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61.2 The number of quadratic residues mod m
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 September 2016
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1. It is well known that if p is a prime number not equal to 2, then exactly half the non-zero residues of p are quadratic residues (that is, squares in the arithmetic mod p). What happens if the modulus m is not prime? We can look at this problem in two ways: we can insist that our residues are relatively prime to m, or we can consider all the residues.
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