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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 November 2016
We say that a bilinear transformation w=f(z) leaves a given locus C in the complex plane “invariant” if C coincides, as a point set, with its image f(C) under the transformation.
page 26 note * It will be observed that 4ϒ2 =(a + d)2/(ad - bc) is an invariant of the transformation (1) under any simultaneous bilinear transformation of the z- and w-planes.
page 28 note * We may observe, in passing, that the relation r 2 =ρ2 - 1 (which must hold for ϒ2>0) means that all the invariant circles of the pencil are orthogonal to the unit (isometric) circle ∣ z ∣ = 1.