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Highlighting inequalities in the histories of human rights: Contestations over justice, needs and rights in the 1970s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2018

JULIA DEHM
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Abstract

This article considers the ways in which concerns about economic equalities, both among and within countries, were taken up in human rights debates of the 1970s and how concerns about economic inequalities impacted on discussions about the possibilities, objectives and conceptions of rights. It shows how scholars and advocates from the global South, concerned about the production of underdevelopment and unequal accumulation, advocated a more ‘structural approach’ to human rights during this period that argued that a just international order was necessary for the realization of rights. The article first considers Third World demands for a New International Economic Order to address inequalities among countries, as well as the potentially conflicting focus on inequalities within countries by the World Bank and its subsequent promotion of a ‘basic needs’ approach to development. Thereafter, it considers how these different approaches to economic inequality were taken up in and influenced human rights debates and frameworks of this period.

Keywords

developmenteconomic inequalityhistoryhuman rightsNew International Economic Order
Type
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY: Symposium on the ‘Trajectories of International Legal Histories’
Information
Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 31 , Issue 4 , December 2018 , pp. 871 - 895
Copyright
© Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2018 

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Footnotes

*

Lecturer, La Trobe University School of Law [[email protected]]. An earlier draft of this article was discussed at the ‘Author(is)ing the South: Law Historiographies and Political Economies’ workshop at Harvard Law School and presented at the Leiden Journal of International Law 30th Anniversary Symposium, ‘The Trajectories of International Legal Histories’. Many thanks to the participants of both events for their helpful feedback and suggestions, especially to Ingo Venzke. All errors are, of course, my own.

References

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41 R. McNamara, ‘Address to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’, (Santiago, Chile, 14 April 1972).

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43 R. McNamara, ‘Address to the Board of Governors’, (Nairobi, Kenya, 24 September 1973).

44 Ibid., at 13.

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46 International Labour Organization, ‘Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem. Report of the Director-General of the International Labour Office’, (1976); see also Hoadley, J., ‘The Rise and Fall of the Basic Needs Approach’, (1981) Cooperation and Conflict 149CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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85 Ibid., at 309–18.

86 Ganji, ‘The Widening Gap’, supra note 83, para. 12.

87 Ibid.

88 Ibid., para. 13.

89 Ibid., para. 20.

90 Ibid., para. 78.

91 See Ganji, ‘The Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’, supra note 84, Ch. V: The International Context, at 113.

92 Ibid., para. 302.

93 Ibid., para. 308.

94 Commission on Human Rights, Report on the Thirtieth Session (4 February–8 March 1974), UN Doc. E/CN.4/1154, para. 79.

95 Ibid., para. 80.

96 Ibid., ‘Question of the Realization of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and study of special problems relating to human rights in developing countries’.

97 Ibid., para 34.

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103 UNGA Res. 32/130 (1977), supra note 5.

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106 Ibid., para. 1(f).

107 United Nations General Assembly, Thirty-Second Session, 105th plenary meeting, 16 December 1977, at 3:30pm, UN Doc. A/32/PV.105, para. 138.

108 Ibid., para. 125.

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124 Ibid., para. 67.

125 Ibid.

126 ‘Report submitted by UNESCO in connexion [sic] with paragraph 4 of resolution 4(XXXIII) of the Commission on Human Rights’, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1340 (9 February 1979).

127 Baxi, supra note 76, at 225–6.

128 Ibid., at 229.

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130 Ibid., para. 74.

131 Ibid., para. 37.

132 UNESCO, ‘Medium Term Plan (1977–1982)’, cited in ibid.

133 Ibid., at 314.

134 P. Alston, Development and the Rule of Law, supra note 4, at 19.

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136 Seminar on the Effects of Existing Unjust International Economic Order on the Economies of the Developing Countries and the Obstacle that this Represents for the Implementation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Geneva, Switzerland, 30 June–11 July 1980, UN Doc. ST/HR/SER.A/8.

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153 Ibid., at 40.

154 Ibid., at 35.

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157 Ibid., at 38.

158 Ibid., at 42.

159 Ibid., at 43.

160 Ibid., at 44.

161 Ibid.

162 Ibid., at 20.

163 On this see also Keys, supra note 12.

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166 Ibid., at 3.

167 Ibid., at 3.

168 Ibid., at 10.

169 Ibid., at 17.

170 Ibid., at 17.

171 Ibid., at 18.

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173 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3, ‘The Nature of State Parties’ Obligations’, UN Doc. E/1991/23 (14 December 1990).

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178 Commission on Human Rights Res. 36, UN ESCOR, 37th session, Supp. No. 5, at 237, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1475 (1981).

179 Marks, supra 113, at 143.

180 Ibid.

181 Declaration on the Right to Development, General Assembly Res. 41/128, UN Doc. A/RES/41/128 (4 December 1986).

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