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The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction: Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World

Part of: Cross Cultural Collection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Thomas Li-Ping Tang ,
Toto Sutarso ,
Adebowale Akande ,
Michael W. Allen ,
Abdulgawi Salim Alzubaidi ,
Mahfooz A. Ansari ,
Fernando Arias-Galicia ,
Mark G. Borg ,
Luigina Canova  and
Brigitte Charles-Pauvers
...Show all authors
Translated by
汤立平 ,
郑伯垠 ,
赵其琨 ,
杜林致 ,
任金﨓 ,
林金玉 ,
汤张面娜  and
赵善兴
Thomas Li-Ping Tang
Affiliation:
Middle Tennessee State University, USA
Toto Sutarso
Affiliation:
Middle Tennessee State University, USA
Adebowale Akande
Affiliation:
International Institute of Research, South Africa
Michael W. Allen
Affiliation:
University of Sydney, Australia
Abdulgawi Salim Alzubaidi
Affiliation:
Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
Mahfooz A. Ansari
Affiliation:
University of Lethbridge, Canada
Fernando Arias-Galicia
Affiliation:
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Mexico
Mark G. Borg
Affiliation:
University of Malta, Malta
Luigina Canova
Affiliation:
University of Padua, Italy
Brigitte Charles-Pauvers
Affiliation:
University of Nantes, France
Bor-Shiuan Cheng
Affiliation:
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Randy K. Chiu
Affiliation:
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
Linzhi Du
Affiliation:
Nanjing University, China
Ilya Garber
Affiliation:
Saratov State Socio-Economic University, Russia
Consuelo Garcia De La Torre
Affiliation:
Technological Institute of Monterrey, Mexico
Rosario Correia Higgs
Affiliation:
Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon — Portugal, Portugal
Abdul Hamid Safwat Ibrahim
Affiliation:
Iman University, Saudi Arabia
Chin-Kang Jen
Affiliation:
National Sun-Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
Ali Mahdi Kazem
Affiliation:
Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
Kilsun Kim
Affiliation:
Sogang University, South Korea
Vivien Kim Geok Lim
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Roberto Luna-Arocas
Affiliation:
University of Valencia, Spain
Eva Malovics
Affiliation:
University of Szeged, Hungary
Anna Maria Manganelli
Affiliation:
University of Padua, Italy
Alice S. Moreira
Affiliation:
Federal University of Pará, Brazil
Anthony Ugochukwu Obiajulu Nnedum
Affiliation:
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria
Johnsto E. Osagie
Affiliation:
Florida A & M University, USA
AAhad M. Osman-Gani
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Francisco Costa Pereira
Affiliation:
Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon — Portugal, Portugal
Ruja Pholsward
Affiliation:
University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, Thailand
Horia D. Pitariu
Affiliation:
Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
Marko Polic
Affiliation:
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Elisaveta Sardzoska
Affiliation:
University St. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia
Petar Skobic
Affiliation:
Middle Tennessee State University, USA
Allen F. Stembridge
Affiliation:
Southwestern Adventist University, USA
Theresa Li-Na Tang
Affiliation:
Affinion Group, Brentwood, TN, USA
Thompson Sian Hin Teo
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Marco Tombolani
Affiliation:
University of Padua, Italy
Martina Trontelj
Affiliation:
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Caroline Urbain
Affiliation:
University of Nantes, France
Peter Vlerick
Affiliation:
Ghent University, Belgium
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Abstract

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Demonstrating the equivalence of constructs is a key requirement for cross-cultural empirical research. The major purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to assess measurement and functional equivalence or invariance using the 9-item, 3-factor Love of Money Scale (LOMS, a second-order factor model) and the 4-item, 1-factor Pay Level Satisfaction Scale (PLSS, a first-order factor model) across 29 samples in six continents (N = 5973). In step 1, we tested the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the LOMS and 17 samples achieved measurement invariance. In step 2, we applied the same procedures to the PLSS and nine samples achieved measurement invariance. Five samples (Brazil, China, South Africa, Spain and the USA) passed the measurement invariance criteria for both measures. In step 3, we found that for these two measures, common method variance was non-significant. In step 4, we tested the functional equivalence between the Love of Money Scale and Pay Level Satisfaction Scale. We achieved functional equivalence for these two scales in all five samples. The results of this study suggest the critical importance of evaluating and establishing measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Suggestions for remedying measurement non-equivalence are offered.

Keywords

the love of moneypay level satisfactionmeasurement invariancefunctional equivalencecross-cultural empirical research29 geopolitical entities金钱偏好收入水平满意度测量等效性功能等效性 跨文化实证研究29个地区样本
Type
Articles
Information
Management and Organization Review , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , November 2006 , pp. 423 - 452
Copyright
Copyright © International Association for Chinese Management Research 2006

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