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The concept of resilience and the evaluation of hybrid courts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2020

Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm Open the ORCID record for Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm [Opens in a new window]
Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm*
Affiliation:
University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S University Ave, Little RockAR72204, USA Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

In this article, I explore the concept of resilience and its relevance for evaluating hybrid court design and the impact of hybrid courts in societies that have experienced periods of mass violence or repression. I begin by tracing the evolution of the concept of resilience from the fields of materials science and ecology to human responses to natural and human-made disasters. Then, I examine the implications of how one defines the concept for the policy recommendations that should be provided to the architects and staff of hybrid courts. From there, I assess how the way one conceives of resilience shapes the assessment of the circumstances under which hybrid courts are more likely to be beneficial for violence-affected societies. I conclude by reflecting upon the utility of adopting resilience language in the study of hybrid courts. Resilience may be seductive conceptually because it provides a vision of empowerment and autonomy for victims and affected communities. However, resilience thinking is also consistent with neoliberal prescriptions that are contrary to the realization of the type of emancipatory justice that many hybrid court advocates seek.

Keywords

emancipatory justiceevaluationhybrid courtsresiliencetransitional justice
Type
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Information
Leiden Journal of International Law , Volume 33 , Issue 4 , December 2020 , pp. 1015 - 1028
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

*

Ph.D.; Associate Professor in the School of Public Affairs and Coordinator of the Middle Eastern Studies Program at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

References

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29 Hamilton and Ramsden, supra note 27; Hinton, supra note 28; Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26.

30 Martin-Ortega and Herman, ibid., at 75.

31 2003 Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the prosecution under Cambodian law of crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea (ECCC Agreement), available at www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/Agreement_between_UN_and_RGC.pdf; 2004 Law to Amend the 2001 Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers, available at www.eccc.gov.kh/sites/default/files/legal-documents/Kram_and_KR_Law_amendments_27_Oct_2004_--_Eng.pdf.

32 Cohen, supra note 18, at 9–10.

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35 J. E. Wetzel and Y. Mitri, ‘The Special Tribunal for Lebanon: A Court Off the Shelf for a Divided Country’, (2008) 7 Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 81, at 95.

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37 Cimiotta, supra note 1, at 55–7.

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39 Cohen, supra note 18, at 13; The Central African Republic’s Special Criminal Court will be funded in a similar fashion. See P. I. Labuda, ‘The Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic’, (2017) 15 Journal of International Criminal Justice 175, at 201.

40 Dickinson, supra note 19, at 307; Linton, supra note 33, at 149; Cohen, supra note 18, at 14–6.

41 Cohen, ibid., at 21–2.

42 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 80.

43 Ibid., at 77.

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45 Wetzel and Mitri, supra note 35, at 96.

46 Cimiotta, supra note 1.

47 Labuda, supra note 39.

48 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 76.

49 OHCHR, supra note 4, at 11.

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51 Dickinson, supra note 19, at 297.

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58 B. Stewart and E. Wiebelhaus-Brahm, ‘The Quantitative Turn in Transitional Justice Research: What Have We Learned About Impact?’, (2017) 1 Transitional Justice Review 97.

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64 H. Strohmeyer, ‘Collapse and Reconstruction of a Judicial System: The United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor’, (2001) 95 American Journal of International Law 46, at 50, 57.

65 H. Bertelman, ‘International Standards and National Ownership? Judicial Independence in Hybrid Courts: The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia’, (2010) 79 Nordic Journal of International Law 341; Hamilton and Ramsden, supra note 27.

66 Dickinson, supra note 19, at 306.

67 Visoka, supra note 57, at 25.

68 OHCHR, supra note 4; J. Stromseth, ‘Justice on the Ground: Can International Criminal Courts Strengthen Domestic Rule of Law in Post-Conflict Societies?’, (2009) 1 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 87; Cassese, supra note 21.

69 OHCHR, ibid., at 4–5. For a critique of this expansive definition and a call to focus specifically on ‘the body of legal rules, innovative practices, and norms’ produced by hybrids see Jalloh, supra note 2, at 2–3.

70 Sriram, supra note 4, at 498.

71 Visoka, supra note 57, at 26.

72 OHCHR, supra note 4, at 17–8.

73 Dittrich, supra note 4, at 676.

74 Visoka, supra note 57, at 24.

75 M. Holvoet and P. de Hert, ‘International Criminal Law as Global Law: An Assessment of the Hybrid Tribunals’, (2012) 17 Tilburg Law Review 228, at 232.

76 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 77.

77 Ibid., at 78.

78 Holvoet and de Hert, supra note 75, at 231.

79 Stromseth, supra note 68, at 95; The benefits, however, were minimal beyond SCSL staff. See A. Chehtman and R. Mackenzie, Capacity Development in International Criminal Justice: A Mapping Exercise of Existing Practice, (2009) DOMAC Project.

80 Cohen, supra note 18, at 17.

81 C. Sperfeldt, ‘Cambodian Civil Society and the Khmer Rouge Tribunal’, (2012) 6 International Journal of Transitional Justice 149.

82 E. E. Stensrud, ‘New Dilemmas in Transitional Justice: Lessons from the Mixed Courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia’, (2009) 46 Journal of Peace Research 5, at 10.

83 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 79.

84 Mendez, supra note 4, at 83.

85 International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), The Special Court of Sierra Leone Under Scrutiny (2006), at 38, 40.

86 Stromseth, supra note 68, at 96.

87 Ibid.

88 J. P. Pham, ‘A Viable Model for International Criminal Justice: The Special Court for Sierra Leone’, (2006) 19 New York International Law Review 37, at 106–7.

89 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 81; Hinton, supra note 28.

90 Sriram, supra note 4, at 493.

91 Bertelman, supra note 65, at 366.

92 P. Pham et al., So We Will Never Forget: A Population-Based Survey on Attitudes About Social Reconstruction and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, (2009) Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, at 19.

93 OHCHR, supra note 4; Stromseth, supra note 68; Cassese, supra note 21.

94 OHCHR, ibid., at 19–20.

95 Cohen, supra note 18, at 18.

96 N. H. Pentelovitch, ‘Seeing Justice Done: The Importance of Prioritizing Outreach Efforts at International Criminal Tribunals’, (2008) 39 Georgetown Journal of International Law 455.

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98 ICTJ, supra note 85, at 37–8.

99 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 81.

100 B. Ivanišević, The War Crimes Chamber in Bosnia and Herzegovina: From Hybrid to Domestic Court (2008) ICTJ, at 33.

101 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 84.

102 M. B. Pratt, Nation-Wide Survey on Public Perceptions of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (2007); Stromseth, supra note 68, at 94; T. Perriello and M. Wierda, The Special Court for Sierra Leone Under Scrutiny, (2006) ICTJ; R. Kerr and J. Lincoln, The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Outreach, Legacy and Impact, (2008) King’s College London.

103 T. Perriello and M. Wierda, Lessons from the Deployment of International Judges and Prosecutors in Kosovo, (2006) ICTJ, at 2.

104 OHCHR, supra note 4, at 8.

105 The SCSL was innovative in its legacy planning from the beginning. See Dittrich, supra note 4.

106 ICTJ, supra note 85, at 38.

107 OHCHR, supra note 4, at 12–14.

108 Similarly, ‘[s]ome Sierra Leoneans from outside Freetown feel alienated give that the [Peace M]useum is located in the capital so again outside their reach, on the premises of the SCSL whose physical site was controversial since the beginning’. See Dittrich, supra note 4, at 678.

109 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) Press Release, ‘Presentation of Evidence in the “Duch-Trial” Concluded’, 2009, available at www.eccc.gov.kh/en/articles/presentation-evidence-innbsp-ldquoduch-trialrdquoconcluded.

110 Martin-Ortega and Herman, supra note 26, at 83; L. J. Nettelfield, Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Hague Tribunal’s Impact in a Postwar State (2010), 247.

111 Stromseth, supra note 68.

112 Cohen, supra note 18, at 36.

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114 OHCHR, supra note 4, at 5.

115 Menkhaus, supra note 7, at 6.

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117 D. Chandler, Resilience: The Governance of Complexity (2014), 27.

118 D. Chandler, ‘Beyond Neoliberalism: Resilience, the New Art of Governing Complexity’, (2014) 2 Resilience 47, at 61.

119 J. Joseph, ‘Resilience as Embedded Neoliberalism: A Governmentality Approach’, (2013) 1 Resilience 38; A. Mckeown and J. Glenn, ‘The Rise of Resilience after the Financial Crises: A Case of Neoliberalism Rebooted?’, (2018) 44 Review of International Studies 193.

120 B. Evans and J. Reid, ‘Dangerously Exposed: The Life and Death of the Resilient Subject’, (2013) 1 Resilience 83, at 85.

121 Joseph, supra note 119, at 42.