Xanthoparmelia isidiovagans and X. subverrucigera from Spain are described as new to science. Both species are characterized by an isidiate upper surface and the presence of the stictic acid chemosyndrome in the medulla, but X. isidiovagans has a vagrant thallus with markedly revolute lobes with a black lower surface, whereas X. subverrucigera has adnate thalli with subirregular lobes and a brown lower surface.

The following new species of Parmeliaceae are described from Rwanda: Hypotrachyna rwandensis Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann and Parmotrema afrocetratum Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann.

Graphis tetralocularis C. Bock & Hauck is described as a new species from Rwanda. It is characterized by triseptate, hyaline ascospores 12–15(–17)×5–7·5 μm, a connivent, laterally carbonized exciple and by the presence of atranorin. So far, G. tetralocularis is only known from the type locality in central Africa, where it grows epiphytically on Nuxia floribunda in a dry forest.

A new species of pyrenocarpous lichen, Pyrenula subcylindrica, from the Sundarbans area on the delta of the River Ganges is described. It is characterized by ascomata with a distinct clypeus, and 7–11-septate ascospores 42–67 μm long made up of cells with rounded to polygonal lumina and with subacute apices.

Eight species of the lichen genus Pertusaria (Pertusariaceae) are reported from the Juan Fernández Archipelago (Chile). Pertusaria fernandeziana is described as a new species and two species, Pertusaria phlyctaenula Nyl. and Pertusaria dehiscens Müll. Arg., are recorded for the first time from the archipelago. Range extensions of the known distribution within the archipelago are reported for Pertusaria hadrocarpa Zahlbr., Pertusaria melanospora Nyl., Pertusaria pachythallina (Räsänen) Messuti, Pertusaria papillulata Nyl., and Pertusaria velata (Turner) Nyl. Pertusaria polycarpa Kremp. var. monospora Zahlbr. is reduced to synonymy with Pertusaria papillulata and Pertusaria chilena Zahlbr. is synonymized with Pertusaria velata. A diagnostic key, descriptions, and illustrations of the species are presented with data on their habitat ecology and distribution.

The phylogeny of the lichen family Gomphillaceae sensu Vězda & Poelt was reconstructed by parsimony analysis of a phenotype data matrix including ecological, thallus, apothecial, and hyphophore characters. Two hundred and twenty-eight taxa and 209 characters, grouped into ecology (14), thallus (45), apothecia (83), and hyphophores (67), were included in the analysis. Gyalidea hyalinescens (Asterothyriaceae) was used as outgroup. Because of the high level of homoplasy (consistency index of all-taxa tree without character weighting CI=0·12), and the resulting uncertainty (generally low support) with respect to group topologies, we accepted both monophyletic clades and paraphyletic grades and only rejected previously proposed classifications if the taxon in question appeared polyphyletic, or if segregate taxa were characterized by functionally independent apomorphies and/or by evidence of radiation. Thus, the following 19 genera (synonyms in brackets) are accepted as a result of this study: Actinoplaca (segregate of Echinoplaca; isidioid hyphophores), Aderkomyces (Psathyromyces; segregate of Tricharia; white setae, hyphal excipulum), Aplanocalenia (segregate of Calenia; immersed applanate apothecia), Arthotheliopsis (Phallomyces; segregate of Echinoplaca; smooth thallus, differentiated diahyphae), Aulaxina (Lochomyces; carbonized apothecia, bristle-shaped hyphophores with palmate diahyphae on prothallus), Calenia (Bullatina; zeorine apothecia, acute to bristle-shaped hyphophores with moniliform diahyphae), Caleniopsis (thick white thallus with dark prothallus, zeorine apothecia, bristle-shaped hyphophores with palmate diahyphae on prothallus), Diploschistella (segregate of Gyalideopsis; immersed apothecia), Echinoplaca (Spinomyces, Sporocybomyces; crystalline thallus, acute to bristle-shaped hyphophores with moniliform or derived diahyphae), Ferraroa (segregate of Gyalideopsis; campylidioid hyphophores), Gomphillus (vertically elongate apothecia, filiform ascospores), Gyalectidium (Tauromyces; zeorine apothecia, squamiform hyphophores), Gyalideopsis (Epilithia, Microlychnus, Microspatha; chiefly biatorine apothecia, setiform or flabellate hyphophores), Hippocrepidea (applanate apothecia, squamiform hyphophores with strongly derived diahyphae), Jamesiella (segregate of Gyalideopsis; isidioid hyphophores), Lithogyalideopsis (segregate of Gyalideopsis; lecideine apothecia, bristleshaped hyphophores with palmate diahyphae), Paratricharia (black setae, partly carbonized apothecia with columella), Rubrotricha (segregate of Tricharia; red-brown setae, hyphal excipulum), and Tricharia (Microxyphiomyces, Setomyces; black setae, proso- or paraplectenchymatous excipulum). The following taxa and combinations are introduced: Actinoplaca gemmifera comb. nov. [Echinoplaca gemmifera], Aderkomyces albostrigosus comb. nov. (Tricharia albostrigosa), A. armatus comb. nov. (T. armata), A. carneoalbus comb. nov. (T. carneoalba), A. cretaceus comb. nov. (T. cretacea), A. cubanus comb. nov. (T. cubana), A. deslooveri comb. nov. (T. deslooveri), A. dilatatus comb. nov. (T. dilatata), A. fumosus comb. nov. (T. fumosa), A. heterellus comb. nov. (Arthonia heterella; Lopadium membranula; Echinoplaca affinis), A. guatemalensis comb. nov. (T. guatemalensis), A. lobulimarginatus sp. nov., A. microcarpus comb. nov. (T. microcarpa), A. microtrichus comb. nov. (T. microtricha), A. papilliferus comb. nov. (T. papillifera), A. planicarpus comb. nov. (T. planicarpa), A. planus comb. nov. (T. plana), A. purulhensis comb. nov. (T. purulhensis), A. ramiferus comb. nov. (T. ramifera), A. subalbostrigosus comb. nov. (T. subalbostrigosa), A. subplanus comb. nov. (T. subplana), A. testaceus comb. nov. (T. testacea), A. verruciferus comb. nov. (T. verrucifera), A. verrucosus comb. nov. (T. verrucosa), Aplanocalenia gen. nov., A. inconspicua comb. nov. (Heterothecium inconspicuum; Calenia inconspicua), Arthotheliopsis serusiauxii comb. nov. (Echinoplaca serusiauxii), A. tricharioides comb. nov. (E. tricharioides), Caleniopsis aggregata comb. nov. (Calenia aggregata), C. conspersa comb. nov. (Thelotrema conspersa; Calenia conspersa), Diploschistella lithophila comb. nov. (Gyalideopsis lithophila), D. solorinellaeformis comb. nov. (G. solorinellaeformis), D. trapperi comb. nov. (G. trapperi), Echinoplaca macgregorii comb. nov. (Arthonia macgregorii), Ferraroa gen. nov., Ferraroa hyalina comb. nov. (Gyalideopsis hyalina), Gyalideopsis brevipilosa comb. nov. (Tricharia brevipilosa), G. buckei nom. nov. (Tricharia vezdae), G. cristata comb. nov. (Epilithia cristata), G. glauca comb. nov. (Microspatha glauca), G. puertoricensis sp. nov., Jamesiella gen. nov., J. anastomosans comb. nov. (Gyalideopsis anastomosans), J. perlucida comb. nov. (G. perlucida), J. scotica comb. nov. (G. scotica), Lithogyalideopsis gen. nov., L. aterrima comb. nov. (Gyalideopsis aterrima), L. poeltii comb. nov. (G. poeltii), L. vivantii comb. nov. (G. vivantii), L. zeylandica comb. nov. (G. zeylandica), Rubrotricha gen. nov., R. helminthospora comb. nov. (Tricharia helminthospora), R. subhelminthospora sp. nov., Tricharia atrocarpa sp. nov., and Tricharia variratae sp. nov. A key is presented to all genera of Gomphillaceae, and a synopsis of the family classification, with all presently known species, is provided.

The responses of the nitrophytic green algal lichen Xanthoria parietina to varying nitrogen (N) concentrations were investigated by collecting 67 X. parietina thalli from clay roof tiles from 13 sites in Portugal with different exposures to N. Concentrations of total N, chlorophyll a (a marker for the photobiont), ergosterol (a marker for the mycobiont), and thallus specific weight (TSW; thallus dry weight in relation to surface area) were quantified for each thallus to see how biont investments were related to thallus N concentrations. Thallus N ranged from 11 to 43 mg g−1 DW revealing a wider N concentration range in this lichen compared to other green algal lichen species. Both chlorophyll a and ergosterol concentrations increased with increasing thallus N, with a steeper increase of the photobiont marker. TSW was similar in all thalli without any significant effect of thallus N concentration, suggesting that thallus developmental patterns are similar in low and high thallus N concentrations. The relatively higher resource allocation to the photobiont in relation to the mycobiont with increasing thallus N concentrations is an indication of the capacity of X. parietina to meet the C demands associated with N assimilation. This result is also in agreement with the inter-specific resource allocation pattern for green algal lichens across the same N concentration range.

FT-Raman spectra have been obtained from the highly pigmented lichen Cryptothecia rubrocincta from a Brazilian vestigial rainforest habitat. Spectral signatures of the two main lichen substances, chiodectonic acid and confluentic acid, were identified in adjacent zones of the thallus. Of the characteristic zonal colours displayed by the thallus, the outer red zone contained chiodectonic acid and no calcium oxalate, and graded into by a pink zone with calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) in association with chiodectonic acid, to the inside of which is a concentric white zone containing calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite); however, chemically differentiated sites (elliptical brown flecks with a major axis of c. 15 μm) in both the pink and red zones contained chiodectonic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate. The role of Raman spectroscopy in the spatial identification of lichen substances in the thallial structures is demonstrated.