorian cities, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1968; A J Pollard (ed.), Middlesbrough: town and community, 1830–1950, Thrupp, Sutton Publishing, 1996; G A North, Teesside's economic heritage, Middlesbrough, Cleveland County Council, 1975; W Lillie, The history of Middlesbrough: an illustration of the evolution of English industry, Middlesbrough Borough Council, 1968; J W Leonard, ‘Urban development and population growth in Middlesbrough 1831–1871’, PhD thesis, University of York, 1975.

37 L Polley, ‘Housing the community, 1830–1914’, in Pollard (ed.), op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 153–72; Max Lock (ed.), Middlesbrough survey and plan, Middlesbrough Corporation, 1946.

38 W Ranger, Report to the General Board of Health … Middlesbrough, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1854; Lady F Bell, At the works: a study of a manufacturing town, first pub., London, 1907, repub. Middlesbrough, University of Teesside, 1997, ch. 1.

39 Dr Ballard, ‘Report upon epidemic malady prevalent in Middlesbrough and its neighbourhood, the most obvious character of the disease being pleuro-pneumonia’, Reports of the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, App. A, No.18 C.5813,1888, pp. 163–333; J Watkin Edwards, ‘Industrial diseases of iron and steel works in Middlesbrough’, Iron and Coal Trades Review, 11 Aug. 1916, 93: 153–4; J Blanco-White, ‘Atmospheric pollution in the county borough of Middlesbrough’, in Lock (ed.), op. cit., note 37 above, pp. 345–52; A-K Woebse, ‘The environmental history of Middlesbrough’, Cleveland History, 1995, 69: 2–19.

40 Bell, op. cit., note 38 above, pp. 90–1.

41 North, op. cit., note 36 above; Bell, op. cit., note 38 above; D Taylor, ‘The infant Hercules and the Augean Stables: a century of economic and social development in Middlesbrough, c.1840–1939’, in Pollard (ed.), op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 53–80.

42 A A Hall, ‘Wages, earnings and real earnings in Teesside: a reassessment of the ameliorist interpretation of living standards in Britain, 1870–1914’, Int. Rev. Soc. Hist., 1981, 26: 202–19; J J Turner, ‘The frontier revisited: thrift and fellowship in the new industrial town, c.1840–1914’, in Pollard (ed.), op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 81–102; Bell, op. cit., note 38 above, pp. 26–7, 48.

43 K Nicholas, Social effects of unemployment on Teesside, 1919–1939, Manchester University Press, 1986; and G Rowntree, ‘Health services in Middlesbrough’, in Lock (ed.), op. cit., note 37 above, pp. 323–5.

44 Bell, op. cit., note 38 above, pp. 78–82.

45 Taylor, op. cit., note 41 above, pp. 74–5; Polley, op. cit., note 37 above; J Albery, ‘Housing’, in Lock (ed.), op. cit., note 37 above, pp. 185–236.

46 Taylor, op. cit., note 41 above, pp. 78–9.

47 Gorsky, Mohan and Powell, ‘Geography of provision’, op. cit., note 5 above, Table 4, p. 472, pp. 473–4.

48 B M Doyle, ‘The changing functions of urban government: councillors, officials and pressure groups’, in M Daunton (ed.), The Cambridge urban history of Britain: volume 3, 1830–1950, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 287–314; M Gorsky, Patterns of philanthropy: charity and society in nineteenth-century Bristol, London, Royal Historical Society, 1999; Cherry, op. cit., note 31 above.

49 Turner, op. cit., note 42 above.

50 Doyle, Hospitals, op. cit., note 33 above, pp. 9–13; G Stout, History of North Ormesby Hospital, Stokesley, Geoffrey Stout, 1989; J E Croker, ‘Early hospital provision in Middlesbrough, 1860–1880’, MA dissertation, Teesside Polytechnic, 1982; Mansfield, op. cit., note 34 above; G Stout and R Blowers ‘Smallpox hospitals in the Cleveland area of North Yorkshire, 1871–1946: notes from various sources’, unpublished paper, Middlesbrough Reference Library, C362.11.

51 For the roots of this competition in the Edwardian period, see B M Doyle, ‘Voluntary hospitals in Edwardian Middlesbrough: A preliminary report’, North East History, 2001, 34: 5–33. For similar competition in Bristol, see Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above, ch. 3, ‘Bristol's voluntary hospitals: a system in decline’.

52 Holgate, the Poor Law Infirmary, began taking fee-paying patients in 1920, Minutes of Holgate hospital, 16 September 1920, Teesside Archives (hereafter TA), TA PU/M 1/28.

53 B Doyle, ‘Power and accountability in the voluntary hospitals of Middlesbrough, 1900–1948’, in A Borsay and P Shapely (eds), Medicine, charity and mutual aid: the consumption of health and welfare, c.1550–1950, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007, pp. 207–24.

54 Ibid.

55 B Doyle and R Nixon, ‘Voluntary hospital finance in north-east England: the case of North Ormesby Hospital, Middlesbrough, 1900–1947’ Cleveland History, 2001, 80: 4–18 on pp. 8–9; Mansfield, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 96.

56 ‘Patients must pay’, North Eastern Daily Gazette (hereafter NEDG), 12 June 1931 for the Carter Bequest; NOH Council minutes, sub-committee, 29 May 1933, TA H/NOR/14; R Lewis, R Nixon and B Doyle, ‘Health services in Middlesbrough: North Ormesby Hospital 1900–1948’, Unpublished report, Centre for Local Historical Research, Middlesbrough, 1999.

57 North Ormesby Hospital annual report, 1933, p. 54; Statutes and rules for the government of the Infirmary, Middlesbrough for the North Riding of the County of York: revised 1902, Middlesbrough, 1902, pp. 17–18.

58 Lewis, Nixon and Doyle, op. cit., note 56 above, pp. 20–1; Mansfield, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 96.

59 See Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above, section 3.3, ‘Income in transition: from hierarchial charity to patients' contributions’, for these differences.

60 S Cherry, Medical services and the hospitals in Britain, 1860–1939, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 44–8, and Doyle, ‘Urban government’, op. cit., note 48 above.

61 For the division of responsibilities, see Cherry, Medical services, op. cit., note 60 above, pp. 48–51, 61–3.

62 J J Turner, ‘Guisborough, Middlesbrough and Stockton Poor Law Union workhouses, 1837–c.1830: an introduction’, unpublished, University of Leeds Dept. of Adult Education, n.d.; Doyle, Hospitals, op. cit., note 33 above, ch. 3.

63 Powell, ‘Expanding service’, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 345–7.

64 Information on the development and conditions at the hospital is drawn from the minutes of the Middlesbrough Board of Guardians, TA PU/M 1/3–41.

65 P Kitchen, Souvenir of the opening of the municipal children's hospital, Holgate, Middlesbrough Corporation, 1934. Middlesbrough Council Hospital Committee, 20 Nov. 1931, TA CB/M/H 13.

66 Middlesbrough Borough Council Minutes, TA CB/M/6/2/1930.

67 For sample data from 1913, 1928 and 1930 (following appropriation), see TA PU/M 1/19, TA PU/M 1/39 and TA H/MG 1/1.

68 South Tees-Side Hospital Management Committee, Souvenir of the commemoration of the centenary of West Lane Hospital, 1872–1972, Middlesbrough, South Tees-Side Hospital Management Committee, 1972; M Race, ‘Writing the history of St. Luke's Hospital’, Cleveland History, 1999, 76: 1–9; M Race, A century of care: a history of St. Luke's Hospital, Middlesbrough 1898–1998, Middlesbrough, 1999.

69 Doyle, ‘Urban government’ op. cit., note 48 above, p. 290.

70 M Dagenais, I Maver and P-Y Saunier (eds.), Municipal services and employees in the modern city: New historic approaches, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2003.

71 Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above, section 4.4, ‘The consolidation of municipal hospital policy’.

72 Welshman, op. cit., note 30 above, p. 116, and B M Doyle, ‘Mapping slums in a historic city: representing working-class communities in Edwardian Norwich’, Planning Perspectives, 2001, 16: 47–65.

73 G Stout, ‘Medical Officers of Health in nineteenth century Middlesbrough’, Cleveland History, 2000, 78: 31–46; TA CB/M/H 14.

74 See M Powell, ‘Did politics matter? Municipal public health expenditure in the 1930s’, Urban History, 1995, 22: 360–79, for details.

75 Levene, Powell and Stewart, ‘Municipal hospital care’, op. cit., note 14 above.

76 For the minutes of the hospital from 1930, see TA H/MG 1–9.

77 MOH report to Hospital committee, TA CB/M/H 14. The death rate for admissions remained at between 20 and 25 per cent for the whole of the 1930s.

78 Lillie, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 192–3; Mohan, ‘Roots of regionalism’, op. cit., note 26 above, p. 253.

79 See Tees-Side Hospital Management Committee, Tees-Side hospitals: first report of the Tees-Side Hospital Management Committee, Middlesbrough, Tees-Side Hospital Management Committee, 1950.

80 ‘Survey of public health services. Report prepared by the Medical Officer of Health, May 29th 1931’, TA CB/M/H 13.

81 For the variety of approaches taken by municipal authorities, see Powell, ‘Expanding service’, op. cit., note 15 above, and the more recent work of Levene, Powell and Stewart, ‘Municipal health expenditure’ and ‘Municipal hospital care’, op. cit., note 14 above.

82 ‘Survey of public health services. Report prepared by the Medical Officer of Health, May 29th 1931’, TA CB/M/H 13; Kitchen, op. cit., note 65 above; P Kitchen, Souvenir of the official opening … 22nd June 1935. Holgate Municipal Hospital, (General) extension of the male surgical and tuberculosis wards, Middlesbrough, Middlesbrough Corporation, 1935.

83 Minutes of the hospital committee, 19 Feb. 1934, TA CB/M/H 13.

84 See Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 40–2, 62–3.

85 The author has been awarded a Wellcome Trust Grant to examine the ‘Labour Party and Health Policy in Middlesbrough and Leeds, 1900–1950’, in order to explore these themes further.

86 Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above, section 4.3, ‘The Local Government Act, 1929: a new ethos’.

87 TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Matters chatted about & noted for future reference’, Special reports of Medical Officer of Health, 1933–45.

88 This analysis is close to that of the broader municipal picture offered by Levene, Powell and Stewart, ‘Municipal hospital care’, op. cit., note 14 above.

89 NRI house committee minutes, 20 Dec. 1928, TA H/MI (2) 1/8.

90 NOH minute book, liaison sub-committee, 24 May 1929, TA H/NOR 1/23.

91 TA H/NOR 1/23, NOH council minutes, 18/12/28.

92 S Sturdy and R Cooter, ‘Science, scientific management, and the transformation of medicine in Britain c.1870–1950’, Hist. Sci., 1998, 36: 1–47.

93 For the town's changing economic geography, see J W House and B Fullerton, Tees-side at mid-century: an industrial and economic survey, London, Macmillan, 1960.

94 The 1929 Act required local authorities to consult the voluntary sector to achieve potential coordination. See Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 57.

95 NEDG, 11 July 1930.

96 TA H/NOR 1/14, ‘Report of Conference between the Middlesbrough Voluntary Hospitals Joint Consultative Committee and the Sanitary Committee, to which the whole of the members of the Middlesbrough Corporation were invited. Held on Thursday 18th December 1930’.

97 Doyle, ‘Power’, op. cit., note 53 above.

98 TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Relations between voluntary and municipal hospitals’, 31 May 1933, Special reports of Medical Officer of Health, 1933–45.

99 Ibid.

100 For a general history of the Guild of Help, see K Laybourn, The Guild of Help and the changing face of Edwardian philanthropy, Lewiston, NY, Edwin Mellen, 1994. For links between hospital management and charitable managements, see Sturdy and Cooter, op. cit., note 92 above.

101 Willis, op. cit., note 32 above; Cherry, ‘Beyond national health insurance’, op. cit., note 3 above; Pickstone, op. cit., note 24 above; Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above. In 1939 the NOH and the NRI, along with Stockton and Thornaby Hospital, were considering a move away from workplace collections to a central scheme, although the move had to be shelved due to the war. TA H/NOR 1/16, ‘Conference between representatives of North Riding Infirmary, North Ormesby Hospital and Stockton and Thornaby Hospital concerning the establishment of a contributory fund in Teesside’, 7 Mar. 1939.

102 Doyle, ‘Power’, op. cit., note 53 above.

103 NEDG, 15 Sept. 1936; TA H/NOR 1/15, ‘Report of conference held between the representatives of the North Ormesby Hospital, North Riding Infirmary and the Hospitals Committee of the Middlesbrough Town Council’, 19 Nov. 1936.

104 TA CB/M/C2/233, hospitals committee, 14 June 1938; TA H/NOR 1/16, Middlesbrough Hospitals Advisory Joint Committee (hereafter HAJC), 26 July 1938.

105 S Davies and B Morley, County borough elections in England and Wales, 1919–1938: a comparative analysis, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2000, vol. 2, pp. 195–303; A Thorpe, ‘“One of the most backward areas of the country”: the Labour party's grass roots in South West England, 1918–45’, in M Worley (ed.), Labour's grass roots: essays on the activities and experiences of local Labour parties and members, 1918–45, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 216–39; Powell, ‘Politics’, op. cit., note 74 above.

106 “Radium Commission visits Tees-side”, NEDG, 6 Dec. 1938; TA H/NOR 1/16, Middlesbrough HAJC, 7 June 1939.

107 TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Report upon the scheme for the treatment of contributors to the voluntary hospitals in the Municipal Hospital’, 9 Jan. 1943, Special reports of the Medical Officer of Health.

108 There is no reference to this development in either Mansfield, op. cit., note 34 above, or Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above.

109 TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Treatment of voluntary hospital contributors’, Special reports of the Medical Officer of Health.

110 TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Matters chatted about & noted for future reference’, Special reports of the Medical Officer of Health.

111 TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Relations between voluntary and municipal hospitals’, 31 May 1943, Special reports of Medical Officer of Health, 1933–45.

112 Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England, ‘Historic buildings report: Hemlington hospital’, unpublished report of the RCHME, York, 1993; TA CB/M/H 14, ‘Health services’, 16 Oct. 1942, Special reports of the Medical Officer of Health; Ministry of Health, Hospital survey, op. cit., note 33 above, p. 70.

113 TA H/NOR 1/16, ‘Report of a joint meeting of representatives of the North Ormesby Hospital and the North Riding Infirmary … 4 August 1937’; NEDG, 5 Aug. 1937; NEDG, 14 Apr. 1938.

114 The reasoning of the NOH Council was set out in a letter to Sir Francis Samuelson on 15 Nov. 1938 and reported in NOH Council Minutes, 28 Nov. 1938, TA H/NOR 1/16. For the terse note of rejection of the scheme by the medical staff see TA H/NOR 1/16, ‘Meeting of the hon. medical and surgical staff … 21st September 1938 to consider the Orde Report and the recommendations of the joint report’. See also TA H/NOR 1/16, Middlesbrough HAJC, 7 June 1939, and NEDG, 8 June 1939.

115 Gerald Cochrane to Sir Francis Samuelson, 15 Nov. 1938 in TA H/NOR 1/16, NOH Council Minutes, 28 Nov. 1938.

116 Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, p. 54; Mansfield, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 54.

117 Doyle, ‘Power’, op. cit., note 53 above; North, op. cit., note 36 above.

118 Doyle, Hospitals, op. cit., note 33 above, p. 19; Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above, pp. 106–7, for the politics of building decisions in the 1950s.

119 TA H/NOR 1/16, Liaison Committee, 5 Aug. 1938.

120 Northern Echo, 18 May 1940; NEDG, 27 Nov. 1940; TA H/NOR 1/17, NOH Minutes, 28 Nov. 1940.

121 TA H/NOR 1/17, NOH Council Minutes, Aug. 1942; Middlesbrough HAJC, 27 Apr. 1943; Liaison Committee, 19 Oct. 1943. Mansfield suggests that NOH Council had rejected a joint eye clinic in 1942, but if they did they had changed their mind by the following year. Mansfield, op. cit., note 34 above, p. 60.

122 TA H/NOR 1/17, Liaison Committee, 15 Mar. 1944.

123 Ministry of Health, Hospital survey, op. cit., note 33 above; Tees-Side HMC, Tees-Side hospitals, op. cit., note 79 above.

124 Gorsky, ‘Bristol’, op. cit., note 28 above, ch. 6, ‘Conclusion’.

125 Mohan, Planning, op. cit., note 8 above; Pickstone, op. cit., note 24 above, pp. 262, 266.

126 For a clear critique of this position, see Pickstone, op. cit., note 24 above, p. 266.