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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 November 2023
1 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), available at www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_01_e.htm.
2 P. C. Mavroidis, Trade in Goods (2013), at 59–60.
3 A. A. Marhold, Energy in International Trade Law: Concepts, Regulation and Changing Markets (2021), at 35–49.
4 C-H. Wu, Law and Politics on Export Restrictions: WTO and Beyond (2021), at 26.
5 Appellate Body Report, China – Raw Materials (United States), adopted 20 February 2012, WTO/DS394/AB/R, paras. 319–320.
6 Article XI:1 of the GATT provides as follows:
No prohibitions or restrictions other than duties, taxes or other charges, whether made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other measures, shall be instituted or maintained by any contracting party on the importation of any product of the territory of any other contracting party or on the exportation or sale for export of any product destined for the territory of any other contracting party.
7 Appellate Body Reports, Argentina – Import Measures, adopted 26 January 2015, WTO/DS438/AB/R, para. 5.217.
8 See generally J. Pauwelyn, ‘Rien Ne Va Plus? Distinguishing Domestic Regulation from Market Access in GATT and GATS’, (2005) 4 World Trade Review 131.
9 P. C. Mavroidis, The Regulation of International Trade, Volume 1: GATT (2016), at 87.
10 See Wu, supra note 4, at 12.
11 P. van den Bossche and W. Zdouc, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization (2022), at 536.
12 WTO Agreement on Safeguards, available at www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/25-safeg_e.htm.
13 See Wu, supra note 4, at 62.
14 D. Sevastopulo and S. Fleming, ‘Netherlands and Japan Join US in Restricting Chip Exports to China’, Financial Times, 28 January 2023, available at www.ft.com/content/baa27f42-0557-4377-839b-a4f4524cfa20.
15 J. Mark and D. Tiff Roberts, ‘United States–China Semiconductor Standoff: A Supply Chain under Stress’, Atlantic Council, 23 February 2023, available at www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/united-states-china-semiconductor-standoff-a-supply-chain-under-stress/.
16 See Wu, supra note 4, at 14.
17 See, for example, China’s challenge of US export control measures regarding semi-conductors, available at www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/ds615rfc_15dec22_e.htm.
18 Panel Report, United States – Certain Measures on Steel and Aluminium Products (China), circulated 9 December 2022, WTO/DS544/R, para. 7.148 (currently under appeal).