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From bureaucracy to management: The International Criminal Court’s internal progress narrative

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2019

Richard Clements
Richard Clements*
Affiliation:
LLB (honours), LLM cum laude, PhD candidate, University of Cambridge
*
Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Within international institutions such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), lawyers increasingly encounter managerial practices which are designed to improve organizational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Charting this trend, scholars have analyzed these practices with a view to make them more legitimate. However, this scholarly focus overlooks the role of managerial practices in legitimizing and thus sustaining the institutions in which they are embedded. In this article, I ask how managerial practices operate to boost the ICC’s reputation among its global audience. I find the answer in the Court’s use of the juxtaposed images of bureaucracy and management, with all their negative and positive associations. The Court uses these images to narrate a story of its own internal evolution from inefficient bureaucracy to efficient and well-managed organization. This hidden narrative of institutional progress functions rhetorically to frame, focus and distract the attention of the Court’s global constituencies.

Keywords

bureaucracyInternational Criminal Courtmanagementmanagerialismnarratives
Type
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Information
Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 32 , Issue 1 , March 2019 , pp. 149 - 167
Copyright
© Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2018 

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Footnotes

I would like to thank Surabhi Ranganathan, Christine Schwöbel-Patel, participants in the Cambridge Legal Theory Discussion Group, and two anonymous reviewers for feedback on earlier drafts of this article. Any errors remain my own.

References

1 On ‘legitimating strategies’ see S. Marks, The Riddle of All Constitutions (2000), 18–25.

2 Koskenniemi, M., ‘The Fate of Public International Law: Between Technique and Politics’, (2007) 70 MLR 1 (‘Fate’)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Koskenniemi, M., ‘The Politics of International Law – 20 Years Later’, (2009) 20 EJIL 7, at 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar. While preferring the term ‘expertise’, David Kennedy has also used ‘managerialism’ to characterize the same phenomenon in his writings: Kennedy, D., ‘Challenging Expert Rule: The Politics of Global Governance’, (2005) 27 Sydney Law Review 1Google Scholar; Kennedy, D., A World of Struggle: How Power, Law, and Expertise Shape Global Political Economy (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kennedy, D., ‘Introducing A World of Struggle’, (2015) 4 London Review of International Law 443, at 447CrossRefGoogle Scholar: ‘a world of “expertise” and “technocracy” or “managerialism”’. I also distinguish managerialism here from the ‘managerial approach’ recently advocated by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes: de Chazournes, L. Boisson, ‘Plurality in the Fabric of International Courts and Tribunals: The Threads of a Managerial Approach’, (2017) 28 EJIL 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 See Koskenniemi, ‘Fate’, supra note 2, at 24.

4 F. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management (1911); H. Fayol, General and Industrial Management (1967 [1908]).

5 See Taylor, ibid., at 7: ‘This paper has been written … to point out, through a series of simple illustrations, the great loss which the whole country is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily acts.’

6 Hood, C., ‘A Public Management for All Seasons?’, (1991) 69 Public Administration 3, at 3–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Klikauer, T., ‘What Is Managerialism?’, (2013) 41 Critical Sociology 1103CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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9 There is a wealth of literature on the impact of managerialism on primarily Anglophone universities: see, e.g., Deem, R. and Brehony, K., ‘Management as ideology: the case of “new managerialism” in higher education’, (2005) 31 Oxford Review of Education 217CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lynch, K., Grummell, B. and Devine, D., New Managerialism in Education: Commercialisation, Carelessness and Gender (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clarke, C. and Knights, D., ‘Careering through academia: Securing identities or engaging ethical subjectivities?’, (2015) 68 Human Relations 1865CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 See Section 3, above.

11 Re-description is a key critical methodology designed to re-evaluate and challenge common tropes or descriptions of events. It identifies an interconnected patchwork where once there was thought to be only a set of fragmentary and unconnected moments: see, e.g., Koskenniemi, M., ‘What is Critical Research in International Law? Celebrating Structuralism’, (2016) 29 LJIL 727, at 732CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Prominent examples include Koskenniemi, M., The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870-1960 (2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Anghie, A., Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (2007)Google Scholar.

12 Schwöbel-Patel, C., ‘Spectacle in international criminal law: the fundraising image of victimhood’, (2016) 4 London Review of International Law 247CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schwöbel, C., ‘The market and marketing culture of international criminal law’, in Schwöbel, C. (ed.), Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law (2014), 264CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Kendall, S., ‘Commodifying Global Justice: Economies of Accountability at the International Criminal Court’, (2015) 13 JICJ 113, at 123Google Scholar.

13 See Section 4.4.2., below.

14 It is irrelevant for this article whether the Court’s treatment of the two terms are accurate, given that the Court and this article are concerned with their perception.

15 Bureaucracy’s reception in modern literature is indicative: see, e.g., C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857); F. Kafka, The Trial (1925). See also the negative treatment of bureaucracy in organizations theory: Bendix, R., ‘Bureaucracy and the Problem of Power’, in Merton, R. (ed.), Reader in Bureaucracy (1960), 114–15Google Scholar; M. Albrow, Bureaucracy (1970), 13. Most often these connotations are reinforced in public debate: see, e.g., D. Shaw, ‘Wales Bill Makes Devolution “More Complex and Bureaucratic”’, BBC News, 6 October 2016, available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-wales-politics-37573265/wales-bill-makes-devolution-more-complex-and-bureaucratic, accessed 11 March 2018; T. Wilkinson and N. Bierman, ‘Trump Condemns “Bureaucracy and Mismanagement” at the UN’, Los Angeles Times, 18 September 2017, available at www.latimes.com/nation/la-fg-trump-un-reform-20170918-story.html, accessed 11 March 2018.

16 Weber, M., Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (translated by Shils, E. and Rheinstein, M.) (1925)Google Scholar.

17 For representations of bureaucracy in film see, e.g., A. Kurosawa, Ikiru (1952); T. Gilliam, Brazil (1985); S. Stroman, The Producers (2005).

18 du Gay, P., In Praise of Bureaucracy: Weber, Organization and Ethics (2000), 5Google Scholar; Fleming, P., Authenticity and the Cultural Politics of Work: New Forms of Internal Control (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Bureaupathology also connotes ‘resistance to change, an obsessive reliance on rules and regulations, and an individual incapability of responding to unpredictable events. The bureaupath tends to believe the policies and procedures of an organization constitute an end in themselves, rather than a means to an end’: Law, J., A Dictionary of Business and Management (2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Du Gay, supra note 18, at 77.

21 Baars, G., ‘Making ICL history: On the need to move beyond pre-fab critiques of ICL’, in Schwöbel, C. (ed.), Critical Approaches to International Criminal Law (2014), 204Google Scholar.

22 See text at note 98, infra.

23 Wren, D., The Evolution of Management Thought (1994), 3Google Scholar.

24 Burnham, J., The Managerial Revolution (1941), 71Google Scholar.

25 Morden, T., Principles of Management (1996), 4Google Scholar.

26 One management textbook cites the work of Frederick Taylor as ‘the most lasting contribution America has made to Western thought since the Federalist Papers’: see, e.g., Kelly, P. and Cole, G., Management Theory and Practice (2011), 119Google Scholar.

27 Drucker, P., The Practice of Management (1955), 1Google Scholar. This comment is also a telling sign of management’s Anglo-American origins: see Section 2, supra.

28 UN, ‘Group of High Level Intergovernmental Experts to Review the Efficiency of the Administrative and Financial Functioning of the United Nations – Report’, (1987) 26 International Legal Materials 145, para. 4.

29 UN General Assembly, Review of the Efficiency of the Administrative and Financial Functioning of the United Nations, UN Doc. A/RES/40/237 (1985), para. 2.

30 UN General Assembly, Questions Relating to the Proposed Programme Budget for the Biennium 2002–2003, UN Doc. A/RES/56/253 (2002), paras. 26–7.

31 UN Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organisation, UN Doc. A/71/1 (2016), paras. 15, 118.

32 Skouteris, T., ‘The New Tribunalism: Strategies of (De)Legitimation in the Era of International Ajudication’, (2006) 17 FYbIL 307Google Scholar, at 352: ‘this type of work will never come to an end’.

33 Ibid.

34 UN General Assembly, Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/50/22 (1995).

35 United Kingdom Missions to the United Nations New York, Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court: Summary of Observations Made by the Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 April 1995, UK Press Release No. 32/95, 7 April 1995, 11–12, available at www.legal-tools.org/doc/664ac1/pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

36 UN General Assembly, Report of the UN Secretary-General Addendum: Comments Received Pursuant to Paragraph 4 of General Assembly Resolution 49/53 on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, UN Doc. A/AC.244/1/Add.2 (1995).

37 Ibid., at 9.

38 Ibid., at 23.

39 Ibid., at 23

40 Ibid., at 24.

41 K. Paschke, Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the Audit and Investigation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, UN Doc. A/51/789 (1997).

42 Ibid., at 1.

43 Ibid., at 2.

44 Ibid., at 7.

45 Ibid., at 9.

46 Jones, J., ‘The Registry and Staff’, in Cassese, A., Gaeta, P. and Jones, J. (eds.), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary (2002), 280Google Scholar. See also Lachowska, A., ‘The Support Work of the Court’s Registry’, in Doria, J., Gasser, H. and Bassiouni, M. (eds.), The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court: Essays in Honour of Professor Igor Blishchenko (2009), 391–2Google Scholar; Ambach, P. and Rackwitz, K., ‘A Model of International Judicial Administration: The Evolution of Managerial Practices at the International Criminal Court’, (2013) 76 Law & Contemporary Problems 119, at 136Google Scholar.

47 Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Proceedings of the Preparatory Commission at its Ninth Session, UN Doc. PCNICC/2002/L.1/Rev.1/Add.1 (2002), at para. 34.

48 Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Provisional Internal Rules and Regulations of the ICC, UN Doc. PCNICC/2002/INF/2 (2002); Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Working Group on a Draft Budget for the First Financial Period of the Court, UN Doc. PCNICC/2002/WGFYB/L.4 (2002); Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court, Working Group on a Draft Budget for the First Financial Period of the Court, UN Doc. PCNICC/2002/WGFYB/RT.5 (2002).

49 Zacklin, R., ‘The Failings of Ad Hoc International Tribunals’, (2004) 2 JICJ 541, at 542Google Scholar; see also Schrag, M., ‘Lessons Learned from ICTY Experience’, (2004) 2 JICJ 427Google Scholar; Tolbert, D., ‘Reflections on the ICTY Registry’, (2004) 2 JICJ 480Google Scholar; Jorda, C., ‘The Major Hurdles and Accomplishments of the ICTY: What the ICC Can Learn From Them’, (2004) 2 JICJ 572Google Scholar.

50 This was also guided by the ‘experience of the Tribunals’: International Criminal Court Office of the Prosecutor, Informal Expert Paper: Measures Available to the International Criminal Court to Reduce the Length of Proceedings, (2003), para. 2, available at www.legal-tools.org/doc/7eba03/pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

51 International Criminal Court Office of the Prosecutor, Annex to the ‘Paper on Some Policy Issues before the Office of the Prosecutor’: Referrals and Communications’ (2003), at 5, available at www.legal-tools.org/doc/5df43d/pdf/ (accessed 11 March 2018).

52 International Criminal Court Office of the Prosecutor, Draft Paper on Some Policy Issues before the Office of the Prosecutor for Discussion at the Public Hearing in The Hague on 17 and 18 June 2003, at 7, available at www.legal-tools.org/doc/abb9f7/pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

53 Ibid.

54 Ibid., at 11.

55 Ibid., at 9.

56 International Criminal Court, ‘International Criminal Court “Now a Fully Functional Judicial Institution”, Assembly of States Parties Told as it Begins One-Week Session’, Press Release No. ASP2004.003-EN, 6 September 2004, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/library/asp/ICC-ASP20040906.003-E.Rev.21.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

57 International Criminal Court, Report on the Activities of the Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/3/10, (2004), para. 44.

58 Ibid.

59 Ibid., at 46–7.

60 Ibid., at 47.

61 Ibid., at 57.

62 Ibid., at 59.

63 Ibid., at 63.

64 Also characterized as ‘marketing’: see, e.g., Schwöbel, ‘The market and marketing culture of international criminal law’, supra note 12, at 274–5.

65 International Criminal Court, Report on the Activities of the Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/3/10(2004), paras. 19, 32.

66 International Criminal Court, Integrated Strategy for External Relations, Public Information and Outreach (2007), at 4, available at www.legal-tools.org/en/doc/840afa (accessed 11 March 2018).

67 Statement by Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Fourth Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court, 28 November 2005, at 1 and 5, available at www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/0CBFF4AC-1238-4DA1-9F4A-70D763F90F91/278514/LMO_20051128_English.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

68 Speech by Bruno Cathala, Information session for diplomatic representations, 8 June 2005, at 6, available at www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/ECD36817-DE8D-4F2B-A75F-DA282FED1AA1/278492/DB200506_BC_En.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

69 International Criminal Court, Strategic Plan for Outreach of the International Criminal Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/5/12 (2006), paras. 18, 46

70 Ranganathan, S., Strategically Created Treaty Conflicts and the Politics of International Law (2014), 215Google Scholar.

71 International Criminal Court, Strategic Plan of the International Criminal Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/5/6 (2006).

72 Ibid., at 28.

73 Ibid., at 40.

74 Ibid.

75 Ibid., at 41.

76 International Criminal Court, Report of the Committee on Budget and Finance on the Work of its Eleventh Session, ICC. Doc. No. ICC-ASP/7/15(2008), para. 56.

77 International Criminal Court, Report of the Court on Human Resources, Development of a Human Resources Strategy: Progress Report, ICC. Doc. No. ICC-ASP/7/6 (2008), para. 3.

78 Ibid., at 6.

79 Ibid.

80 P. Wenger, ‘Kony 2012: The Invisible Children Advocacy Campaign to Catch Kony’, Justice in Conflict, 7 March 2012, available at justiceinconflict.org/2012/03/07/kony-2012-the-invisible-children-advocacy-campaign-to-catch-kony/ (accessed 11 March 2018).

81 International Criminal Court, supra note 77, at 10.

82 International Criminal Court, Report of the Court on Measures to Increase Clarity on the Responsibilities of the Different Organs, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/9/34 (2010), para. 2.

83 Ibid., at 2.

84 Statement by Silvana Arbia, Seventh Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court, 17 November 2008, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/6FFBBDCD-313D-4765-A603-0CCE900B4B83/0/ICCASPASP7StatementRegistrar.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

85 Statement by Philippe Kirsch, Seventh Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court, 14 November 2008, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/EB40944C-C250-4466-B99A-2F5ACDC8C941/0/ICCASPASP7GenDebePresident_Kirsch.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

86 Statement by Sang-Hyun Song, Eighth Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court, 18 November 2009, at 9, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP8/Statements/ICC-ASP-ASP8-statements-President-ENG.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018). Other heads of organs repeated this line: see, e.g., Statement by Luis Moreno Ocampo, Eigth Session of the Assembly of States Parties of the International Criminal Court, 18 November 2009, at 7, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP8/Statements/ICC-ASP-ASP8-statements-OTP-ENG.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

87 International Criminal Court, Establishment of an Independent Oversight Mechanism, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/8/Res.1 (2009).

88 International Criminal Court, Independent Oversight Mechanism, ICC Doc. No. ICC/ASP/12/Res.6 (2013), para. 3.

89 International Criminal Court, supra note 82, at para. 32.

90 Ibid., at 5.

91 Opening Statement by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at the Fifth Session of the Assembly of States Parties to the International Criminal Court, 24 November 2006, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/library/asp/ICC-ASP5_Statement_uk.pdf (accessed 2 November 2018).

92 K. Biering, Statement of Denmark at the General Debate of the Fifth Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 23 November 2006, at 2, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/library/asp/ICC-ASP5_Statement_denmark.pdf (accessed 2 November 2018).

93 Arbia, supra note 84, at 5.

94 International Criminal Court, supra note 76, at para. 56.

95 S. Pahuja, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lecture 2018: The Changing Place of the Corporation in International Law, 9 March 2018, available at www.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2018/03/friday-9-march-2018-hersch-lauterpacht-memorial-lecture-2018-changing-place-corporation (accessed 12 March 2018).

96 International Criminal Court, supra note 76, at para. 56.

97 International Criminal Court, Status Report on the Court’s Investigations into Efficiency Measures for 2010, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/8/6 (2009), para. 6.

98 By the late 2000s, segments of the Court’s audience, including civil society organizations and scholars, also subscribed to the notion of a narrative arc from bureaucracy to management. While I do not expand on this point, their interventions in ICC debates illustrate their uptake of managerial priorities of efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the Court’s internal structures. See, e.g., Human Rights Watch, Memorandum for the Seventh Session of the International Criminal Court Assembly of States Parties, 7 November 2008, available at www.hrw.org/report/2008/11/07/human-rights-watch-memorandum-seventh-session-international-criminal-court (accessed 3 November 2018); Coalition for the International Criminal Court, ‘Key Issues at the Eighth Assembly of States Parties’, (2009–2010) 39 The Monitor 4: ‘the best way to achieve cost savings is for the ASP and ICC to undertake a major effort to reform procedures and regulations, and achieve efficiencies that would make ICC processes shorter, fairer and much more effective’. See also, International Bar Association, Enhancing Efficiency and Effectiveness of ICC Proceedings: A Work in Progress (2011), available at file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/ICC%20Monitoring%20January%202011.pdf (accessed 3 November 2018): wherein the IBA advocated streamlined processes across the organs and urged the Court to ‘continue in its ongoing efforts to review its processes and maximise its level of efficiency through coordinated, systematic effort and internal restructuring where appropriate’ (at 11). Scholars also advocated, and continue to advocate, for an efficient, value-for-money Court, see, e.g., Bassiouni, M., ‘The ICC — Quo Vadis?’, (2006) 4 JICJ 421, at 426Google Scholar; Cassese, A., ‘The International Criminal Court Five Years on: Andante or Moderato?’, in Stahn, C. and Sluiter, G. (eds.), The Emerging Practice of the International Criminal Court (2009), 21Google Scholar; B. Taylor, ‘Demystifying the Procedural Framework of the International Criminal Court: A Modest Proposal for Radical Revision’, in Stahn and Sluiter, ibid., at 755; Ford, S., ‘Complexity and Efficiency at International Criminal Courts’, (2014) 29 Emory International Law Review 1Google Scholar; Ambach and Rackwitz, supra note 46.

99 International Criminal Court, Establishment of a Study Group on Governance, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/9/Res.2 (2010).

100 Ibid., at 2.

101 International Criminal Court, Intensifying Dialogue Between the Assembly of States Parties and the International Criminal Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/3/Res.8 (2004).

102 Ibid., at 1.

103 International Criminal Court, Report of the Bureau on the Study Group on Governance, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/10/30 (2011), para. 3.

104 Ibid., at 5–6.

105 Ibid., at 8.

106 Ibid., at 9.

107 Ibid., at 9.

108 Ibid., at 11.

109 Ibid., at 8.

110 International Criminal Court, Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/10/Res.5 (2011).

111 International Criminal Court, Report of the Bureau on the Study Group on Governance, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/11/31 (2012), para. 41.

112 Ibid., at 9.

113 International Criminal Court, Report of the Bureau on Study Group on Governance, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/12/37 (2013), para. 8; International Criminal Court, Report of the Bureau on Study Group on Governance, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/13/28 (2014), para. 51(1).

114 The original report in 2011 was ten pages. However, after ballooning in the intervening years, the report shrunk to 22 pages in 2016.

115 M. Simons, ‘Libya Frees Four from International Court’s Team’, New York Times, 2 July 2012.

116 Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment, ICC-01/04-01/06, Trial Chamber I, 14 March 2012, at 629–30.

117 International Criminal Court, Seventh Status Report on the Court’s Progress Regarding Efficiency Measures, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/11/9 (2012), para. 1.

118 Statement by Sang-Hyun Song, Remarks to the 22nd Diplomatic Briefing of the International Criminal Court, 19 September 2012, at 5, available at www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/other/120919ICCPresidentRemarksTo22thDiplomaticBriefing.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

119 International Criminal Court, Report of the Court on its Organizational Structure, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/11/6 (2012), para. 2

120 Ibid., at 7, 9.

121 International Criminal Court, Report on the Organisational Structure of the Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/11/46 (2012), para. 4.

122 International Criminal Court, Comprehensive Report on the Reorganisation of the Registry of the International Criminal Court (2016), available at www.icc-cpi.int/itemsdocuments/icc-registry-cr.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

123 This long shadow is apparent in the scholarly literature: see, e.g., Akhavan, P., ‘The Rise, and Fall, and Rise of International Criminal Justice’, (2013) 11 JICJ 527, at 535Google Scholar: ‘The inordinate bureaucratization of international tribunals, and the inordinate length and cost of trials, is a substantial challenge to the viability of international criminal justice. Serious consideration must be given to improving performance, not least because the ICC has a global reach and must address multiple situations simultaneously, within its budget constraints.’

124 I borrow this phrase from David Kennedy: Kennedy, D., ‘The Mystery of Global Governance’, (2008) 34 Ohio Northern University Law Review 827, at 847Google Scholar.

125 Fernández’s term as president expired on 10 March 2018, and was replaced by Chile Eboe-Osuji.

126 See, e.g., Bergsmo, M., et al., ‘A Prosecutor Falls, Time for the Court to Rise’, (2017) 86 FICHL Policy Brief SeriesGoogle Scholar.

127 Von Hebel lost his re-election bid in March 2018.

128 International Criminal Court, supra note 122, at ix.

129 Statement by Herman von Hebel, Presentation of the 2014 Proposed Programme Budget 12th Session of the Assembly of States Parties, 23 November 2013, at 2, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP12/ASP12-Statement-REG-ENG.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

130 Ibid., at 6–7.

131 Statement by Herman von Hebel, Remarks to the 13th Session of the Assembly of States Parties, 15 December 2014, at 6, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP13/ASP13-BG-Statement-Registrar-ENG.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

132 International Criminal Court, Report of the Registry on the Outcome of the ReVision Process, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/14/19 (2015), para. 28.

133 Statement by Fatou Bensouda, Address to the Eleventh Session of the Assembly of States Parties, 14 November 2012, at 2, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/3A2E6029-40FB-4BA8-B2D5-D1489953050C/0/ASP11OpeningOTPBensoudaENGFRA.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

134 Ibid., at 19.

135 A. Hirsch, ‘Fatou Bensouda: The Woman Who Could Redeem the International Criminal Court’, Guardian, 14 June 2012.

136 These were to ‘conduct impartial, independent, high quality, efficient and secure preliminary examinations, investigations and prosecutions’; ‘further improve the quality and efficiency of preliminary examinations, investigations, prosecutions’; ‘maintain a professional office with specific attention to… staff quality and motivation, performance management and measurement’; and ‘ensure good governance, accountability and transparency’: International Criminal Court Office of the Prosecutor, Strategic Plan 2012–2015, para. 32, available at www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Strategic-Plan-2013.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

137 Ibid., at 6.

138 Ibid., at 8.

139 International Criminal Court, Third Meeting of the Bureau of the Assembly of States Parties: Agenda and Decisions (2015), at 2, available at www.legal-tools.org/doc/490d63/pdf/ (accessed 2 November 2018).

140 Statement by Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi, Presentation of the Court’s Annual Report to the Assembly of States Parties, 18 November 2015, at 1, available at asp.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/asp_docs/ASP14/GenDeb/ASP14-Opening-ST-PRE-ENG.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018). Of the various points made in this speech, it was the Court’s efficiency and effectiveness that featured prominently in the subsequent press release: see also International Criminal Court, ‘Enhancing the Court’s Efficiency and Effectiveness – a Top Priority for ICC Officials’, International Criminal Court Press Release, 24 November 2015, available at www.legal-tools.org/doc/b99fa5/pdf/ (accessed 12 March 2018).

141 de Gurmendi, S. Fernández, ‘International Criminal Law Procedures: The Process of Negotiation’, in Lee, R. (ed.), The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute (1999), 227Google Scholar; de Gurmendi, S. Fernández, ‘Final Reflections: The Challenges of the International Criminal Court’, in Olasolo, H. (ed.), Essays on International Criminal Justice ( 2012), 197Google Scholar; de Gurmendi, S. Fernández, ‘Introductions to the Third Edition’, in Triffterer, O. and Ambos, K. (eds.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers’ Notes (2016), xviGoogle Scholar.

142 S. Fernández de Gurmendi, ‘International Criminal Court Is Here to Stay’, Huffington Post, 18 April 2016, available at www.huffingtonpost.com/silvia-fernandez-de-gurmendi/icc-president-on-opening_b_9718730.html (accessed 3 November 2018); S. Fernández de Gurmendi, ‘The World Must Oppose Genocide and Other Atrocities and Ensure Justice’, Mail & Guardian, 19 July 2016, available at mg.co.za/article/2016-07-19-00-the-world-must-oppose-genocide-and-other-atrocities-and-ensure-justice (accessed 3 November 2018); S. Fernández de Gurmendi, ‘15 Years of ICC: International Criminal Justice Is Working and Needs Strong Support’, Huffington Post, 30 June 2017, available at www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/15-years-of-icc-international-criminal-justice-is_us_59567058e4b0326c0a8d0fbb (accessed 3 November 2018); S. Fernández de Gurmendi, Interview on Radio New Zealand, 1 July 2012, available at player.fm/series/ictj-podcast/ten-years-on-reflections-on-the-impact-of-the-rome-statute (accessed 12 March 2018).

143 Other internal Court actors were equally committed: see, e.g., Ambach and Rackwitz, supra note 46; Ambach, P., ‘A Look towards the Future—The ICC and “Lessons Learnt”’, in Stahn, C. (ed.), The Law and Practice of the International Criminal Court (2015)Google Scholar.

144 Statement by Herman von Hebel, Remarks to the Twenty-Fifth Diplomatic Briefing to the International Criminal Court, 26 March 2015, at 2, available at www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/db/25-DB-Reg-Eng.pdf (accessed 12 March 2018).

145 International Criminal Court, Strategic Plan for the International Criminal Court 2013-2017, 18 April 2013, at 3; International Criminal Court, Report of the Bureau on the Strategic Planning Process of the International Criminal Court, ICC Doc. No. ICC-ASP/11/30 (2012), at part D.

146 S. Maupas, ‘ICC under fire for internal mismanagement’, JusticeInfo.net, 26 February 2018, available at www.justiceinfo.net/en/justice-reconciliation/36556-icc-under-fire-for-internal-management.html?Itemid=102 (accessed 19 September 2018).

147 See, e.g., K.J. Heller, ‘ICC Labor Woes Part II: What’s Two Million Euros Between Friends?’, Opinio Juris, 30 June 2018, available at opiniojuris.org/2018/06/30/the-iccs-labor-woes-part-ii/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+opiniojurisfeed+%28Opinio+Juris%29 (accessed 19 September 2018).