Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:07:53.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Performance Appraisal, Performance Management and Improving Individual Performance: A Motivational Framework

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Angelo S. DeNisi
Affiliation:
Tulane University, USA
Robert D. Pritchard
Affiliation:
University of Central Florida, USA

Abstract

Performance appraisal has been the focus of considerable research for almost a century. Yet, this research has resulted in very few specific recommendations about designing and implementing appraisal and performance management systems whose goal is performance improvement. We believe that a reason for this is that appraisal research became too interested in measurement issues and not interested enough in ways to improve performance, although some recent trends in the area have begun moving the field in the right direction. We review these trends and their genesis, and propose a motivational framework as a means of integrating what we have learned and generating proposals for future research that focus on employee's performance improvement.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International Association for Chinese Management Research 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramis, D. J. (1994). ‘Work role ambiguity, job satisfaction, and job performance: Meta-analyses and review’. Psychological Reports, 75, 1411–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, C. G. and Murphy, K. R. (1985). ‘Toward narrowing the researcher-practice gap in performance appraisal’. Personnel Psychology, 38, 335-46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartol, K. M. (1999). ‘Refraining sales force compensation systems: An agency theory-based performance management perspective’. Journal of Personal Selling and Saks Management, 19, 18.Google Scholar
Beehr, M., Ruh, R., Dawson, J. A., McCaa, B. B. and Kavanagh, M. J. (1978). ‘A performance management system. Research, design, introduction, and evaluation’. Personnel Psychology, 31, 505-35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardin, H. J. and Beatty, R. W. (1984). Performance Appraisal: Assessing Human Behavior at Work. Boston: Kent Publishing.Google Scholar
Bernardin, H. J. and Buckley, M. R. (1981). ‘A consideration of strategies in rater training’. Academy of Management Review, 6, 205-12.Google Scholar
Bernardin, H. J., La Shells, M. B., Smith, P. C. and Alvares, K. M. (1976). ‘Behavioral expectation scales: Effects of development procedures and formats’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 7579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardin, H. J. and Pence, E. C. (1980). ‘Rater training: Creating new response sets and decreasing accuracy’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 6066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bies, R. J. and Moag, J. S. (1986). ‘Interactionaljustice: Communication criteria of fairness’. Research on Negotiations in Organizations, 1, 4355.Google Scholar
Bladen, A. M. (2001). Current Theory and Best Practices Underlying Performance Management and Employee Development Programs: A White Paper. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc.Google Scholar
Bobko, P. and Colella, A. (1994). ‘Employee reactions to performance standards: A review and research propositions’. Personnel Psychology, 47, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boswell, W. R. and Boudreau, J. W. (2001). ‘How leading companies create, measure, and achieve strategic results through “line of sight”’. Management Decision, 39, 851-59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracken, D. W. (1994). ‘Straight talk about multirater feedback’. Training and Development, 48, 4451.Google Scholar
Breaugh, J. A. and Colihan, J. P. (1994). ‘Measuring facets of job ambiguity: Construct validity evidence’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 191202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockner, J. and Weisenfeld, B. M. (1997). An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: Interactive effects of outcomes and procedures’. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 189208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. P. and Campbell, R. J. (Eds.), (1988). Productivity in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. P., McCloy, R. A., Oppler, S. H. and Sager, C. E. (1993). ‘A theory of performance’. In Schmitt, N. and Borman, W. C. (Eds.), Personnel Selection in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey Bass, (pp. 3570).Google Scholar
Campbell, J. P. and Pritchard, R. D. (1976). ‘Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology’. In Dunnette, M. D. (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, (pp. 63130).Google Scholar
Cleveland, J. N., Murphy, K. R. and Williams, R. E. (1989). ‘Multiple uses of performance appraisal: Prevalence and correlates’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 130-35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coens, T. and Jenkins, M. (2000). Abolishing Performance Appraisab: Why They Backfire and What to Do Instead. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Colquitt, J. (2001). ‘On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure ’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colquitt, J., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H. and Ng, K. Y (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425-55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, J. M. and Huffcut, A. I. (1997). ‘Psychometric properties of multisource performance ratings: A meta-analysis of supervisor, peer, subordinate, and self ratings’. Human Performance, 10, 331-45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cropanzano, R. and Greenberg, J. (1997). ‘Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze’. In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. T. (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, (pp. 317-72).Google Scholar
Dalessio, A. T. (1998). ‘Using multisource feedback for employee development and personnel decisions’. In Smither, J. W (Ed.), Performance Appraisal: State of the Art in Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, (pp. 278330).Google Scholar
Day, D. V. and Sulsky, L. M. (1995). ‘Effects of frame-of-reference training and information configuration on memory organization and rating accuracy’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 158-67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeNisi, A. S. (1996). A Cognitive Approach to Performance Appraual: A Program of Research. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
DeNisi, A. S. and Kluger, A. N. (2000). ‘Feedback effectiveness: Can 360-degreee appraisals be improved?Academy of Management Executive, 14, 129-39.Google Scholar
Drucker, P. (1954). The Practice of Management. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Dunnette, M. D. (1963). A note on the criterion’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 251-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, P. C. and Lind, E. A. (1987). ‘Procedural justice and participation in task selection: The role of control in mediating justice judgments’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1148–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earley, P. C., Northcraft, G. B., Lee, C. and Lituchy, T. R. (1990). ‘Impact of process and outcome feedback on the relation of goal setting to task performance’. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 87105.Google Scholar
Earley, P. C. and Shalley, C. E. (1991). ‘New perspectives on goals and performance: Merging motivation and cognition’. In Ferris, G. R. and Rowland, K. M. (Eds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc., (pp. 121-57).Google Scholar
Folger, R., Konovsky, M. A. and Cropanzano, R. (1992). ‘A due process metaphor for performance appraisal’. In Staw, B. M. and Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 14. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, (pp. 129-77).Google Scholar
Hackman, J. R. and Oldham, R. (1976). ‘Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory’. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 250-79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M. M. (1994). ‘Rater motivation in the performance appraisal context: A theoretical framework’. Journal of Management, 20, 737-56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilgen, D. R. (1993). ‘Performance appraisal accuracy: An illusive or sometimes misguided goal?’ In Schuler, H., Farr, J. L. and Smith, M. (Eds.), Personnel Selection and Assessment: Individual and Organizational Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, (pp. 233-52).Google Scholar
Ilgen, D. R., Barnes-Farrell, J. L. and McKellin, D. B. (1993). ‘Performance appraisal process research in the 1980s: What has it contributed to appraisals in use?Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 321-68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P. (1996). ‘Using the balanced scorecard as a straegic managament system’. Harvard Business Review, January-February, 7585.Google Scholar
Kanfer, R. (1990). ‘Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology’. In Dunnette, M. D. and Hough, L. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Vol. 1 (2nd edn). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, (pp. 75170).Google Scholar
Kluger, A. N. and DeNisi, A. S. (1996). ‘The effects of feedback interventions on performance: Historical review, meta-analysis, a preliminary feedback intervention theory’. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 254-84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landy, F. J. and Farr, J. L. (1980). ‘Performance rating’. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 72107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawler, E. E. (1967). ‘The multitrait-multirater approach to measuring managerial job performance’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51, 369-81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawler, E. E. (2000). Rewarding Excellence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Levy, P. E. and Williams, J. R. (2004). ‘The social context of performance appraisal: A review and framework for the future’. Journal of Management, 30, 881905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, E. A. and Latham, G. P. (1990). A Theory of Goal Setting and Work Motivation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
London, M. and Beatty, R. W (1993). ‘360-degree feedback as a competitive advantage’. Human Resource Management, 32, 366-72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, H. H., Kay, E. and French, J. R. P. (1965). ‘Split roles in performance appraisal’. Harvard Business Review, 43, 123-29.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. R. (1974). ‘Expectancy models of job satisfaction, occupation preference, and effort: A theoretical, methodological and empirical appraisal’. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1053–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, T. R. and Daniels, D. (2002). ‘Motivation’. In Borman, W. C., Ilgen, D. R. and Klimoski, R. J. (Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology: Vol. 12. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Murphy, K. R. (1991). ‘Criterion issues in performance appraisal research: Behavioral accuracy versus classification accuracy’. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 4550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, K. R. and Balzer, W. K. (1989). ‘Rating errors and rating accuracy’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 619-24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, K. R. and Cleveland, J. N. (1995). Understanding Performance Appraisal: Social, Organizational, and Goal-based Perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Naylor, J. C., Pritchard, R. D. and Ilgen, D. R. (1980). A Theory of Behavior in Organizations. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orpen, C. (1994). ‘Interactive effects of work motivation and personal control on employee job performance and satisfaction’. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 855-56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, L. H. and O'Connor, E. J. (1980). ‘Situational constraints and work outcomes: The influences of a frequendy overlooked construct’. Academy of Management Review, 5, 391-97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, J. J., Stone, R. D. and Phillips, P. P. (2001). The Human Resources Scorecard: Measuring the Return on Investment. Boston, NA: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Pritchard, R. D., Holling, H., Lammers, F. and Clark, B. D. (Eds.). (2002). Improving Organizational Performance with the Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System: An International Collaboration. Huntington, NY: Nova Science.Google Scholar
Pritchard, R. D., Jones, S. D., Roth, P. L., Stuebing, K. K. and Ekeberg, S. E. (1989). ‘The evaluation of an integrated approach to measuring organizational productivity’. Personnel Psychology, 42, 69115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchard, R. D. and Payne, S. C. (2003). ‘Motivation and performance management practices’. In Holman, D., Wall, T. D., Clegg, C. W, Sparrow, P. and Howard, A. (Eds.), The New Workplace: People, Technology and Organisation: A Handbook and Guide to the Human Impact of Modern Working Practices. New York: Wiley, (pp. 219-44).Google Scholar
Pulakos, E. D. (2004). A Roadmap for Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating Performance Management Systems. Alexandria, VA: SHRM Foundation.Google Scholar
Rodgers, R. and Hunter, J. E. (1991). ‘Impact of management by objectives on organizational productivity’. Journal of Applied Psychology (Monograph), 76, 322-36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotundo, M. and Sackett, P. R. (2002). ‘The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counter-productive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 6680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rynes, S. L., Brown, K. G. and Colbert, A. E. (2002). ‘Research findings versus practitioner beliefs: Seven common misconceptions about human resource practices’. Academy of Management Executive, 16(3), 92102.Google Scholar
Seifert, C. E, Yukl, G. and McDonald, R. A. (2003). ‘Effects of multisource feedback and a feedback facilitator on die influence behaviour of managers toward subordinates’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 561-69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smither, J. W. and Walker, A. G. (2004). Are the characteristics of narrative comments related to improvement in multirater feedback ratings over time?Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 575-81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spector, P. E. (1986). ‘Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concerning autonomy and participation at work’. Human Relations, 39, 1005–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steelman, L. A., Levy, P. E. and Snell, A. F. (2004). ‘The feedback environment scale (FES): Construct definition, measurement, and validation’. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 165-84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulsky, L. M. and Balzer, W. K. (1988). ‘The meaning and measurement of performance rating accuracy: Some methodological concerns’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 497506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. S., Masterson, S. S., Renard, M. K. and Tracy, K. B. (1998). ‘Managers’ reactions to procedurally just performance management systems’. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 568-79.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. S., Tracy, K. B., Renard, M. K., Harrison, J. K. and Carroll, S. J. (1995). ‘Due process in performance appraisal: A quasi-experiment in procedural justice’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 495523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings’. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 2529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tornow, W. W. (1993). ‘Perceptions of reality: Is multi-perspective measurement a means or an end?Human Resource Management, 32, 221-29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tornow, W. W. and London, M. (Eds.), (1998). Maximizing the Effectiveness of 360-degree Feedback: A Process for Successful Individual and Organizational Development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. (1990). ‘Multiple-constituency model of effectiveness: An empirical examination at the human resource subunit level’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 458-83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsui, A. S. and Barry, B. (1986). ‘Interpersonal affect and rating errors’. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 586-99.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S. and Ohlott, P. (1988). ‘Multiple assessment of managerial effectiveness: Interrater agreement and consensus in effectiveness models’. Personnel Psychology, 41, 779803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tubre, T. C. and Collins, J. M. (2000). Jackson and Schuler (1985) revisited: A meta-analysis of the relationships between role ambiguity, role conflict, and job performance’. Journal of Management, 26, 155-69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldman, D. A., Atwater, L. E. and Antonioni, D. (1998). ‘Has 360-degree feedback gone amok?Academy of Management Executive, 12, 8694.Google Scholar
Yukl, G. and Lepsinger, R. (1995). ‘How to get the most out of 360-degree feedback’. Training, 32, 4550.Google Scholar