Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T19:47:08.712Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Guanxi and Organizational Performance: A Meta-Analysis

Part of: Guanxi Collection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Yadong Luo ,
Ying Huang  and
Stephanie Lu Wang
Yadong Luo
Affiliation:
University of Miami, U.S. Sun Tat-Sen University, China
Ying Huang
Affiliation:
University of Adassachuetts-Lowell, U.S.
Stephanie Lu Wang
Affiliation:
University of Miami, U.S.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Guanxi, a social network tie drawing on connections in business relations, has been identified as a powerful strategic tool helping organizations maintain competitive advantages and achieve superior performance. However, prior empirical studies on die gM/m-performance link provide indefinite conclusions. The purpose of this study is to systematically review and quandfy the guanxi-performance link in a meta-analytic framework by decomposing guanxi into business ties (i.e., guanxi with business partners) and government ties (i.e., guanxi with government authorities) and organizational performance into economic performance and operational performance. Based on effect sizes from fifty-three studies encompassing 20,212 organizations, we estimate that the overall effect size of the guanxi-pertormance relationship is positive and significant, thus endorsing the argument that guanxi does enhance organizational performance. Specifically, our meta-analysis results demonstrate that both business and government ties lead to both economic and operational performance. However, business ties have a bigger impact on operational performance, whereas government ties exert larger effects on economic performance. Further meta-analytic regression results suggest that ownership (state-owned vs. non-state-owned) and location (Mainland vs. overseas China) explain some of the variations of the guanxi-performance link. Both business and government ties are more important to organizations in Mainland China than to those in overseas China. Government ties are more important to state-owned than to non-state-owned organizations. Lasdy, while business ties remain a valuable strategic tool in China, the importance of government ties is time-variant and has been declining with the development of the institutional environment in China.

Keywords

Chinaguanximeta-analysisperformance中国关系元分析绩效
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Management and Organization Review , Volume 8 , Issue 1: Special Issue Indigenous Management Research in China , March 2012 , pp. 139 - 172
Copyright
Copyright © International Association for Chinese Management Research 2012

References

Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. 2000. Social capital: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In Lesser, E. (Ed.), Knowledge and social capital: Foundations and applications: 89-115. Boston, MA: Buttcrworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
*Atuahene-Gima, K., & Murray, J. Y. 2007. Exploratory and exploitative learning in new product development: A social capital perspective on new technology ventures in China. Journal of International Marketing, 15(2): 1–29.Google Scholar
*Atuahene-Gima, K., Li, H., & De Luca, L. M. 2006. The contingent value of marketing strategy innovativeness for product development performance in Chinese new technology ventures. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(3): 359–372.Google Scholar
Balkundi, P., & Harrison, D. A. 2006. Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about the effects of network structure on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1): 49–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Batjargal, B. 2007. Internet entrepreneurship: Social capital, human capital, and performance of Internet ventures in China. Research Policy, 36: 605–618.Google Scholar
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. 2005. Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2): 259–281.Google Scholar
Boisot, M., & Child, J. 1996. From fiefs to clans and network capitalism: Explaining China's emerging economic order. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4): 600–628.Google Scholar
Brass, D. J., Butterfield, K. D., & Skaggs, B. C. 1998. Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 23(1): 14–31.Google Scholar
Burt, R. 1992. Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Carroll, A. B. 1979. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4): 497–505.Google Scholar
Chai, S., & Rhee, M. 2010. Confucian capitalism and the paradox of closure and structural holes in East Asian firms. Management and Organization Review, 6(1): 5–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. 1993. Measuring the performance of emerging businesses: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(5): 391–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Chang, K., & Gotcher, D. F. 2007. Safeguarding investments and creation of transaction value in asymmetric international subcontracting relationships: The role of relationship learning and relational capital. Journal of World Business, 42(4): 477–488.Google Scholar
Chang, S.J., Wittcloostuijn, A. V., & Eden, L. 2010. From the Editors: Common method variance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41: 178–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, C. C., Chen, Y. R., & Xin, K. 2004. Guanxi practices and trust in management: A procedural justice perspective. Organization Science, 15(2): 200–209.Google Scholar
*Chung, C. N., Mahmood, I., & Mitchell, W. 2005. The janus face of intra-organization ties: Group-wide and affiliate-level innovation by multi-business organizations in Taiwan. AOM Best Paper Proceedings.Google Scholar
*Chung, H. M. 2006. Managerial ties, control and deregulation: An investigation of business groups entering the deregulated banking industry in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(4): 505–520.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. S. 1990. Foundations of social theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, H. M., Hedges, L. V., & Valentine, J. C. 2009. The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Crook, T. R., Kctchen, D. J. Jr, Combs, J. G., & Todd, S. Y. 2008. Strategic resources and performance: A meta-analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 29(11): 1141–1154.Google Scholar
Dawes, J. 1999. The relationship between subjective and objective company performance measures in market orientation research: Further empirical research. Marketing Bulletin, 10(3): 65–75.Google Scholar
Dess, G. G., & Robinson, R. B. 1984. Strategic measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately-held organization and conglomerate business unit. Strategic Management Journal, 5(3): 265–273.Google Scholar
Dubini, P., & Aldrich, H. 1991. Personal and extended networks are central to the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(5): 305–313.Google Scholar
Dunfee, T. W., & Warren, D. E. 2001. Is Guanxi ethical? A normative analysis of doing business in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3): 191–204.Google Scholar
*Ellis, P. D. 2011. Social ties and international entrepreneurship opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(1): 99–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Filatotchev, I., Liu, X., Buck, T., & Wright, M. 2009. The export orientation and export performance of high-technology SMEs in emerging markets: The effects of knowledge transfer by returnee entrepreneurs. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(6): 1005–1021.Google Scholar
Fock, H. K. Y., & Woo, K. S. 1998. The China market: Strategic implications of guanxi. Business Strategy Review, 9(3): 33–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Fung, H. G., Xu, X. E., & Zhang, Q. Z. 2007. On the financial performance of private enterprises in China. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(4): 399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Gao, S., Xu, K., & Yang, J. 2008. Managerial ties, absorptive capacity, and innovation. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(3): 395–412.Google Scholar
Geyskcns, I., Steenkamp, E. M., & Kumar, N. 2006. Make, buy, or ally: A transaction cost theory meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3): 519–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Gu, F. F., Hung, K., & Tse, D. K. 2008. When does guanxi matter? Issues of capitalization and its dark sides. Journal of Marketing, 72(4): 12–28.Google Scholar
Guo, C., & Miller, J. K. 2010. Guanxi dynamics and entrepreneurial firm creation and development in China. Management and Organization Review, 6(2): 267–291.Google Scholar
Guthrie, D. 1998. The declining significance of guanxi in China's economic transition. China Quarterly, 154: 254–282.Google Scholar
Hansen, M. T. 1998. Combining network centrality and related knowledge: Explaining effective knowledge sharing in multiunit firms. Working paper. Harvard Business School, Boston.Google Scholar
Hedges, L., & Olkin, I. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Heugens, P. P., & Lander, M. W. 2009. Structure! Agency! (And other quarrels): A meta-analysis of institutional theories of organization. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1): 61–85.Google Scholar
Hoskisson, R. E., Eden, L., Lau, C. M., & Wright, M. 2000. Strategy in emerging economies. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3): 249–267.Google Scholar
*Huang, Y., Stcrnquist, B., Zhang, C., & Calantone, R. 2009. Interpersonal social ties between marketing boundary spanners: How does it affect retailer-supplier relationship quality in China? Working paper.Google Scholar
Huffcutt, A. I., & Arthur, W. 1995. Development of a new outlier statistic for meta-analytic data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2): 327–334.Google Scholar
Hult, G., Ketchen, D.J. Jr, Griffith, D. A., Chabowski, B. R., Hoffman, M. K., Dykes, B. J., Pollitte, W. A., & Cavusgil, S. T. 2008. An assessment of the measurement of performance in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(6): 1064–1080.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. 1990. Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Inkpen, A. C., & Tsang, E. W. K. 2005. Social capital, networks and knowledge transfer. Academy of Management Review, 30(1): 146–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaworski, B.J., & Kohli, A. K. 1996. Market orientation: Review, refinement, roadmap. Journal of Market-focused Management, 1(2): 119–135.Google Scholar
Kaufman, P., Jayachandran, S., & Rose, R. 2006. The role of relational embeddedness in new product selection by retail buyers. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(4): 580–587.Google Scholar
*Kotabe, M., Jiang, X., & Murray, J. Y. 2010. Managerial ties, knowledge acquisition, realized absorptive capacity and new product market performance of emerging multinational companies: A case of China. Journal of World Business, 46(2): 166–176.Google Scholar
Krug, B., & Hendrischke, H. 2008. Framing China: Transformation and institutional change through co-evolution. Management and Organization Review, 4(1): 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, A. 1991. Partner networks: Leveraging external ties to improve entrepreneurial performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(3): 173–188.Google Scholar
*Lau, C., & Bruton, G. 2011. Strategic orientations and strategies of high technology ventures in two transition economies, Journal of World Business, 46(3): 371–380.Google Scholar
Lee, S. H., & Oh, K. 2007. Corruption in Asia: Pervasiveness and arbitrariness. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(1): 97–114.Google Scholar
Lewin, A. Y., & Volberda, H. 1999. Prolegomena on co-evolution: A framework for research on strategy and new organizational forms. Organization Science, 10(5): 519–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Li, H., & Atuahene-Gima, K. 2001. Product innovation strategy and the performance of new technology ventures in China. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6): 1123–1134.Google Scholar
*Li, H., & Zhang, Y. 2007. The role of managers' political networking and functional experience in new venture performance: Evidence from China's transition economy. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8): 791–804.Google Scholar
*Li, J. J. 2005. The formation of managerial networks of foreign organizations in China: The effects of strategic orientations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22(4): 423–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Li, J. J., & Zhou, K. Z. 2010. How foreign organizations achieve competitive advantage in the Chinese emerging economy: Managerial ties and market orientation. Journal of Business Research, 63(8): 856–862.Google Scholar
*Li, J. J., Poppo, L., & Zhou, K. Z. 2008. Do managerial ties in China always produce value? Competition, uncertainty, and domestic vs. foreign organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 29(4): 383–400.Google Scholar
*Li, J. J., Zhou, K. Z., & Shao, A. T. 2009. Competitive position, managerial ties, and profitability of foreign organizations in China: An interactive perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(2): 339–352.Google Scholar
*Li, S., Schulze, W., & Li, Z. 2009. Plunging into the sea, again? A study of serial entrepreneurship in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(4): 667–680.Google Scholar
Li, S. K., Yao, X., Sue-Chan, C., & Xi, Y. 2011. Where do social ties come from: Institutional framework and governmental tie distribution among Chinese managers. Management and Organization Review, 7(1): 97–124.Google Scholar
*Li, X., & Zhang, S. 2008. Entrepreneurial networks, organization resources, and performance. Conference paper at India School of Business Family Business Conference.Google Scholar
*Liao, T. 2008. Cluster and performance in foreign organizations: The role of resources, knowledge, and trust. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(1): 161–169.Google Scholar
*Ling-yec, L. 2004. An examination of the foreign market knowledge of exporting organizations based in the People's Republic of China: Its determinants and effect on export intensity. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(7): 561–572.Google Scholar
*Liu, Y., Li, Y., & Xue, J. 2010. Transfer of market knowledge in a channel relationship: Impacts of attitudinal commitment and satisfaction. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(2): 229–239.Google Scholar
*Lu, Y., Zhou, L., Bruton, G., & Li, W. 2010. Capabilities as a mediator linking resources and the international performance of entrepreneurial firms in an emerging economy. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(3): 419–436.Google Scholar
*Luk, L. C., Yau, H. M., Sin, Y. M., Tse, C. B., Chow, P. M., & Lee, S. Y. 2008. The effects of social capital and organizational innovativeness in different institutional contexts. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4): 589–612.Google Scholar
Luo, X., & Chung, C. N. 2005. Keeping it all in the family: The role of particularistic relationships in business group performance during institutional transition. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3): 404–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Luo, X., Griffith, D. A., Liu, S. S., & Shi, Y. Z. 2003. The effect of customer relationships and social capital on organizational performance: A Chinese business illustration. Journal of International Marketing, 12(4): 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Luo, X., Hsu, M. K., & Liu, S. S. 2008. The moderating role of institutional networking in the customer orientation-trust/commitment-performance causal chain in China. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 36(2): 202–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Luo, Y. 1997. Guanxi and performance of foreign-invested enterprises in China: An empirical inquiry. Management International Review, 37(1): 51–70.Google Scholar
Luo, Y. 2000. Guanxi and business. New York: World Scientific.Google Scholar
*Luo, Y. 2001. Antecedents and consequences of personal attachment in cross-cultural cooperative ventures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(2): 177–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Luo, Y. 2002. Stimulating exchange in international joint ventures: An attachment-based view. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(1): 169–181.Google Scholar
Luo, Y. 2003. Industrial dynamics and managerial networking in an emerging market: The case of China. Strategic Management Journal, 24(13): 1315–1327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, Y. 2004. An organizational perspective of corruption. Management and Organization Review, 1(1): 119–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Luo, Y., & Chen, M. 1997. Does guanxi influence organizational performance? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 14(1): 1–16.Google Scholar
*Ma, X., Yao, X., & Xi, Y. 2009. How do interorganizational and interpersonal networks affect a organization's strategic adaptive capability in a transition economy? Journal of Business Research, 62(1): 1087–1095.Google Scholar
*Mahmood, I. P., Zhu, H., & Zaheer, A. 2008. The contingent role of network hierarchy on organizational performance. Conference paper. AIB Best Paper 2009.Google Scholar
McEvily, B., & Marcus, A. 2005. Embedded ties and the acquisition of competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 26(11): 1033–1055.Google Scholar
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. 1998. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2): 242–266.Google Scholar
Nee, V. 1992. Organizational dynamics of market transition. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1): 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. E. 1989. The strength of strong ties: Social networks and intergroup conflict in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 32(2): 377–401.Google Scholar
Ouchi, W. G. 1980. Markets, bureaucracies, and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1): 129–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmatier, R. W., Dant, R. P., Grewal, D., & Evans, K. R. 2006. Factors influencing the effectiveness of relationship marketing: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marketing, 70(4): 136–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Park, S., & Luo, Y. 2001. Guanxi and organizational dynamics: Organizational networking in Chinese organizations. Strategic Management Journal, 22(5): 455–477.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W. 1997. Firm growth in transition economies: Three longitudinal cases from China, 1989-96. Organization Studies, 18(3): 385–413.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Heath, P. 1996. The growth of the firm in planned economies in transition: Institutions, organizations, and strategic choice. Academy of Management Review, 21(2): 492–528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Peng, M. W., & Luo, Y. 2000. Managerial ties and organizational performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro-macro link. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3): 486–501.Google Scholar
Peng, M. W., & Zhou, J. Q. 2005. How network strategies and institutional transitions evolve in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22(4): 321–336.Google Scholar
Podolny, J., & Page, K. 1998. Network forms of organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 24: 57–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. M., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. 2003. Common method variance in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Portes, A. 1998. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24: 1–24.Google Scholar
Powell, W. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. 1994. Networks and economic life. In Smelser, N. & Swedberg, R. (Eds.), Handbook of economic sociology: 368-402. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Punnett, B. J., & Yu, P. 1990. Attitudes toward doing business with the PRC: A comparison of Canadian and US companies. International Studies of Managements and Organisations, 20: 149–160.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, S., & Child, J. 2003. Co-evolution in an institutionalized environment. Journal of Management Studies, 40(8): 2137–2162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Sahakijpicharn, K. 2007. Guanxi network and business performance of Sino-Thai SMEs. Thesis Collection. University of Wollongong.Google Scholar
*Si, S., & Bruton, G. D. 2005. Knowledge acquisition, cost savings, and strategic positioning: Effects on Sino-American IJV performance. Journal of Business Research, 58(11): 1465–1473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standifird, S., & Marshall, R. S. 2000. The transaction cost advantage of gunaxi-based business practice. Journal of World Business, 35(1): 21–42.Google Scholar
Sterne, J. 2009. Meta-analysis in stata: An updated collection from the stata journal. College Station, TX: Stata Press.Google Scholar
*Su, C., Yang, Z., Zhuang, G., Zhou, N., & Dou, W. 2009. Interpersonal influence as an alternative channel communication behavior in emerging markets: The case of China. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(4): 668–689.Google Scholar
*Su, Y., Tsang, E., & Peng, M. 2009. How do internal capabilities and external partnerships affect innovativeness? Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(2): 309–331.Google Scholar
Suhomlinova, O. 2006. Toward a model of organizational co-evolution in transition economies. Journal of Management Studies, 43(7): 1537–1558.Google Scholar
Tihanyi, L., Griffith, D. A., & Russell, C. J. 2005. The effect of cultural distance on entry mode choice, international diversification, and MNE performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(3): 270–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. 1997. Where guanxi matters: Relational demography and guanxi in the Chinese context. Work and Occupations, 24(1): 56–79.Google Scholar
Tsui, A. S., Schoonhoven, C. B., Meyer, M. W., Lau, C., & Milkovich, G. T. 2004. Organization and management in the midst of societal transformation: The People's Republic of China. Organization Science, 15(2): 133–144.Google Scholar
Uzzi, B. 1997. Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35–67.Google Scholar
Vanhonacker, W. R. 2004. When good guanxi turns bad. Harvard Business Review, 82: 18–19.Google Scholar
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. 1986. Measurements of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, II (October): 801–814.Google Scholar
Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wood, D. J. 1991. Corporate social performance revisited. Academy of Management Review, 16(4): 691–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M., Filatotchev, I., Hoskisson, E. E., & Peng, M. W. 2005. Strategy research in emerging economies: Challenging the conventional wisdom. Journal of Management Studies, 42(1): 1–33.Google Scholar
*Wu, W. 2008. Dimensions of social capital and organization competitiveness improvement: The mediating role of information sharing. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1): 122–146.Google Scholar
*Wu, W., & Choi, L. 2004. Transaction cost, social capital and organizations' synergy creation in Chinese business networks: An integrative approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21(3): 325–343.Google Scholar
*Wu, W., & Leung, A. 2005. Does a micro-macro link exist between managerial value of reciprocity, social capital and organizational performance? The case of SMEs in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22(4): 445–463.Google Scholar
*Xia, Y., Qiu, Y., & Zafar, A. U. 2007. The impact of organization resources on subsidiary's competitiveness in emerging markets: An empirical study of Singaporean SMEs' performance in China. Multinational Business Review, 15(2): 13–40.Google Scholar
Xiao, Z. X., & Tsui, A. S. 2007. Where brokers may not work: The culture contingency of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1): 1–31.Google Scholar
Xin, K. R., & Pearce, J. L. 1996. Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for formal institutional support. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6): 1641–1658.Google Scholar
Yang, M. M. 1994. Gifts, favors, banquets: The art of social relationship in China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Yeung, I. Y. M., & Tung, R. L. 1996. Achieving business success in Confucian societies: The importance of guanxi. Organizational Dynamics, 25(2): 54–65.Google Scholar
Yi, L. M., & Ellis, P. 2000. Insider-outsider perspectives of guanxi. Business Horizons, 43: 25–30.Google Scholar
*Yiu, D. W., Lau, C. M., & Bruton, G. 2007. International venturing by emerging economy firms: The effects of firm capabilities, home country networks, and corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 519–540.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., & Keh, H. T. 2010. Interorganizational exchanges in China: Organizational forms and governance mechanisms. Management and Organization Review, 6(1): 123–147.Google Scholar
*Zhang, Q., & Fung, H. 2006. China's social capital and financial performance of private enterprises. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(2): 198–207.Google Scholar
*Zhang, S., & Li, X. 2008. Managerial ties, firm resources, and performance of cluster firms. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 25(4): 615–633.Google Scholar
*Zhang, Y., & Li, H. 2010. Innovation search of new ventures in a technology cluster: The role of ties with service intermediaries. Strategic Management Journal, 31(1): 88–109.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. 2006. Guanxi and organizational dynamics in China: A link between individual and organizational levels. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(4): 375–392.Google Scholar
*Zhao, H., & Hsu, C. C. 2007. Social ties and foreign market entry: An empirical inquiry. Management International Review, 47(6): 815–844.Google Scholar
Zhao, H., Luo, Y., & Suh, T. 2004. Transaction cost determinants and ownership-based entry mode choice: A mcta-analytical review. Journal ofInternational Business Studies, 35(6): 524–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Zhou, L., Barnes, B., & Lu, Y. 2010. Entrepreneurial proclivity, capability upgrading and performance advantage of newness among international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(5): 882–905.Google Scholar
*Zhou, L., Wu, W., & Luo, X. 2007. Internationalization and the performance of born-global SMEs: The mediating role of social networks. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 673–690.Google Scholar
*Zhou, W. 2003. Interpersonal ties, institutional environment and economic performance: private enterprises in reform-era China. Presented at the Regular Session of Networks and Economies, American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta.Google Scholar
*Zou, H., Chen, X., & Ghauri, P. 2010. Antecedents and consequences of new venture growth strategy: An empirical study in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27(3): 393–421.Google Scholar