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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 January 2015
Recall that Fermat's ‘little theorem’ says that if p is prime and a is not a multiple of p, then ap − 1 ≡ 1 mod p.
This theorem gives a possible way to detect primes, or more exactly, non-primes: if for a certain a coprime to n, a− 1 is not congruent to 1 mod n, then, by the theorem, n is not prime. A lot of composite numbers can indeed be detected by this test, but there are some that evade it. Let us give ourselves some notation and terminology to discuss them.