Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:44:06.033Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: Graphidaceae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2009

Robert LÜCKING ,
Alan W. ARCHER  and
André APTROOT
Robert LÜCKING
Affiliation:
Botany Department, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, USA. Email: [email protected]
Alan W. ARCHER
Affiliation:
National Herbarium of New South Wales, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
André APTROOT
Affiliation:
ABL Herbarium, G. v.d.Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A world-wide key to the genus Graphis is presented, based on extensive type studies and revision of several thousand historical and recent collections. A total of 330 species are accepted and included in the key, and a further 205 epithets are listed as synonyms. The structured key includes taxonomic information on type specimens of epithets considered to be synonyms of the accepted species. In addition, 28 species of other genera (Carbacanthographis, Diorygma, Dyplolabia, Glyphis) with carbonized excipulum and hyaline ascospores likely to be confused with Graphis are mentioned under the corresponding key couplets. Although the key is preliminary and some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems remain unresolved at this time, it should allow reliable identification of most specimens especially from tropical regions. The following 14 species are described as new: Graphis brahmanensis Aptroot sp. nov., G. cupei Vain. ex Lücking sp. nov., G. funilina Aptroot sp. nov., G. inspersolongula Aptroot sp. nov., G. leucaenae Aptroot sp. nov., G. lourdesina Aptroot sp. nov., G. myolensis Aptroot sp. nov., G. nadurina Aptroot sp. nov., G. norstictica Archer & Lücking sp. nov., G. sarawakensis Hale ex Lücking sp. nov., G. slendrae Hale ex Lücking sp. nov., G. subintermedians Hale ex Lücking sp. nov., G. subserpens Staiger sp. nov., and G. syzygii Aptroot sp. nov. In addition, 22 new combinations are proposed: Carbacanthographis cleitops (Fée) Lücking comb. nov., C. coccospora (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., C. induta (Müll. Arg.) Lücking comb. nov., C. triphoroides (M. Wirth & Hale) Lücking comb. nov., Graphis apoda (Zahlbr.) Lücking comb. et stat. nov., G. cremicolor (H. Magn.) Lücking & Archer comb. nov., G. enteroleuca (Ach.) Lücking comb. nov., G. evirescens (Redinger) Lücking comb. nov., G. galactoderma (Zahlbr.) Lücking comb. nov., G. ingarum (Vain.) Lücking comb. et stat. nov., G. isidiata (Hale) Lücking comb. nov., G. japonica (Müll. Arg.) A. W. Archer & Lücking comb. nov., G. kousyuensis (Horik. & M. Nakan.) Lücking comb. nov., G. negrosina (Vain.) Lücking comb. et stat. nov., G. oxyspora (Zahlbr.) Lücking comb. nov., G. plumbea (Zahlbr.) Lücking comb. nov., G. riopiedrensis (Fink) Lücking comb. nov., G. semirigida (Müll. Arg.) Lücking comb. nov., G. subradiata (Nyl.) Lücking comb. et stat. nov., G. subtecta (Nyl.) Lücking comb. et stat. nov., and G. sulphurella (Zahlbr.) Lücking comb. nov. Replacement names are established for six taxa: Graphis jeanmuelleri Lücking nom. nov. [≡ Graphina elegantula Müll. Arg., non Graphis elegantula Zahlbr.], Graphis neoelongata Lücking nom. nov. [≡ G. elongata Vain., non G. elongata Zenker], Graphis novopalmicola A. W. Archer & Lücking nom. nov. [≡ Graphina palmicola Müll. Arg., non Graphis palmicola Makhija & Adaw.], Graphis paralleloides Cáceres & Lücking nom. nov. [≡ G. rimulosa var. parallela Müll. Arg., non G. parallela Müll. Arg.], Graphis subalbostriata Lücking nom. nov. [≡ G. angustata var. albostriata Vain., non G. albostriata Vain.], and Graphis subvernicosa Lücking nom. nov. [≡ Opegrapha vernicosa Fée, non G. vernicosa Nyl.]. Three new synonyms are established for Glyphis substriatula (Nyl.) Staiger: Graphina sulcatula Müll. Arg., G. sulcatula var. conglomerata Müll. Arg., and G. bakeri Zahlbr.

Keywords

CarbacanthographisDiorygmaDyplolabiaGlyphis
Type
Research Article
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 41 , Issue 4: Thematic issue: Graphis , July 2009 , pp. 363 - 452
Copyright
Copyright © British Lichen Society 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adawadkar, B. & Makhija, U. (2004) A new isidiate species of Graphis from India. Lichenologist 36: 361–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adawadkar, B. & Makhija, U. (2005) Some trans-septate species of the genera Hemithecium and Platythecium from India. Mycotaxon 92: 387–394.Google Scholar
Adawadkar, B. & Makhija, U. (2006) New species and new records of Graphis from India: transseptate species with completely carbonized exciples and norstictic acid. Mycotaxon 96: 51–60.Google Scholar
Adawadkar, B. & Makhija, U. (2007) New species and new records of Graphis from India with partially carbonized exciples and transseptate ascospores. Mycotaxon 99: 303–326.Google Scholar
Aptroot, A. & Sipman, H. J. M. (2007) A new Schistophoron (Graphidaceae) from Costa Rica. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 96: 21–24.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (1999) The lichen genera Graphis and Graphina (Graphidaceae) in Australia 1. Species based on Australian type specimens. Telopea 8: 273–295.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2000) The lichen genera Phaeographis and Phaeographina (Graphidaceae) in Australia. 1: Species based on Australian type specimens. Telopea 8: 461–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2001 a) New taxa and new reports in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ascomycotina) from Australia. Mycotaxon 80: 367–374.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2001 b) The lichen genera Phaeographis and Phaeographina (Graphidaceae) in Australia 2: Phaeographina – new reports and new species. Telopea 9: 329–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2001 c) The lichen genera Phaeographis and Phaeographina (Graphidaceae) in Australia 3: Phaeographis – new reports and new species. Telopea 9: 663–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2001 d) The lichen genus Graphis (Graphidaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 14: 245–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2001 e) The lichen genus Graphina (Graphidaceae) in Australia: new reports and new species. Mycotaxon 77: 153–180.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2003 a) Graphina streblocarpa, Graphina subserpentina (Graphidaceae, lichenised Ascomycota) and their synonyms. Mycotaxon 86: 31–36.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2003 b) New species in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota) from Australia and the Solomon Islands. Mycotaxon 88: 143–148.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2005) Australian species in the genus Diorygma (Graphidaceae). Australasian Lichenology 56: 11–12.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2006) The lichen family Graphidaceae in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 94: 1–191.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2007 a) Key and checklist for the lichen family Graphidaceae (lichenised Ascomycota) in the Solomon Islands. Systematics and Biodiversity 5: 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2007 b) Additional lichen records from Australia 63. Australasian Lichenology 61: 6–7.Google Scholar
Archer, A. W. (2009) Graphidaceae. In Flora of Australia. Volume 57 (McCarthy, P. M., ed.): Lichens 5. Melbourne: ABRS/CSIRO.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. (1991) A key to the microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40: 1–340.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. & Singh, K. P. (1972) Four new taxa of lichens from Palni and Nilgiri Hills, India. Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 239–242.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. & Singh, K. P. (1975) Observations on some graphidaceous lichen taxa. Phyta 1: 34–40.Google Scholar
Awasthi, D. D. & Singh, S. R. (1977) Five new taxa of saxicolous lichens from Meghalaya, India. Norwegian Journal of Botany 24: 1–8.Google Scholar
Bock, C. & Hauck, M. (2005) Graphis tetralocularis, a new lichen with four-celled ascospores from tropical Africa. Lichenologist 37: 105–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breuss, O. (2000) Flechten aus Costa Rica. I. Regenwald der Österreicher (Bosque Esquinas). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 32: 1043–1051.Google Scholar
Breuss, O. (2001) Flechten aus Costa Rica. II. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 33: 1025–1034.Google Scholar
Breuss, O. (2004) Flechten aus Costa Rica. III. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 36: 77–80.Google Scholar
Cáceres, M. E. S. (2007) Corticolous crustose and microfoliose lichens of northeastern Brazil. Libri Botanici 22: 1–168.Google Scholar
Coppins, B. J. & James, P. W. (1978) New or interesting British lichens II. Lichenologist 10: 179–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, C. W. (1964) Some Lichens of Tropical Africa. IV. Dermatocarpaceae to Pertusariaceae. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 12: 1–282.Google Scholar
Ernst, G. & Hauck, M. (1994) Die Gattung Phaeographis (Ach.) Müll. Arg. in Deutschland Herzogia 10: 39–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ertz, D. & Diederich, P. (2007) Revision of the Opegrapha species with muriform ascospores (previously Dictyographa) (lichenized Roccellaceae). Lichenologist 39: 143–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fée, A. L. A. (1824) Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales. Paris.Google Scholar
Fink, B. (1927) New species of lichens from Porto Rico – I. Graphidaceae. Mycologia 19: 206–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groenhart, P. (1954) Malaysian lichens – IV. Reinwardtia 2: 385–402.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. Jr. (1974) Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: the lichens (Thelotremataceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 16: 1–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. Jr. (1978) A revision of the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Panama. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 38: 1–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, M. E. Jr. (1981) A revision of the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Sri Lanka. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany, Ser. 8: 227–332.Google Scholar
Harris, R. C. (1990) Some Florida Lichens. Bronx, N.Y.: Published by the author.Google Scholar
Harris, R. C. (1995) More Florida Lichens. Including the 10¢ Tour of the Pyrenolichens. Bronx, N.Y.: Published by the author.Google Scholar
Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M., Sinha, G. P. & Singh, K. P. (2007) A new species of Graphis (Graphidaceae) from India. Lichenologist 39: 231–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jia, Z.-F. & Wei, J.-C. (2008) Graphis fujianensis, a new species of Graphidaceae from China. Mycotaxon 104: 107–109.Google Scholar
Kalb, K. & Staiger, B. (2000) Dyplolabia Massalongo. Monographie einer vergessenen Flechtengattung. Hoppea 61: 409–422.Google Scholar
KalbK., Staiger, B. K., Staiger, B. & Elix, J. A. (2004) A monograph of the lichen genus Diorygma – a first attempt. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34(1): 133–181.Google Scholar
Krempelhuber, A. (1876) Lichenes brasilienses collecti a D. A. Glaziou in provincia brasiliensi Rio Janeiro. Flora 59: 33–38, 56–63, 70–77, 140–144, 172–176, 217–224, 248–251, 265–271, 316–320, 378–384, 412–423, 445–482, 511–514, 522–529.Google Scholar
Kurokawa, S. (ed.) (2003) Checklist of Japanese Lichens. Tokyo: National Science Museum.Google Scholar
Leighton, W. A. (1869) The Lichens of Ceylon, collected by G. H. K. Thwaites. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 27: 161–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lendemer, J. C. & Knudsen, K. (2008) Studies in lichens and lichenicolous fungi: further notes on North American taxa. Mycotaxon 103: 75–86.Google Scholar
Lücking, R. (2009) The taxonomy of the genus Graphis sensu Staiger: (Ostrapales: Graphidaceae). Lichenologist 41: 319–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lücking, R. & Rivas Plata, E. (2008) Clave y guía ilustrada para géneros de Graphidaceae. Glalia 1: 1–41.Google Scholar
Lücking, R., Chaves, J. L., Sipman, H. J. M., Umaña, L. & Aptroot, A. (2008) A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: The genus Graphis, with notes on the genus Hemithecium (Ascomycota: Ostropales: Graphidaceae). Fieldiana (Botany), New Series 46: 1–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lücking, R., Fryday, A. M. & Johnston, A. J. (2009). The Graphidaceae collected by Henry A. Imshaug in the West Indies and South America. Fieldiana (Botany), New Series (in press).Google Scholar
Lumbsch, H. T. (2002) Analysis of phenolic products in lichens for identification and taxonomy In Protocols in Lichenology: Culturing, Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Use in Biomonitoring. (Kranner, I., Beckett, R. P. & Varma, A. K. eds): 281–295. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnusson, A. H. (1955) A catalogue of Hawaiian lichens. Arkiv för Botanik, Ser. 2, 3(10): 223–402.Google Scholar
Makhija, U. & Adawadkar, B. (2005 a) Some additions to the Graphidaceae in the Andaman Islands, India. Mycotaxon 91: 347–352.Google Scholar
Makhija, U. & Adawadkar, B. (2005 b) Some new species of Graphis (lichenised Ascomycota) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Mycotaxon 91: 369–379.Google Scholar
Makhija, U., Dube, A., Adawadkar, B. & Chitale, G. (2005 a) Some additions to the Graphidaceae in the Andaman Islands, India. Mycotaxon 91: 347–352.Google Scholar
Makhija, U., Dube, A., Adawadkar, B. & Chitale, G. (2005 b) Five trans-septate species of Hemithecium from India. Mycotaxon 93: 365–372.Google Scholar
Makhija, U., Dube, A., Adawadkar, B. & Chitale, G. (2006) Some species of lichen genera Dyplolabia and Graphis from Maharashtra, India. Geophytology 36: 61–68.Google Scholar
Mangold, A., Martín, M. P., Lücking, R. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2008) Molecular phylogeny places Thelotremataceae within Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales). Taxon 57: 476–486.Google Scholar
Müller Argoviensis, J. (1880) Lichenologische Beiträge, X. Flora 63: 17–24, 40–45.Google Scholar
Müller Argoviensis, J. (1887) Graphideae Féeanae inclus. trib. affinibus nec non Graphidaea exoticae Acharii, El. Friesii et Zenkeri e novo studio speciminum originalium expositae et in novam dispositionem ordinatae. Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève 29: 1–80.Google Scholar
Nagarkar, M. B. & Patwardhan, P. G. (1982) Notes on some lichens from North East India IV: Genus Graphis. Biovigyanam 8: 125–131.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, M. (1966) Taxonomical studies on the family Graphidaceae of Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Ser. B, Div. 2 (Bot.) 11: 51–126.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, M. (1967) Supplementary note of “Taxonomical studies on the family Graphidaceae of Japan”. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Ser. B, Div. 2 (Bot.) 11: 265.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, M., Kashiwadani, H. & Moon, K. H. (2002) New species of Graphis, Phaeographina and Sarcographa (Ascomycotina, Graphidaceae) from Vanuatu. Bulletin of the National Science Museum (Tokyo), Series B (Botany) 28: 107–111.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, M., Kashiwadani, H. & Moon, K. H. (2003 a) New species of Graphis, Phaeographina and Sarcographa (Ascomycotina, Graphidaceae) from Vanuatu. Bulletin of the National Science Museum (Tokyo), Series B (Botany) 28: 107–111.Google Scholar
Nakanishi, M., Kashiwadani, H. & Moon, K. H. (2003 b) Taxonomical notes on Japanese Graphidaceae (Ascomycotina), including some new combinations. Bulletin of the National Science Museum (Tokyo), Series B (Botany) 29: 83–90.Google Scholar
Patwardhan, P. G. & Kulkarni, C. R. (1976) Some additions to the lichen flora of India. IV: Graphis and Graphina (family Graphidaceae). Biovigyanam 2: 123–132.Google Scholar
Patwardhan, P. G. & Kulkarni, C. R. (1977) Some additions to the lichen flora of India. V. Genera Phaeographis and Phaeographina (family: Graphidaceae). Current Science 46: 720–721.Google Scholar
Patwardhan, P. G. & Kulkarni, C. R. (1979 a) Some new taxa of the family Graphidaceae from Western Ghats, southwestern India. Norwegian Journal of Botany 26: 45–52.Google Scholar
Patwardhan, P. G. & Kulkarni, C. R. (1979 b) The lichen genus Phaeographina (family Graphidaceae) in the Western Ghats, Southwestern India. Indian Journal of Botany 2: 132–143.Google Scholar
Patwardhan, P. G. & Kulkarni, C. R. (1979 c) Three new species of Graphina of the Graphina multistriata complex. Biovigyanam 5: 5–8.Google Scholar
Patwardhan, P. G. & Nagarkar, M. B. (1979) Notes on some lichens from North East India I: family Graphidaceae. Biovigyanam 5: 131–138.Google Scholar
Redinger, K. (1934) Die Graphidineen der ersten Regnell'schen Expedition nach Brasilien 1892–94. II. Graphina und Phaeographina. Arkiv för Botanik 26A(1): 1–105.Google Scholar
Redinger, K. (1935) Die Graphidineen der ersten Regnell'schen Expedition nach Brasilien 1892–94. III. Graphis und Phaeographis, nebst einem Nachtrage zu Graphina. Arkiv för Botanik 27A(3): 1–103.Google Scholar
Sipman, H. J. M. & Harris, R. C. (1989) Lichens. In Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems Biogeographical and Ecological Studies (Ecosystems of the World 14B). (Lieth, H. & Werger, M. J. A., eds): 303–309. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staiger, B. (2002) Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae. Studien in Richtung einer natürlicheren Gliederung. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 85: 1–526.Google Scholar
Staiger, B. & Kalb, K. 1999. Acanthothecis and other graphidoid lichens with warty periphysoids or paraphysis-tips. Mycotaxon 73: 69–134.Google Scholar
Staiger, B., Kalb, K. & Grube, M. (2006) Phylogeny and phenotypic variation in the lichen family Graphidaceae (Ostropomycetidae, Ascomycota). Mycological Research 110: 765–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tehler, A., Baloch, E., Wedin, M. & Tibell, L. (2009) The systematic position of Schistophoron. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 383–392.Google Scholar
Walker, F. J. & James, P. W. (1980) A revised guide to microchemical techniques for the identification of lichen products. Bulletin of the British Lichen. Society 46(Suppl.): 13–29.Google Scholar
Wirth, M. & Hale, M. E. Jr. (1963) The lichen family Graphidaceae in Mexico. Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 36: 63–119.Google Scholar
Wirth, M., and Hale, M. E. Jr. (1978) Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: the lichens (Graphidaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 40: 1–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahlbruckner, A. (1923) Catalogus Lichenum Universalis. Leipzig: Borntraeg.Google Scholar
Zahlbruckner, A 1930: Lichenes (Übersicht über sämtliche bisher aus China bekannten Flechten). In Symbolae Sinicae. Botanische Ergebnisse der Expedition der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien nach Südwest-China 1914–1918. III. (Handel-Mazetti, H., ed.): 1–254. Wien: Springer.Google Scholar
Zenker, J. C. (1829) Kryptogamische Parasiten auf oficinellen Rinden. In Pharmaceutische Waaren-kunde (Goebel, F. & Kunze, G., eds): 109–200. Eisenach: Bäreck.Google Scholar