The study of the type material of Buellia ericina (Nyl.) Jatta has revealed that this species is characterized by the same diagnostic characters as Rinodina madeirensis Kalb & Hafellner, and both taxa are here considered to be conspecific. The generic position of Buellia ericina is discussed and it is concluded that the species is better placed within the genus Rinodina (Ach.) Gray. New chemical data on this taxon are provided, and its sorediate variety, R. ericina var. boomii, is described as new from Portugal. Its closest affinities are shown to be with Rinodina kalbii Giralt & Matzer and probably also R. insularis (Arnold) Hafellner.This group stands apart in the family Physciaceae. It shows affinities with Diploicia A. Massal. and is included provisionally in Rinodina.

Verrucaria elaeina Borrer is a misunderstood species of shaded which is widespread in the British Isles. It resembles the freshwater species V. praetermissa, but differs in the more prominent perithecia, the lack of a layer, the slightly smaller ascospores, and the lack of a perispore.

Fellhanera ochracea Sparrius & Aptroot is described from material found in sheltered habitats in Great Britain, Switzerland and The Netherlands, where it grows on acidic and neutral bark of, for example Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Ulmus, Quercus, Acer, Hedera and Sambucus. The species is close to Fellhanera subtilis and Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, but distinguished by the abundant tiny, pale or orange-brown pigmented frequently discolouring to bluish green conidiomata with paler centrum, containing small, pyriform conidia, and by the 3-septate ascospores and the absence of lichen products in the thallus. A key to Fellhanera and Fellhaneropsis species known from western Europe is provided.

A key is provided to the 81 saxicolous species and infraspecific taxa of Porina Ach. (Trichotheliaceae). It includes diagnostic characters, broad distributional and some habitat information, as well as references to more complete descriptions.

The specimens upon which Lecidea petraea var. obscurata Ach., the basionym of Rhizocarpon obscuratum (Ach.) Massal., is based are shown to be mostly referable to the species currently known as R. lavatum (Fr.) Hazslin. Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. is resurrected to accommodate specimens with small ascospores previously referred there. The related species R. sublavatum is described from the Scottish Highlands and descriptions provided for R. anaperum (Vain.) Vain, and R. amphibium (Fr.) Th. Fr. These species are compared with R. reductum, R. lavatum and R. petraeum. Rhizocarpon rubescens Th. Fr. is shown to be a distinct species recorded from Europe and N. America.

Amandinea crassiuscula Giralt & Etayo, a new corticolous lichen species is described from the Iberian Peninsula. It is characterized by a thickly crustose to subsquamulose thallus that lacks secondary lichen compounds, lecideine apothecia, Buellia–type ascospores with rugulate ornamentation and filiform spermatia. The new species is compared with other corticolous Amandinea and Buellia species, such as A. punctata and B. chloroleuca. Habit photographs of the new species and illustrations of its thallus, spermatia and ascospores are also provided.

The new genus and species Kantvilasia hians (Lecanorales, Ectolechiaceae) is described from leaves of Atherosperma moschatum at the margin of cool-temperate rainforest in western Tasmania. Notes are provided on characterization, distribution, habitat, associated species, the opening mechanism of campylidia and likely dispersal processes of conidia.

Four new pyrenocarpous lichens are described from Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean: Porina deminuta (Trichotheliaceae), Pyrenula ochraceoflava var. pacifica (Pyrenulaceae), Strigula decipiens var. divisa (Strigulaceae) and Verrucaria fortuita (Verrucariaceae). The new combinations Porina eminentior (Nyl.) P. M. McCarthy and P. exocha (Nyl.) P. M. McCarthy are made for Thelenella eminentior Nyl. (Clathroporina eminentior (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.) and Verrucaria exocha Nyl. (Clathroporina exocha (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.), respectively. Brief descriptions and additional notes are provided for 26 other taxa. The phytogeographical affinities and possible origins of the pyrenocarpous lichens of Rarotonga and Lord Howe Island are discussed.

The genus Skyttea is characterized by urceolate ascomata, with a narrow pore when young, a greenish or brownish, rarely reddish exciple of conglutinate hyphae with subglobose to ± cylindrical lumina, bordered near the margin by hyaline to greenish or brownish, usually smooth, straight hairs, the absence of periphyses, rarely branched and apically hardly thickened paraphyses, asci and a hymenium that are entirely I — and KI —, a thin lateral and a very thick apical ascus wall with a small ocular chamber, and normally aseptate ascospores. It is considered to belong to the Leotiales and not to the Ostropales. It comprises at least 17 species, including S. caesii sp. nov., S. carboneae sp. nov., S. lecanorae sp. nov., S. mayrhoferi sp. nov., S. pyrenulae sp. nov., S. radiatilis comb, nov., S. tavaresae. sp. nov. and S. thelotrematis sp. nov. Rhymbocarpus is shown to be a distinct leotialean genus, distinguished from Llimoniella by a different excipular structure, different pigments and the presence of excipular hairs, which, in some species, are embedded in the excipular gel and thus not visible macroscopically. In addition to the type species, R. geographici, of which a neotype is designated, it includes R. boomii sp. nov.,R. cruciatus comb, nov., R. fuscoatrae comb, nov.,R. makarovae sp. nov.,R. neglectus comb, nov., R. pertusariae sp. nov.,R. pubescens comb. nov. and R. stereocaulorum comb. nov. Llimoniella s. str. comprises at least 6 species, including the type, L. scabridula, L. adnata, L. pertusariae sp. nov., L. pyrenulae sp. nov., L. ramalinae comb. nov. and L. vinosa comb. nov. Several species formerly assigned to Skyttea or Llimoniella are now included in the leotialean genus Unguiculariopsis, and the following new combinations are proposed: Unguiculariopsis acrocordiae comb, nov., U. groenlandiae comb. nov. and U. lesdainii comb. nov. A lectotype is chosen for Lichen stictoceros, which is shown to be a synonym of Evemia prunastri. Keys are given for the species of Skyttea, Llimoniella and Rhymbocarpus, and for the lichenicolous genera of Leotiales and Ostropales.

The morphology, anatomy, chemistry and ecology of some corticolous and lignicolous species of Buellia from the Iberian Peninsula that contain secondary lichen compounds are discussed, including B. chloroleuca, B. disciformis, B. erubescens, B. hyperbolica and B. leptoclinoides. These species are compared with other corticolous Buellia species that occur outside the study area, including B. arnoldii, B. insignis, B. regularis and B. sanguinolenta. The misunderstood B. zahlbruckneri J. Steiner and B. jorgei, are synonyms of B. erubescens, and the invalid taxon B. zahlbruckneri sensu Schauer non Steiner and B. poeltii, are synonyms of B. chloroleuca. New chemical data on several taxa are reported. A key to the pecies and illustrations of their ascospores are provided.

The minimal area of a foliicolous lichen community of Woessia vasakii in southern France (West Languedoc, Department of Gard) was studied by the method of the mean similarity coefficients of Sørensen and of Kulcinsky. The determination of the qualitative and quantitative minimal areas, which are c. 30–50 cm2 and 50–80 cm2, respectively, allows the phytosociological study of the foliicolous communities of southern France by the method of integral sampling.

The Tasmanian species of the family Thelotremataceae with thin-walled ascospores and exfoliating, chroodiscoid apothecia are studied in detail. Problems in the delimitation of genera are discussed, and characters such as the morphology of the apothecia, structure and form of the exciple, presence of periphyses, ascus structure, ascospore morphology and thallus chemistry are evaluated. The concept of the typically foliicolous genus Chroodiscus (Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. is expanded to include corticolous and terricolous species, and the new taxa C. asteliae Kantvilas & Vězda, C. australis Kantvilas & Vězda, C. australis subsp. tasmanicus Kantvilas & Vězda, C. lamelliferus Kantvilas & Vězda and C. minor Kantvilas & Vězda are described and illustrated. The related Australasian species, C. megalophthalmus (Müll. Arg.) Vězda & Kantvilas is also treated. Two new genera are also described. Pseudoramonia Kantvilas & Vězda, based on the Venezuelan species, P. stipitata (Vězda & Hertel) Kantvilas & Vězda, is introduced to accommodate P. richeae Kantvilas & Vězda; Topeliopsis Kantvilas & Vězda is described to include the Tasmanian taxa, T. muscicola Kantvilas & Vězda and T. rugosa Kantvilas & Vězda, and the North American species T. toensbergii Vězda & Kantvilas.

Caloplaca cancarixiticola Nav. -Ros., Egea & Llimona (Teloschistales, Lichenes) is described as new. It is characterized by a lobate thallus weakly attached to the substratum, and narrowly ellipsoid or ellipsoid-fusiform ascospores, (14.5–) 16–22(–25) × (4–)4–5–6um3 with a narrow equatorial wall-thickening, only (1–) 2.5–3.5(–4) um wide. This new species, related to the Caloplaca aurea-group of the subgenus Gasparrinia, was found on cancarixite, an ultrapotassic rock, in a volcanic region of Albacete (SE Spain).

Lecanora herteliana is described from several collections from hard siliceous sandstone, in typically Mediterranean habitats in eastern Spain. The new species has a whitish thallus containing atranorin and norstictic acid. Its apothecia are mostly black, with a thalline exciple, which is finally excluded, and with a well developed true exciple.Lecanora herteliana is most closely related to L. subcoarctata, and it is discussed in relation to this species and other members of the L. marginata group.

Lichenochora mediterraneae Calatayud, Nav.-Ros & E. Calvo (Phyllachorales)a new species of non-lichenized lichenicolous fungi, is described from the provinces of Cádiz and León (Spain)growing on Fuscopannaria mediterranea. is mainly characterised by having bispored asci, and 3–4-septate, narrowly cylindrical or bacilliform spores. The new species is compared with L. clauzadei and L. bellemerei, the two previously known species with pluriseptate spores.

Ten parmelioid taxa in five genera were identified from Rarotonga, Cook Islands, South Pacific Ocean. These comprise: three species of Bulbothrix, one species of Canoparmelia, four species of Parmotrema, one species of Rimelia and one species of Xanthoparmelia. Canoparmelia rarotongensis Louwhoff & Elix is described as new, being distinguished from other species of this genus by its unique secondary chemistry (lecanoric acid) and conspicuous, inflated isidia. The majority of parmelioid lichens on Rarotonga have cosmopolitan and pantropical distributions. Bulboihrix is reported for the first time from the Polynesian region.

The Parmeliella nigrocincta complex in the northern Andean region is discussed. The commonest species, P. miradorensis Vain. (syn. nov. P. nigrocincta var. brasiliensis Malme) is a foliose-squamulose taxon of the Andean mist forests, with a fairly wide distribution. It also reaches the West Indies and Macaronesia. In addition, there is a thick, small-squamulose species with round spores, P. incrassate sp. nov., in the northen Andes. This species occurs at the forest limit, on Polylepis at higher altitudes (to 4500 m) in the same region. Parmeliella nigrocincta s.str. does not appear to occur this far north, and appears to be restricted to more southern parts, mainly in Chile. There is a further species on rocks in the northern Andes, P. saxicola sp. nov., which is closely related to the cold-temperate P. triptophylla. An isidiate species, P. clavulifera sp. nov., is described from Mexico. It is somewhat reminiscent of P. miradorensis, but belongs in the P. pannosa complex. Lectotypes for P. miradorensis Vain, and P. nigrocincta var brasiliensis Malme have been selected.

The new species Santessoniella rosettiformis Henssen is described from a temperate Nothofagus forest in southern Chile and compared with the superficially similar S. pulchella P. M. Jørg. In both species, the thallus is corticate on all surfaces, the characteristic feature separating Santessoniella from Parmeliella. In the blue iodine reaction of the hymenium and the presence of smooth spores, S. rosettiformis corresponds to the closely related S. chilensis (Hue) Henssen whereas S. pulchella with warty spores and reddish brown hymenium in iodine is related to S. polychidioides (Zahlbr.) Henssen, the type species of the genus. A key to the species of Santessoniella is provided; the delimitation of the genus is discussed.