Fellhanera ochracea Sparrius & Aptroot is described from material found in sheltered habitats in Great Britain, Switzerland and The Netherlands, where it grows on acidic and neutral bark of, for example Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Ulmus, Quercus, Acer, Hedera and Sambucus. The species is close to Fellhanera subtilis and Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, but distinguished by the abundant tiny, pale or orange-brown pigmented frequently discolouring to bluish green conidiomata with paler centrum, containing small, pyriform conidia, and by the 3-septate ascospores and the absence of lichen products in the thallus. A key to Fellhanera and Fellhaneropsis species known from western Europe is provided.

Amandinea crassiuscula Giralt & Etayo, a new corticolous lichen species is described from the Iberian Peninsula. It is characterized by a thickly crustose to subsquamulose thallus that lacks secondary lichen compounds, lecideine apothecia, Buellia–type ascospores with rugulate ornamentation and filiform spermatia. The new species is compared with other corticolous Amandinea and Buellia species, such as A. punctata and B. chloroleuca. Habit photographs of the new species and illustrations of its thallus, spermatia and ascospores are also provided.

Lecanora herteliana is described from several collections from hard siliceous sandstone, in typically Mediterranean habitats in eastern Spain. The new species has a whitish thallus containing atranorin and norstictic acid. Its apothecia are mostly black, with a thalline exciple, which is finally excluded, and with a well developed true exciple.Lecanora herteliana is most closely related to L. subcoarctata, and it is discussed in relation to this species and other members of the L. marginata group.

Sixty-eight lichen species were found in the lower montane rain forest of Fortuna(1000-1200 m) in the province of Chiriquí, Panama; 33 of these were cyanobacterial lichens. The montane rain forest of the Volcan Bartú (2200-3100 m) yielded 30 species of lichens, 13 of which have cyanobacterial photobionts. Forty of the species reported are new records for Panama. Information concerning their habitats within the forest and their phytogeographical affinities is provided where possible.

Thirty-seven species of calicioid lichens and fungi are reported from the Gongga mountains (China). Chaenothecopsis tibellii and Phaeocalicium tibetanicum are described as new. The new combination Chaenothecopsis himalayensis (Räsänen).Tibell & Titov is proposed. A lectotype is selected for Mycocalicium himalayense Räsänen Chaenothecopsis nigropedata is reported as new to the Northern Hemisphere, Pyrgillus cubanus as new to Eurasia, and Chaenotheca cinerea new to Asia. Seven genera and 34 species are reported as new to China. Descriptions and illustrations of the new species are presented along with data on their habitat ecology and distribution.

A method for the characterization of insoluble lichen pigments is presented. The method relies on pH–dependent colour reactions before and after pretreatment with HNO3. Diagnostic reactions for 22 different pigments and a key for their identification are given. A standardized nomenclature and a procedure similar to the typification of species in systematic botany is proposed in order to avoid ambiguous naming.

The lichen communities on 50 disused military airfields were surveyed. The habitats involve saxicolous communities growing on horizontal concrete and tarmac surfaces, and terricolous ones found on spreads of gritty soil. About 150 lichens were encountered. Some, such as Caloplaca crenulatella, had been seriously over-looked, others are local, for example Caloplaca ceracea, Leptogium britannicum, L. corniculatum, Peltigera neckeri and Phaeophyscia sciastra, while Staurothele frustulenta was the first correctly identified specimen from Britain. Tarmac surfaces in the north and west are characterized by rich assemblages of Parmelia s. lat. species and have affinities with communities occurring on basalt; tarmac ones in the east support an undescribed community; while terricolous communities have similarities with those present on sand dune. Fifty-year-old associations on concrete match two already described from limestone. Disused airfields represent a major overlooked lichen resource.

Soluble rocks undergo erosion by solution when rain falls on an unprotected rock surface. Lichens may act to protect the surface from such erosion, and the protected area may subsequently emerge from the surrounding lowering surface to form an area of higher relief. Specimens of Aspicilia calcarea and Diploschistes diacapsis act in this way on a gypsum surface, creating conical or rounded mounds up to 15 mm in height. In the case of Aspicilia, the lichen centre decays, re-exposing to surface solution the central area, which then corrodes to create a cratered gypsum cone. The gradient of the cone side-slopes is a function of the relative rates of lichen radial growth and rock surface lowering.