Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T14:22:27.342Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Family Ownership and the International Involvement of Taiwan's High-Technology Firms: The Moderating Effect of High-Discretion Organizational Slack

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Yunshi Liu
Affiliation:
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Wen-Ting Lin
Affiliation:
National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan
Kuei-Yang Cheng
Affiliation:
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

This study examined the combined effect of family ownership and high-discretion organizational slack on the international involvement of Taiwanese firms. Employing a sample of 179 publicly listed high-tech firms in Taiwan over a period of 6 years (2000–2005), we found that firms with high levels of international involvement, that is, a higher degree of internationalization, (i) were not closely held, and (ii) were not excessively controlled by the family. Further, high-discretion organizational slack (indicated by resources that can be deployed in a flexible fashion such as in cash and receivables) moderated the negative relationship between family control and international involvement. This relationship is stronger with a higher level of high-discretion slack. The results support the hypothesis that family control and high-discretion organizational slack negatively influence the decision to internationalize.

Type
Special Issue Articles
Copyright
Copyright © International Association for Chinese Management Research 2011

References

Ahlstrom, D., Young, M. N., Ng, F. M. C., & Chan, C. M. 2004. High technology and globalization challenges facing overseas Chinese entrepreneurs. Sam Advanced Management Journal, 69(2): 2837.Google Scholar
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. 2003. Founding family ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58(3): 13011327.Google Scholar
Araujo, L., & Rezende, S. 2003. Path dependence, MNCs and the internationalization process: A relational approach. International Business Review, 12(6): 719737.Google Scholar
Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. 2005. Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3): 329366.Google Scholar
Bartlett, C. A., & Ghoshal, S. 1989. Managing across borders: The transnational solution, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Begley, T. M., & Tan, W. L. 2001. The socio-cultural environment for entrepreneurship: A comparison between East Asian and Anglo-Saxon countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3): 537553.Google Scholar
Boisot, M., & Meyer, M. W. 2008. Which way through the open door? Reflections on the internationalization of Chinese firms. Management and Organization Review, 4(3): 349365.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, L. J. 1981. On the measurement of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 6(1): 2939.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, L. J., & Singh, J. V. 1983. Organizational slack and political behavior within top management teams. Academy of Management Proceedings 4347.Google Scholar
Bruton, G., Ahlstrom, D., & Wan, J. 2003. Turnaround in East Asian firms: Evidence from ethnic overseas Chinese communities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(6): 519540.Google Scholar
Carney, M. 1998. A management capacity constraint? Barriers to the development of the Chinese family business. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 15(2): 137162.Google Scholar
Carney, M. 2005. Corporate governance and competitive advantage in family-controlled firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3): 249265.Google Scholar
Carpenter, M. A., & Frcdrickson, J. W. 2001. Top management teams, global strategic posture, and the moderating role of uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 44(3): 533545.Google Scholar
Chai, S. K., & Rhee, M. 2010. Confucian capitalism and the paradox of closure and structural holes in East Asian firms. Management and Organization Reviews, 6(1): 529.Google Scholar
Chandler, A. D. 1990. Scale and scope; The dynamics of industrial competition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, S. C. 2007. The interactions among foreign direct investments, economic growth, degree of openness and unemployment in Taiwan. Applied Economics, 39(13): 16471661.Google Scholar
Chen, M. 2001. Inside Chinese business: A guide for managers world wide. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Claessens, S., Djankov, S., & Lang, L. H. P. 2000. The separation of ownership and control in East Asian coiporations. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1-2): 81112.Google Scholar
Claessens, S., Djankov, S., Fan, J. P. H., & Lang, L. H. P. 2002. Disentangling the incentive and entrenchmente effects of large shareholdings. Journal of Finance, 57(6): 27412771.Google Scholar
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S., & Aiken, L. 2003. Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., & Kundu, S. K. 2007. Nature of the relationship between international expansion and performance: The case of emerging market firms. Journal of World Business, 42(4): 401417.Google Scholar
Cyert, R., & March, J. 1963. The behavioral theory of the firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Daniels, J., & Bracker, J. 1989. Profit performance: Do foreign operations make a difference. Management International Review, 29(1): 4656.Google Scholar
Donckels, R., & Frohlich, E. 1991. Are family businesses really diilerent? European experiences from STRATOS. Family Business Review, 4(2): 149160.Google Scholar
Dunning, J. 2006. Comment on dragon multinationals: New players i a 21st centuty globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(2): 139141.Google Scholar
Erdener, C., & Shapiro, D. M. 2005. The internationalization of Chinese family enterprises and Dunning's eclectic MNE paradigm. Management and Organization Review, 1(3): 411436.Google Scholar
Fama, E., & Jensen, M. 1983. Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2): 301325.Google Scholar
Fama, E., & Jensen, M. 1985. Organizational forms and investment decisions. Journal of Financial Economics, 14(1): 101119.Google Scholar
Fernández, Z., & Nieto, N.J. 2006. Impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3): 340351.Google Scholar
Filatotchev, I., & Piesse, J. 2009. R&D, internationalization and growth of newly listed firms: European evidence. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(8): 12601276.Google Scholar
Filatotchev, I., Lien, Y. C., & Piesse, J. 2005. Corporate governance and performance in publicly listed, family-controlled firms: Evidence from Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22(3): 258283.Google Scholar
Filatotchev, I., Strange, R., Piesse, J., & Lien, Y. C. 2007. FDI by firms from newly industrialised economics in emerging markets: Corporate governance, entry mode and location. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 556572.Google Scholar
George, G. 2005. Slack resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4): 661676.Google Scholar
George, G., Wiklund, J., & Zahra, S. A. 2005. Ownership and the internationalization of small firms. Journal of Management, 31(2): 210233.Google Scholar
Geringer, J., Beamish, P., & da Costa, R. 1989. Diversification strategy and internationalization: Implications for MNE performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10(2): 109119.Google Scholar
Graves, C., & Thomas, J. 2006. Internationalization of Australian family business: A managerial capabilities perspective. Family Business Review 19(3): 207224.Google Scholar
Greene, W. H. 2000. Econometric analysis (4th ed.). Englewood Clifls, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Henderson, A.D., & Fredrickson, J. W. 1996. Information-processing demands as a determinant of CEO compensation. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3): 575606.Google Scholar
Herrmann, P., & Datta, D. K. 2005. Relationships between top management team characteristics and international diversification: An empirical investigation. British journal of Management, 16(1): 6978.Google Scholar
Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Uhienbruck, K., & Shimizu, K. 2006. The importance of resources in the internationalization of professional service firms: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6): 11371157.Google Scholar
Hitt, M. A., Tihanyi, L., Miller, T., & Connelly, B. 2006. International diversification: Antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 32(6): 831867.Google Scholar
Hordes, M., Clancy, J., & Baddaley, J. 1995. A primer for global start-ups. Academy of Management Executive, 9(2): 711.Google Scholar
Javidan, M., & House, R.J. 2002. Leadership and cultures around the world: Findings from global. Journal of World Business, 37(1): 12.Google Scholar
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. 1976. Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4): 305360.Google Scholar
Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. 1977. The internationalization process of the firm – A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1): 2332.Google Scholar
Johanson, J., & Weidersheim-Paul, J. 1975. The internationalization of the firm: Four Swedish case studies. Journal of Management Studies, 12(3): 305323.Google Scholar
Kets De Vries, M. 1996. Family business: Human dilemmas in the family firm. London: Thomson Business Press.Google Scholar
Kim, H., Kim, H., & Lee, P. M. 2008. Ownership structure and the relationship between financial slack and R&D investments: Evidence from Korean firms. Organization Science, 19(3): 404418.Google Scholar
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Schleifer, A. 1999. Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54(2): 471516.Google Scholar
Levinthal, D. A. 1997. Adaptation on rugged landscapes. Management Science, 43(7): 934950.Google Scholar
Lien, Y.-C., Piesse, J., Strange, R., & Filatotchev, I. 2005. The role of corporate governance in FDI decisions: Evidence from Taiwan. International Business Review, 14(6): 739773.Google Scholar
Lins, K. V. 2003. Equity ownership and firm value in emerging markets. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 38(1): 159184.Google Scholar
Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. 2001. The internationalization and performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7): 565586.Google Scholar
Lu, J. W., & Beamish, P. W. 2004. International diversification and firm performance: The S-curve hypothesis. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4): 598609.Google Scholar
Lu, J., Liu, X., & Wang, H. 2011, Motives for outward FDI of Chinese private firms: Firm resources, industry dynamics, and government policies. Management and Organization Review, 7(2): 223248.Google Scholar
MacMillan, I. C., & McGrath, R. G. 1997. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 75(1): 154156.Google Scholar
Mathews, J. A. 2006. Dragon multinationals: New players in the 21st century globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(1): 527.Google Scholar
Maug, E. 1998. Large shareholders as monitors: Is there a trade-off between liquidity and control? Journal of Finance, 53(1): 6598.Google Scholar
Musteen, M., Datta, D. K., & Herrmann, P. 2009. Ownership structure and CEO compensation: Implications for the choice of foreign market entry modes. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(2): 321338.Google Scholar
Poza, E. 2004. Family business. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western Publishing.Google Scholar
Ramamurti, R. 2004. Developing countries and MNEs: Extending and enriching the research agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(4); 277283.Google Scholar
Sanders, W. G., & Carpenter, M. A. 1998. Internationalization and firm governance: The roles of CEO compensation, top team composition, and board structure. Academy of Management Journal, 41(2): 158178.Google Scholar
Sapienza, H. J., Autio, E., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. 2006. A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31(3): 914933.Google Scholar
Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A. K. 2001. Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12(2): 99116.Google Scholar
Sharfman, M., Wolf, G., Chase, R., & Tansik, D. 1988. Antecedents of organizational slack. Academy of Management Review, 13(4): 601614.Google Scholar
Smith, K., Grimm, C., Gannon, M., & Chen, M. 1991. Organizational information processing: Competitive responses and performance in the U.S. domestic airline industry. Academy of Management Journal, 34(1): 6085.Google Scholar
Strange, R., Filatotchev, I.; Buck, T., & Wright, M. 2009. Corporate governance and international business. Management International Review, 49(4): 395407.Google Scholar
Sullivan, D. 1994. Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of Business Studies, 25(2): 325342.Google Scholar
Sullivan, D., & Bauerschmidt, A. 1989. Common factors underlying barriers to export: A comparative study in the European and U.S. paper industry. Management International Review, 29(2): 4663.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. E., & Eden, L. 2004. What is the shape of the multinational-performance relationship? The Multinational Business Review, 12(1): 89110.Google Scholar
Tihanyi, L., Ellstrand, A. E., Daily, C. M., & Dalton, D. R. 2000. Composition of the top management team and firm international diversification. Journal of Management, 26(6): 11571177.Google Scholar
Tihanyi, L., Johnson, R. A., Hoskisson, R. E., & Hitt, M. A. 2003. Institutional ownership differences and international diversification: The effects of boards of directors and technological opportunity. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2): 195211.Google Scholar
Villalonga, B., & Amit, R. 2006. How do family ownership, control and management a fleet firm value? Journal of Financial Economics, 80(2): 385417.Google Scholar
Yeh, K. S., & Tsao, L. C. 1996. Jiazhu Qiyeijieban Gwuizhen zhi Wanlu Fenxi [A network analysis of ownership succession in family owned businesses]. Guan ka Shaibow [Journal of Management Science], 13(2): 197225.Google Scholar
Yeh, Y. H., Lee, T. S., & Woidtke, T. 2001. Family control and corporate governance: Evidence from Taiwan. International Review of Finance, 2(12): 2148.Google Scholar
Yip, G. S., Biscarri, J. G., & Monti, J. A. 2000. The role of the internationalization process in the performance of newly internationalizing firms. Journal of International Marketing, 8(3): 1035.Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A. 2003. International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: The effect of ownership and involvement. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4); 495512.Google Scholar
Zahra, S. A. 2005. Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms. Family Business Review, 18(1): 2340.Google Scholar