Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T04:23:51.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Taxonomy of the corticolous, shrubby, esorediate, neotropical species of Usnea Adans. (Parmeliaceae) with an emphasis on southern Brazil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2017

Alice da Cruz Lima GERLACH ,
Philippe CLERC  and
Rosa Mara BORGES DA SILVEIRA
Alice da Cruz Lima GERLACH
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Micologia, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Campus do Vale, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil. Email: [email protected] Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1 ch. de l’Impératrice, 1292 Chambésy/GE, Switzerland
Philippe CLERC
Affiliation:
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1 ch. de l’Impératrice, 1292 Chambésy/GE, Switzerland
Rosa Mara BORGES DA SILVEIRA
Affiliation:
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Micologia, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Campus do Vale, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Seventeen corticolous shrubby apotheciate Usnea species without vegetative propagules are reported from Brazil, including five species that are new to science: Usnea aurantiaca-parvula A. Gerlach & P. Clerc (characterized by an orange medulla and lageniform spinulose fibrils), U. cirrosa Motyka, U. cladocarpa Fée (syn. nov.: U. ramillosa Motyka), U. concinna Stirton (lectotype designated here, syn. nov. U. radiata Stirton, U. florida var. scabrosa Zahlbr.), U. cristatula Motyka, U. erinacea Vain., U. fleigiae A. Gerlach & P. Clerc (characterized by large spores and a thin, lax medulla), U. grandispora A. Gerlach & P. Clerc (characterized by large spores, a black base and protocetraric or salazinic acids in the medulla), U. kalbiana P. Clerc & A. Gerlach (characterized by a vitreous cortex and annular cracks in the basal part), U. lunaria Motyka, U. meridionalis Zahlbr. (syn. nov.: U. michauxii I. I. Tav.), Usnea cf. moreliana Motyka, U. parvula Motyka, U. steineri Zahlbr, U. subelegans (Vain.) B. de Lesd. (lectotype designated here), U. subparvula A. Gerlach & P. Clerc (characterized by spinulose fibrils and protocetraric acid in the medulla) and one as yet unidentified species (named Usnea sp. 1). Usnea cirrosa, U. cristatula and U. erinacea are new records for Brazil. A full description with morphological, anatomical (CMA and ascospores) and chemical features (TLC), as well as geographical distribution, is provided for each species along with an identification key to all species reported. Molecular data from the ITS rDNA, RPB1 and Mcm7 markers are present for most taxa, except for U. concinna, U. cristatula, U. kalbiana, U. lunaria, U. cf. moreliana and U. subelegans.

Keywords

anatomyascosporeslichensmorphologyphylogeneticsthin-layer chromatography
Type
Articles
Information
The Lichenologist , Volume 49 , Issue 3 , May 2017 , pp. 199 - 238
Copyright
© British Lichen Society, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akaike, H. (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19: 716–723.Google Scholar
Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., de Moraes Gonçalves, J. L. & Sparovek, G. (2013) Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22(6): 711–728.Google Scholar
Articus, K., Mattsson, J. E., Tibell, L., Grube, M. & Wedin, M. (2002) Ribosomal DNA and β-tubulin data do not support the separation of the lichens Usnea florida and U. subfloridana as distinct species. Mycological Research 106: 412–418.Google Scholar
Awasthi, G. (1986) Lichen genus Usnea in India. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 61: 333–421.Google Scholar
Benjamini, Y. & Yekutieli, D. (2001) The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Annals of Statistics 29: 1165–1188.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (1984 a) Contribution à la révision de la systématique des usnées (Ascomycotina, Usnea) d’Europe I. Usnea florida (L.) Wigg. emend. Clerc. Cryptogamie, Bryologie et Lichenologie 5: 333–360.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (1984 b) Usnea wirthii – a new species of lichen from Europe and North Africa. Saussurea 15: 33–36.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (1987) Systematics of the Usnea fragilescens aggregate and its distribution in Scandinavia. Nordic Journal of Botany 7: 479–495.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (1998) Species concepts in the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes). Lichenologist 30: 321–340.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (2004) Notes on the genus Usnea Adanson. II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 79–90.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (2007) Usnea . In Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region (T. H. Nash III, C. Gries & F. Bungartz, eds): 302–335. Tempe, Arizona: Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (2011 a) Notes on the genus Usnea Adans. (lichenized Ascomycota). III. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 106: 41–51.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. (2011 b) Usnea . In Nordic Lichen Flora, Vol. 4 (A. Thell & R. Moberg, eds): 107–127. Uppsala: Nordic Lichen Society.Google Scholar
Clerc, P. & Herrera-Campos, M. A. (1997) Saxicolous species of Usnea subgenus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) in North America. Bryologist 100: 281–301.Google Scholar
Crespo, A. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2010) Cryptic species in lichen-forming fungi. IMA Fungus 1: 167–170.Google Scholar
Crespo, A., Blanco, O. & Hawksworth, D. L. (2001) The potential of mitochondrial DNA for establishing phylogeny and establishing generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens. Taxon 50: 807–819.Google Scholar
Crespo, A., Lumbsch, H. T., Mattsson, J. E., Blanco, O., Divakar, P. K., Articus, K., Wiklund, E., Bawingan, P. A. & Wedin, M. (2007) Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 812–824.Google Scholar
Crespo, A., Divakar, P. K. & Hawksworth, D. L. (2011) Generic concepts in parmelioid lichens, and the phylogenetic value of characters used in their circumscription. Lichenologist 43: 511–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, C. F. & Ammann, K. (1979) Standardmethode zur Dünnschichtchromatographie von Flechtensubstanzen. Herzogia 5: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Culberson, C. F. & Johnson, A. (1982) Substitution of methyl tert-butyl ether for diethyl ether in the standardized thin-layer chromatographic method for lichen products. Journal of Chromatography 238: 483–487.Google Scholar
Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods 9: 772.Google Scholar
Divakar, P. K., Crespo, A., Wedin, M., Leavitt, S. D., Hawksworth, D. L., Myllys, L., McCune, B., Randlane, T., Bjerke, J. W., Ohmura, Y. et al. (2015) Evolution of complex symbiotic relationships in a morphologically derived family of lichen-forming fungi. New Phytologist 208: 1217–1226.Google Scholar
Fleig, M. & Grüninger, W. (2008) Lichens of the Araucaria Forest of Rio Grande do Sul. Pro-Mata: Field Guide No. 3: University of Tübingen, Germany.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, G., Blanco, O., Divakar, P. K., Lumbsch, H. T. & Crespo, A. (2007) Patterns of group I intron presence in nuclear SSU rDNA of the lichen family Parmeliaceae . Journal of Molecular Evolution 64: 181–195.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. Jr. (1979) How to Know the Lichens, 2nd edition. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown.Google Scholar
Hale, M. E. Jr. (1983) The Biology of Lichens, 3rd edition. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Halonen, P., Clerc, P., Goward, T., Brodo, I. & Wulff, K. (1998) Synopsis of the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) in British Columbia, Canada. Bryologist 101: 36–60.Google Scholar
Herrera-Campos, M. A., Clerc, P. & Nash, T. H. III, (1998) Pendulous species of Usnea from the temperate forests in Mexico. Bryologist 101: 303–329.Google Scholar
Herrera-Campos, M. A., Nash, T. H. III & Garcia, A. Z. (2001) Preliminary study of the Usnea fragilescens aggregate in Mexico. Bryologist 104: 235–259.Google Scholar
Iganci, J. R. V., Heiden, G., Miotto, S. T. S. & Pennington, R. T. (2011) Campos de Cima da Serra: the Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands show an unexpected level of plant endemism. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 378–393.Google Scholar
IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) (2004) Mapa da vegetação do Brasil e Mapa de Biomas do Brasil. Available from: http://www.ibge.gov.br Google Scholar
Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780.Google Scholar
Kelly, L. J., Hollingsworth, P. M., Coppins, B. J., Ellis, C. J., Harrold, P., Tosh, J. & Yahr, R. (2011) DNA barcoding of lichenized fungi demonstrates high identification success in a floristic context. New Phytologist 191: 288–300.Google Scholar
Kirika, P. M., Divakar, P. K., Crespo, A., Mugambi, G., Orock, E. A., Leavitt, S. D., Gatheri, G. W. & Lumbsch, H. T. (2016) Phylogenetic studies uncover a predominantly African lineage in a widely distributed lichen-forming fungal species. Mycokeys 14: 1–16.Google Scholar
Knudsen, K. & Lendemer, J. C. (2006) Changes and additions to the North American lichen mycota–V. Mycotaxon 95: 309–313.Google Scholar
Kroken, S. & Taylor, J. W. (2001) A gene genealogical approach to recognize phylogenetic species boundaries in the lichenized fungus Letharia. Mycologia 93: 38–53.Google Scholar
Laundon, J. R. (1965) Lichens new to the British Flora: 3. Lichenologist 3: 65–71.Google Scholar
Lücking, R., Del-Prado, R., Lumbsch, H. T., Will-Wolf, S., Aptroot, A., Sipman, H. J. M., Umaña, L. & Chaves, J. L. (2008) Phylogenetic patterns of morphological and chemical characters and reproductive mode in the Heterodermia obscurata group in Costa Rica (Ascomycota, Physciaceae). Systematics and Biodiversity 6: 31–41.Google Scholar
Lumbsch, H. T. & Leavitt, S. D. (2011) Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi. Fungal Diversity 50: 59–72.Google Scholar
Marcano, V., Morales Méndez, A., Sipman, H. & Calderon, L. (1996) A first checklist of the lichen-forming fungi of the Venezuelan Andes. Tropical Bryology 12: 193–235.Google Scholar
Miller, M. A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 November 2010, New Orleans, Louisiana, pp. 1–8.Google Scholar
Motyka, J. (1936) Lichenum Generis Usnea Studium Monographicum. Pars Systematica I. Leopoldi: privately printed.Google Scholar
Motyka, J. (1938) Lichenum Generis Usnea Studium Monographicum. Pars Systematica II . Leopoldi: privately printed.Google Scholar
Nöske, N. M. & Sipman, H. J. M. (2004) Cryptogams of the Reserva Biológica San Francisco (Province Zamora-Chinchipe, southern Ecuador) II. Lichens. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 25: 91–100.Google Scholar
Ohmura, Y. (2001) Taxonomic study of the genus Usnea (lichenized Ascomycetes) in Japan and Taiwan. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 90: 1–96.Google Scholar
Ohmura, Y. (2002) Phylogenetic evaluation of infrageneric groups of the genus Usnea based on ITS regions in rDNA. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 92: 231–243.Google Scholar
Ohmura, Y. (2012) A synopsis of the lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) in Taiwan. Memoirs of the National Museum of Nature and Science 48: 91–137.Google Scholar
Oliveira-Filho, A. T., Budke, J. C., Jarenkow, J. A., Eisenlohr, P. V. & Neves, D. R. M. (2015) Delving into the variations in tree species composition and richness across South American subtropical Atlantic and Pampean forests. Journal of Plant Ecology 8: 242–260.Google Scholar
Osório, H. S. (1992) Contribution to the lichen flora of Brazil XXIX. Lichens from Ponta Porã, Mato Grosso do Sul. Comunicaciones Botánicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 98: 1–6.Google Scholar
Overbeck, G. E., Müller, S. C., Fidelis, A., Pfadenhauer, J., Pillar, V. D., Blanco, C., Boldrini, I. I., Both, R. & Forneck, E. D. (2007) Brazil’s neglected biome: the South Brazilian Campos. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 9: 101–116.Google Scholar
Poelt, J. (1970) Das Konzept der Artenpaare bei den Flechten. Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, neue Folge 4: 187–198.Google Scholar
Poelt, J. (1972) Die taxonomische Behandlung von Artenpaare bei den Flechten. Botanische Notiser 125: 77–81.Google Scholar
R Development Core Team (2016) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available from: https://www.r-project.org/ Google Scholar
Rambaut, A. (2009) FigTree. v.1.4. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.uk/software/figtree/ Google Scholar
Rambaut, A. & Drummond, A. J. (2007) Tracer version 1.5. Available from: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer Google Scholar
Rizzini, C. T. (1952) Species Organenses generis lichenum Usneae. (Omnes acidum usnicum praebentes). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 12(4): 337–348.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, J. M., Estrabou, C., Truong, C. & Clerc, P. (2011) The saxicolous species of the genus Usnea subgenus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in Argentina and Uruguay. Bryologist 114: 504–525.Google Scholar
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690.Google Scholar
Stevens, G. N. (2004) Usneaceae . In Flora of Australia Vol. 56A, Lichens 4 (P. M. McCarthy & K. Mallett, eds): 78–98 & 107–115. Melbourne: ABRS/CSIRO.Google Scholar
Swinscow, T. D. V. & Krog, H. (1979) The fruticose species of Usnea subgenus Usnea in East Africa. Lichenologist 11: 207–252.Google Scholar
Talavera, G. & Castresana, J. (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. Systematic Biology 56: 564–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tavares, I. I. & Sanders, W. B. (1998) Preliminary report on the short, apotheciate taxa of Usnea in the southwestern United States. In Lichenographia Thomsoniana: North American Lichenology in Honor of John W. Thomson (M. G. Glenn, R. C. Harris, R. Dirig & M. S. Cole, eds): 171–185. Ithaca, New York: Mycotaxon Ltd.Google Scholar
Truong, C. & Clerc, P. (2012) The lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in tropical South America: species with a pigmented medulla, reacting C+ yellow. Lichenologist 44: 625–637.Google Scholar
Truong, C. & Clerc, P. (2013) Eumitrioid Usnea species (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos. Lichenologist 45: 383–395.Google Scholar
Truong, C. & Clerc, P. (2016) New species and new records in the genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from tropical South America. Lichenologist 48: 71–93.Google Scholar
Truong, C., Bungartz, F. & Clerc, P. (2011) The lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae) in the tropical Andes and the Galapagos: species with a red-orange cortical or subcortical pigmentation. Bryologist 114: 477–503.Google Scholar
Truong, C., Divakar, P. K., Yahr, R., Crespo, A. & Clerc, P. (2013 a) Testing the use of ITS rDNA and protein-coding genes in the generic and species delimitation of the lichen genus Usnea (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68: 357–372.Google Scholar
Truong, C., Rodriguez, J. M. & Clerc, P. (2013 b) Pendulous Usnea species (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in tropical South America and the Galapagos. Lichenologist 45: 505–543.Google Scholar
Vainio, E. A. (1890) Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des lichens du Brésil, pars prima. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7: i–xxix, 1–247.Google Scholar
Vareschi, V. (2001) El genero Usnea en Venezuela. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales de Venezuela 61: 9–63.Google Scholar
Wiens, J. J. (1998) Combining data sets with different phylogenetic histories. Systematic Biology 47: 568–581.Google Scholar
Zahlbruckner, A. (1909) Lichenes (Flechten). In Ergebnisse der botanischen Expedition der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften nach Südbrasilien (V. Schiffner, ed.), 1901, Band 2. Denkschriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 83: 85–211.Google Scholar