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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018
One of the dramatic developments in contemporary administrative law is the result of a radical approach to the basis and scope of error of law on the face of the record as a ground of judicial review of administrative decisions. Despite the impeccable antecedents of this rubric of judicial review in English administrative law, courts as well as writers in England have strenuously assailed in recent times the legitimacy of the continued invocation of this head of review. Lord Diplock has suggested that the concept of patent legal error has become redundant in consequence of expansion of the scope of jurisdictional criteria.
1. See the cases cited at footnotes 10–12, infra.
2. Re Racal Communications Ltd [1980] 2 All ER 634 at 638–639, commenting on Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147.
3. H. W. R. Wade, ‘New Twists in the Anisminic Skein’ (1980) 96 LQR 492 at 494.
4. [1969] 2 AC 147.
5. B. C. Could, ‘Anisminic and Judicial Review’ [1970] PL 358 at 361.
6. D. Oliver, ‘Void and Voidable in Administrative Law: A Problem of Legal Recognition’ (1981) 34 Current Legal Problems 43 at 59.
7. R v Nat Bell Liquors Ltd [1922] 2 AC 128 at 156, per Lord Sumner.
8. H. W. R. Wade, Administrative Law (5th ed 1982), p 16–19.
9. D. J. Galligan, ‘Judicial Review and the Textbook Writers’ (1982) 2 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 257 at 261.
10. The Case of Cardiff Bridge (1699) 1 Salk 146; Groenwelt v Burvill (1700) 1 Salk 144; R v White (1883–1884) 11 QBD 309.
11. R u Chandler (1703) 1 Salk 378; R v Barnaby (1704) 1 Salk 181; R v Daman (1819) 1 Chit 147; R v Marsh (1824) 4 D & R 260.
12. Kent v Elstob (1802) 3 East 18.
13. Hodgkinson v Fernie (1857) 27 LJCP 66 at 68, per Williams J; cf Champsey Bhara & Co v Jivraj Balloo Spinning and Weaving Co (1923) 92 LJPC 163 at 166, per Lord Dunedin.
14. In re Allen and Matthews' Arbitration [1971] 2 QB 518 at 524, per Mocatta J.
15. Leith Police Commissioners v Campbell (1866) 5 M 247 at 252, per Lord Justice-Clerk Inglis; Sinclair-Lockhart's Trustees v Central Land Board [1951] SLT 121 at 126, per Lord President Cooper; Watt v Lord Advocate [1977] SLT 130 at 135, per Lord Dunpark.
16. See, for example, Racecourse Betting Control Board v Secretary of State for Air [1944] Ch 114 at 120, per Lord Greene MR.
17. Noranda Mines Ltd v R (1969) DLR (3d) 1 (SCC); Re Bartolotti and Ministry of Housing (1977) 76DLR (3d) 408 (Ont CA).
18. Re Gordon Riley Transport Ltd v Board of Industrial Relations of Alberta (1958) 24 WWR 273 at 283, per Egbert J (Alberta SC); Re Universal Constructors and Engineers Ltd and LRB of New Brunswick (1960) 27 DLR (2d) 423 at 428, per Ritchie JA (SC of NB).
19. R v Northamberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal, ex p Shaw [1952] KB 338.
20. At 348, per Denning LJ.
21. R v Ontario LRB, ex p Trenton Construction Workers Association, Local 52 [1963] 2 OR 376 (HC of J, Ont).
22. R v Barker, ex p. Warehousemen and Miscellaneous Drivers' Union, Local 419 (1968) 68 DLR (2d) 682 at 686, per Jessup JA (Ont CA).
23. See the cases cited at footnote 18, supra; cf Re Metropolitan Board of Police Commissioners and Metropolitan Toronto Police Association (1976) 74 DLR (3d) 465 (Ont HC, Div Ct).
24. R v Fodor (1938) 2 DLR 290 at 302, per McGillivray JA (SCAD of Alberta); but see R ex ref Fraser v Halpin (1933) 1 DLR 781 at 789–790 (SCAD of Alberta).
25. See, for instance, the case cited at footnote 22, supra.
26. R v District Court of the Northern District of Queensland, ex p Thompson (1968) 42 ALJR 173 at 176, per Banwick CJ (HCA).
27. In re Roche (1888) 7 NZLR 206 (CA); Hami Paihana v Tokerau District Moari Land Board [1955] NZLR 314 (SC) It has been suggested in New Zealand that prohibition is confined to situations involving jurisdictional taint: Re Te Akau Block, Manu Paekau v Mair (1908) 27 NZLR 1 at 14, per Stout CJ (CA).
28. See footnote 4, supra.
29. R v Bolton (1841) 1 QB 66 at 74, per Lord Denman CJ; cf The Cue of the Marshalsea (1612) Co Rep 686.
30. R v Ryan [1939] 1 WWR 432 (SC of BC); R v Dunbar (1953–1954) 10 WWR (NS) 334 (SC of BC) For a discussion of special considerations applicable to initial lack of jurisdiction, see Re Jackson and Ontario LRB (1955) 3 DLR 297 at 304–305, per McRuer CJHC. (Ont HC)
31. Anisminic, supra footnote 4, at 171, per Lord Reid.
32. Anisminic, supra footnote 4, at 198, per Lord Pearce.
33. See, for example, A. Rubinstein, Jurisdiction and Illegality: A Study in Public Law (1965) p 212; S. A. de Smith, Judicial Review of Administrative Action (4th edn 1980 by J. M. Evans), p 113.
34. Pearlman v Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1979] 1 AII ER 365.
35. Ibid, at 372, per Lord Denning MR.
36. Ibid, at 371–372, per Lord Denning MR.
37. See footnote 2, supra.
38. Re Racal Communications Ltd, supra footnote 2, at 638–639 per Lord Diplock.
39. Ibid.
40. Pearlman, supra footnote 34, at 376 per Geolfrey Lane LJ; cf Racal, supra footnote 2, at 644 per Lord Edmund-Davies; South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn Bhd v Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing Employees Union [1980] 2 All ER 689.
41. B. C. Gould, supra footnote 5, at 361.
42. Lord Diplock, ‘Administrative Law and Judicial Review Reviewed’ (1974) 33 CLJ 233 at 243.
43. H. W. R. Wade, ‘Constitutional and Administrative Aspects of the Anisminic Case’ (1969) 85 LQR 198 at 212.
44. Battaglia v Workmen's Compensation Board (1960) 24 DLR (2d) 21 (BCCA).
45. R v Canada LRB, ex p Brewster Transport Co Ltd (1966) 58 DLR (2d) 609 at 615, per Riley J (SC of Alberta); cf Toronto Newspaper Guild v Globe Printing Co (1953) 3 DLR 561 at 578, per Kellock J (SCC).
46. Re Gianoukakis and Workmen's Compensation Board (1979) 89 DLR (3d) 722 (Ont HC, Div Ct); Re Metal Industries Association and Davies Wire Industries Ltd (1981) 113 DLR (3d) 724 (BCSC). For a qualified privative formulation permitting review for patent error of law within a stipulated period, see Re Yellow Cab Ltd and Board of Industrial Relations (1981) 114 DLR (3d) 427 (SCC).
47. The Australasian Scale Co Ltd v The Commissioner of Taxes (Queensland) (1935) 53 CLR 534 at 555, per Rich and Dixon JJ (HCA).
48. Re Collett (1897) 15 NZLR 425 at 430–431, per Prendergast CJ (SC); New Zealand Waterside Workers Federation Industrial Association of Workers v Frazer [1924] NZLR 689 (SC); New Zealand Engineering, Coachbuilding, Aircraft, Motor and Related Trades Industrial Union of Workers v Court of Arbitration [1976] NZLR 283 at 295, per Richmond J (CA).
49. Somrners v City of Edmonton (1978) 88 DLR (3d) 204 (SC, AD of Alberta).
50. See the case cited at footnote 47, supra.
51. Toronto Newspaper Guild v Globe Printing Co, footnote 45, supra.
52. Edwards v Bairstow [1956] AC 14 at 38, per Lord Radcliffe.
53. R v Industrial Injuries Commissioner, ex p Amalgamated Engineering Union (No 2) [1966] 2 QB 31; but see R v Industrial Disputes Tribunal, ex p Kigass [1953] I All ER 593.
54. R v Barnsley Supplementary Benefits Appeal Tribunal, ex p Atkinson [1976] 1 WLR 1047.
55. R v Preston Supplementary Benejts Appeal Tribunal, ex p Moore [1975] 1 WLR 624.
56. R (John Clark & Co) v Northern Ireland General Health Services Board [1955] NI 41.
57. Re Sudbury Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers' Union, Local 598 and Industrical Nickel Co of Canada Ltd (1962) 35 DLR (2d) 371 (Ont CA); Re Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co Ltd, and Flin Flon Base Metal Workers' Federal Union No 172 (1966) 60 DLR (2d) 312 (Man QB).
58. Hopper v Egg and Egg Pulp Marketing Board (Victoria) (1939) 61 CLR 665 at 673 (HCA).
59. New Zealand Sheep Fanners' Ageng Ltd v Mosley and Hill [1932] NZLR 949 at 964, per Myers CJ (CA), Following R v Minister of Health, ex p Glamorgan County Mental Hospital [1939] 1 KB 232 at 246, per Greer LJ.
60. Winiata Te Wharo v Airini Tonore (1896) 14 NZLR 209 at 232, per Denniston J (CA).
61. Walton v Holland [1963] NZLR 729 (CA).
62. Re Service Employees' International Union, Local 308 and Manitoba Labour Board (1979) 90 DLR (3d) 255 at 262, per Nitikman J (Man, QB).
63. Re Bell Canada and Challenge Communications Ltd (1978) 86 DLR (3d) 351 at 361, per Heald J (Fed Ct of App).
64. Re Burgess Transport and Storage Ltd. and Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities for Nova Scotia (1976) 72 DLR (3d) 231 (Nov Sc SC).
65. R v Alberta Board of Industrial Relations, ex p Prudential Steel (1967) 64 DLR (2d) 164 at 169 (SC or Alberta).
66. Re Dodd and Chiropractic Review Committee (1979) 95 DLR (3d) 560 at 564, per Pennell J (Ont HC of J).
67. Re A1's Towing Service Ltd. and Highway Transport Board of Manitoba (1979) 94 DLR (3d) 697 at 700, per Matas JA (Man CA).
68. Re Poyser and Mills' Arbitration [1964] 2 QB 467 at 477–478, per Mrgaw.J.
69. Re Schulman and College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (1980) III DLR 689 at 692 ad fin, per Montgomery J (Ont HC, Div Ct). See also Re v MacDonald and North York General Hospital (1976) 59 DLR (3d) 647 at 657, per Weatherston J (Ont HC); Re Westcoast Trammission Co Ltd and Husky Oil Operations Ltd (1980) 109 DLR (3d) 698 (CA of Alberta).
70. Re LRB (Nova Scotia), International Union of Operating Engineers, Local No 721 v Municipal Spraying and Contracting Ltd (1955) 1 DLR 353 (Nov ScSC); Re McCord B Co and Ottawa LRB (1956) 4 DLR (2d) 455 (HC of Ont).
71. LRB (British Columbia) and A-G for the Province of British Columbia v Canada Safeway Ltd [1953] 2 SCR 46 at 54, per Rand J (SCC).
72. Gould v Wily [1960] NZLR 960 at 962, per Shorland J (SC).
73. Baldwin & Francis Ltd v Patents Appeal Tribunal [1959] AC 663; cf J. M. Fitzgerald and I. D. Elliott, ‘Certiorari: Error of Law on the Face of the Record’ (1964) Melbourne University L Rev 552 at 580–581.
74. See H. W. R. Wade, ‘Unlawful Administrative Action: Void or Voidable?’ (1967) 83 LQR 499 and (1968) 84 LQR 95; cf M. B. Akehurst, ‘Void or Voidable? Natural Justice and Unnatural Meanings’ (1968) 31 MLR 2 and 138.
75. H. W. R. Wade, ‘Constitutional and Adminstrative Aspects of the Anisminic Case’ (1969) 85 LQR 198 at 212.
76. R v Alberta Oil and Gas Conservation Board, ex p Mountain Pacific Pipelines Ltd (1965) 55 DLR (2d) 189) at 192, per McDermid JA (Alberta SC AD); R v Law Society of Alberta, ex p Demco (1967) 64 DLR (2d) 140 at 150, per Johnson J A (Alberta SC, AD).
77. Swist v Alberta Assessment Appeal Board [1976] 1 WWR 204 at 214, per Steer J (Alberta SC).
78. R v Bolton [1841] 1 QB 66; Re Allen and Mathews' Arbitration [1971] 2 QB 518 at 524, per Mocatta J; but see R v Bucks JJ [1843] 3 QB 800 and R v West Sussex Quarter Sessions, ex p Johnson Trust Ltd [1974] QB 24 for the view that affidavits or oral evidence may be admitted to show concealed error of law on a matter within jurisdiction.
79. Straven Services Ltd v Waimairi County [1966] NZLR 996 at 999, per MacArthur J (SC).
80. R v Weatherhill, ex p. Osborne (1970) 15 DLR (3d) 135 at 140, per Lacouriere J (Ont HC); Woodward Stores (Westmount) Ltd v Alberta Assessment Appeal Board, Div No. 1, and City of Edmonton [1976] 5 WWR 496 (Alberta SC).
81. Re Shaw Dairy Co (1938) 2 DLR 768 (Ont SC).
82. R ex rel Lotochinski v Antonenko (1961) 129 Can CC 429 (Sask SC); Re Wilfong, Cathcart v Lowery (1962) 32 DLR (2d) 477 at 479, per Culliton JA (Sask CA).
83. Paulowitch v Dankochuk (1940) 2 DLR 106 (Man SC).
84. R v Spalding (1955) 5 DLR 374 (BCCA).
85. Re United Mine Workers of America Distr No 26 (1960) 23 DLR (2d) 328 (Nov Sc SC).
86. Parkhill Bedding & Furniture Ltd v International Molders & Foundry Workers Union of North American, Local 174 and Manitoba Labour Board (1961) 26 DLR (2d) 589 (Man CA).
87. R v Euatt, ex p The Muter Builders' Association of New South Wales (No 2) (1974) 132 CLR 150 (HCA); R v Stanly, ex p Redapple Restaurants Pty Ltd (1976) 13 SASR 290 (SC of SA).
88. Supreme Court Act 1981, of England and Wales, s 31 codifying RSC Order 53 of 1977 which implemented the recommendations of the Law Commission of England made in the Report on Remedies in Administrative Law, Law Commn. No 73, cmnd 6407 (1976).
89. Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cwlth of Australia), s 5 (1).
90. Federal Court Act 1971 (Canada), s 28.
91. For academic writing adopting a similar point of departure, see R. D. McInnes, ‘Judicial Review after Anisminic’(1977) 9 Victoria v of Wellington L Rev 37; H. F. Rawlings, ‘Judicial Review after Pearlman’ [1979] Public Law 404.
92. Creamette Co of Canada Ltd v Retail Store Employees Local Union 830 (1956) 4 DLR (2d) 78 at 83, per Tritschler J (Man QB).
93. Young v Johnson (1961) 27 DLR (2d) 402 at 407, per Adamson CJM (Man CA).
94. Segal v Montreal (1931) 4 DLR 603 at 614, per Lamont J (SCC), following Re Long Point Co v Anderson (1891) 18 AR (Ont) 401 (Ont CA) and Tp of Ameliasburg v Pitcher (1906) 13 OLR 417 at 420, per Riddell JA (Ont CA).
95. R v Minister of Health (1939) 1 KB 232 at 246, per Greer LJ; R v Paddington Furnished Houses Rent Tribunal, ex p Kendal Hotels Ltd [1947] 1 All ER 448 at 449; cF R v Ludlow, ex p Barnsley Corpn [1947] KB 634 at 639.
96. Armah v Government of Ghana [1966] 3 All ER 177 at 187.
97. See the text at footnotes 34 et seq, supra.
98. B. C. Gould, ‘Anisminic and Judicial Review’[1970] PL 358 at 367.
99. Ibid, at 358.
100. Re Racal Communications Ltd [1980] 2 AII ER 634 at 638, per Lord Diplock.
101. Lee v Showmen's Guild of Great Britain [1952] 2 QB 329 at 354, per Romer LJ, quoted in Harbottle Brown & Co Pty Ltd v Halstead (1968) 88 WN (NSW) 421 at 426, per Street J (SC of NSW).
102. McKinnon v Grogan (1974) 1 NSWLR 295 at 298, per Wootten J (SC of NSW); cf Cameron v Hosan (1934) 51 CLR 358 (HCA).
103. R v Peterborough Supplementary Benefits Appeal Tribunal, ex p Supplementary Benefits Commission [1978] 3 All ER 887 at 889, per Michael Davies J; cf Prodexport State Co for Foreign Trade v E. D. & F. Man Ltd [1973] QB 389.
104. Re Rohm & Haas Canada Ltd and Anti-Dumping Tribunal (1978) 90 DLR (3d) 212 at 216, per Jackett CJ (Fed Ct of App).
105. D. Pearce, ‘Judicial Review of Tribunal Decisions - The Need for Restraint’ (1981) 12 Federal Law Review 167.
106. R v National Insurance Commissioner, ex p Stratton [1979] QB 361 at 369, per Lord Denning MR.
107. M. Tushnet, ‘Truth, Justice and the American Way: An Interpretation of Public Law Scholarship in the Seventies’ (1979) 57 Texas L. Rev. 1307.
108. Re LRB (Nova Scotia), International Union of Operating Engineers, Local No 721 v Municipal Spraying and Contracting Ltd (1955) 1 DLR 353 (Nov Sc SC).
109. Leeson v General Medical Council (1889) 43 Ch D 366.
110. Re Labour Relations Act; Pulp and Paper Workers of Canada, Watson Island Local No 4 v Celgar Ltd and LRB of British Columbia (1964) 48 WWR 555 at 562, per Aikins, J (BCSC); Roessler Construction Co Ltd v Thiessen and Manitoba Labour Board (1976) 4 Google Scholar WWR 529 at 539, per Morse J (Man QB).
111. For Canada, see R v Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities, ex p Halifax Transit Corpn (1971) 15 DLR (3d) 720 at 730, per Cooper JA (Nov Sc SC). Cf, for Australia, Paramac Printing Co Pty Ltd v Comr of Taxation for the Commonwealth of Australia (1964) III CLR 529 at 543, per Owen J (HCA).
112. Woolaston v Minister of Manpower and Immigration (1972) 28 DLR (3d) 489 at 492 ad fin, per Laskin J (SCC).
113. Warringah Shire Council v Rippledeen Pty Ltd (1973) 28 LGRA 214 (SC of NSW).
114. Willoughby Municipal Council v Manchil Pty Ltd (1974) 29 LGRA 303 at 310, per Samuels J (SC of NSW).
115. E. G. Henderson, Foundations of English Administrative Law (1963) p 144–159.
116. William v Crimes Compensation Tribunal [1968] NZLR 711 (SC).
117. D. E. Paterson, An Introduction to Administrative Law in New Zealand (1967), p. 162.
118. Avon Downs Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1949) 78 CLR 353 at 360, per Dixon J (HCA).
119. Baldwin & Francis Ltd v Patents Appeal Tribunal [1959] AC 663 at 695, per Lord Denning.
120. H. W. R. Wade, ‘New Twists in the Anisminic Skein’(1980) 96 LQR 492 at 496.
121. Ibid.
122. R v West Sussex Quarter Sessions, ex p Johnson Trust Ltd [1974] QB 24.
123. See E. G. Henderson, op cit, footnote 115, supra.
124. R v Fulham, Hammersmith and Kensington Rent Tribunal [1951] 2 KB 694 at 699, per Devlin J.
125. Gould v Wily [1960] NZLR 960 at 963, per Shorland J (SC).
126. The Australian Gas Light Co v The Valuer-General (1940) 40 SR (NSW) 126 at 138, per Jordon CJ (SC of NSW); cf Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd v Federal Comr of Taxation (1931) 49 CLR 171 at 175–176 (HCA).
127. Wali Mohammad v Mohammad Bakhrh (1929) LR 57 Ind App 86 at 92.
128. Farmer v Cotton's Trustees [1915] AC 922 at 932 per Lord Parker of Waddington.
129. Comr of Taxation v Miller (1946) 73 CLR 93 at 97, per Latham CJ (HCA); Hayes v Federal Comr of Taxation (1956) 98 CLR 47 (HCA); Ipec Insurance Ltd v Federal Comr of Taxation (1975) 6 ALK 136 at 147–148, per Zelling J (SC ofSA).
130. See the case cited at footnote 128, supra.
131. Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Mitchum (1965) 113 CLR 401 at 407 per Barwick CJ (HCA).
132. Re Ottawa Newspaper Guild, Local 205 and the Ottawa Citizen (1966) 55 DLR (2d) 26 (Ont HC); cf LRB of New Brunswick v Eastern Bakeries Ltd (1961) 26 DLR (2d) 332 at 339, per Abbott J (SCC).
133. Gosford Shire County Council v Anthony George Pty Ltd (1969) 89 WN (NSW) (Pt 1) 300 at 356, per Hardie J (Land and Valuation Ct of NSW).
134. Toronto Newspaper Guild v Globe Printing Co (1953) 3 DLR 561 at 578, per Kellock J (SCC).
135. Jim Patrick Ltd v United Store & Allied Products Workers of America, Local 189 and LRB (1959) 21 DLR (2d) 189.
136. R v Board of Arbitration, ex p Cumberland Railway Co (1968) 67 DLR (2d) 135 (SC AD of Nov Sc).
137. Re British Columbia Government Employees' Union and Public Service Commission (1979) 46 DLR (3d) 86 (BCSC).
138. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co v International Union of Operating Engineers [1970] SCR 425 at 435 (SCC).
139. See the case cited at footnote 134, supra.
140. Jeffs v New Zealand Dairy Production Marketing Board [1967] NZLR 1057 at 1665–1667, per Viscount Dilhorne (PC) cf Wislang v Medical Practitioners' Disciplinary Committee [1974] 1 NZLR 29 at 42, per Speight J (SC).
141. Re Civic Employees' Union No 43 and Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (1962) 34 DLR (2d 711 at 720, per Aylesworth JA (Ont CA); R v Barber, ex Warehousemen and Miscellancous Drivers' Union, Local 419 (1968) 68 DLR (2d) 682 at 689–690, per Jessup JA (Ont CA).
142. R v Baker (1923) 2 DLR 523 (CA of Alberta); Perron v The Commissioner of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia (1972) 128 CLR 595 at 601, per Stephen J (HCA); Morin and Sunbridge Investments Ltd v Provincial Planning Board [1974] 6 WWR 291 at 303, per McDonald J (SC of Alberta).
143. Re Newhall and Reimer (1969) 2 DLR (3d) 498 at 503, per Dickson JA (Man CA).
144. Westburne Industrial Enterprises Ltd v LRB [1974] 1 WWR 572 (BCCA); cf Re Lodum Holdings Ltd and Retail Food Union, Local 1518 (1968) 3 DLR (3d) 41 (BCSC).
145. Port Arthur Shipbuilding Co v Arthurs (1968) 70 DLR (2d) 693 at 702, per Judson J (SCC).
146. Holroyd Municipal Council v All is Spares & Equipment Pty Ltd (1968) 16 LGRA 265 (Land and Valuation Ct of NSW).
147. Blackwoods Beuerages Ltd v Dairy Employees, Truck Drivers and Warehousemen, Local No 834 (No 1) (1956) 3 DLR (2d) 529 at 535 (Sask CA).
148. Peverley Place Pty Ltd v Mittagong Shire Council (1973) 28 LGRA 191 (SC of NSW).
149. Ex p Bankstown Municipal Council; Re Tully Investments Pty Ltd (1964) 9 LGRA 144 at 147, per Else-Mitchell J (Land and Valuation Ct of NSW).
150. Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Broken Hill South Ltd (1941) 65 CLR 150 at 154, per Rich ACJ (HCA); South Australian Comr for Prices and Consumer Affairs v Charles Moore (Australia) Ltd (1955) 12 SASR 214 at 221, per Bray J (SC of SA); Municipal District of Sturgeon No 90 v Alberta Assessment Appeal Board [1971] 4 WWR 584 at 585–586, per Johnson JA (Alberta SC, AD).
151. R v Westminster Compensation Appeal Tribunal [1953] 1 WLR 506; R v Medical Appeal Tribunal at London, ex p Burpitt [1957] 2 QB 584; R v Medical Appeal Tribunal for South Wales District ex p Griffiths [1958] 1 WLR 517.
152. Bell v Ontario Human Rights Commission (1971) 18 DLR (3d) 1 (SCC); cf Re E. W. Bickle Ltd and Minister of National Revenue (1980) 100 DLR (3d) 55 at 62, per Jackett CJ (Fed Ct of App).
153. Marshall v Whittaker's Building Supply Co (1963) 109 CLR 210 at 213 (HCA).
154. Royal Trust Co v City of Montreal (1918) 57 SCR 352 at 357–358, per Davies J (SCC).
155. Re Johnston's Appeal (1960) 9 FLR 31 at 49 (Cts Martial App Trib). For the underlying rationale, see Mrar v R (1955) 93 CLR 493 at 514, per Fullagar J (HCA).
156. Donald v Federal Comr of Taxation (1975) 6 ALR 53 (SC of NSW).
157. Re Mitchell and Employment Standards Division, Department of Labour (1977) 78 DLR (3d) 631 (Man QB).
158. R v Minister of Housing and Local Government, ex p Chichester RDC [1960] 1 WLR 587.
159. Re Rafuse and Stewart (1980) III DLR 266 at 272, per McIntosh J (SC of Nov Sc).
160. Giris Pty Ltd v The Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia (1968) 119 CLR 365 at 374, per Barwick CJ (HCA).
161. Denver Chemical Manufacturing Co v The Comr of Taxation (NSW) (1949) 79 CLR 296 at 317, per Williams J (HCA).
162. Fraser & Co Ltd v Minister of National Revenue [1949] AC 24 at 36, per Lord Macmillan (PC).
163. Re T. E. Quinn Truck Lines Ltd and Snow (1982) 129 DLR (3d) 513 (SCC).
164. Faubert and Watts v Temagami Mining Co Ltd (1960) 22 DLR (2d) 220 at 225, per Kerwin CJC (SCC).
165. Ibid.
166. R v Barber, ex p Warehousemen and Miscellaneous Drivers' Union, Local 419 (1968) 68 DLR (2d) 682 at 689–690, per Jessup JA (Ont CA).
167. Hayes v Federal Comr of Taxation (1956) 96 CLR 47 (HCA).
168. The Social Credit Savings and Loans Society Ltd v The Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia (1971) 125CLR 560 at 577, per Gibbs J (HCA).
169. Annalong Pty Ltd v The Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia (1972) 127 CLR 174 (HCA).
170. Federal Comr of Taxation v Hall (1975) 6 ALR 457 (SC of NSW).
171. The Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd (1968) 120 CLR 240 (HCA).
172. The Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Mitchem (1965) 113 CLR 401 (HCA).
173. Commr of Taxation v Miller (1946) 73 CLR 93 at 97, per Lathan CJ (HCA); cf Inland Revenue Comrs v Lysaght [1928] AC 234 at 249.
174. Aafjes v Kearney (1976) 50 ALJR 454 (HCA).
175. Re Arbitration between Walford, Baker & Co. and Macfic & Sons (1915) 113 LT 180 at 183, per Lush J; Government of Kelantan v Duff Development Co Ltd [1923] AC 395 at 409, per Viscount Cave LC; R v Industrial Injuries Comr, ex p Ward [1965] 2 QB 112.
176. Re Metropolitan Toronto Board of Comrs of Police and Ontario Human Rights Commission (1980) 105 DLR (3d) 108 (Ont HC ofJ).
177. R v Murphy [1921] 2 IR 190 at 226.
178. See the cases cited at footnotes 180 and 181, infa.
179. See the cases cited at footnotes 182 and 183, infa.
180. R v Pearson (1957) 117 Can CC 249 at 259, per MacDonald JA (Alberta SC, AD).
181. Young v Johnson (1961) 27 DLR (2d) 402 (Man CA).
182. Ex p Kelly; Re Teece (1966) 85 WN (NSW) 151 at 158 (CA of NSW).
183. Ward v Williams (1954–1955) 92 CLR 496 (HCA).
184. R v Nelson [1935] OWN 562 at 564, per McTague J (HC of Ont); Rubin v Ontario College of Pharmacy (1961) 27 DLR (2d) 690 at 696, per Morden JA (Ont CA); R v The Council of the Pharmaceutical Association of British Columbia ex p Windt (1968) 65 DLR (2d) 132 (BCSC).
185. R v Steeves (1921) 62 DLR 329 at 343 (SC of New B).
186. Re Bland (1934) 1 DLR 546 (BCSC); Ex p Hodgins (1944) 17 MPR 323 (SC AD of New B.); R v Dunbar (1953) 10 WWR 334 (BCSC) Cf D. W. Elliott, ‘No Evidence: A Ground of Judicial Review in Canadian Administrative Law?’ (1972–1973) 37 Sask LR 48.
187. Haggard v Pelicier Freres [1892] AC 61; Hoopcr v Hill [1894] 1 QB 659.
188. Canadian Transport (UK) Ltd v Alsbuty and A-G of British Columbia (1952) 7 WWR (NS) 49 at 73, per Sidney Smith JA (BCCA).
189. R v Birmingham Compensation Appeal Tribunal [1952] 2 AII ER 100; cf R v National Insurance Comr, ex p Michael [1977] 1 WLR 109 at 116, per Roskill LJ.
190. LRB of British Columbia v Canada Safeway Ltd (1953) 3 DLR 641 at 643, per Kerwin J; at 646, per Tascherau J; at 652, per Estey and Cartwright JJ. See also Re Ontario LRB v Bradley and Canadian General Electric Co (1957) 8DLR (2d) 65 (Ont CA).
191. The Comr of Taxation of the Commonwealth of Australia v Brian Hatch Timber Co (Sales) Pty Ltd (1971) 128 CLR 28 at 45, per Barwick CJ (HCA).
192. Walton v Holland [1963] NZLR 729 at 734, per Leicester J (SC); cf Law v Wellington Working Men's Club and Literay Institute (1911) 30 NZLR 1198 (SC).
193. Independent Administrative Agencies, Working Paper 25 of 1980, p 151–152.
194. Administrative Procedure Act 1946, s 10 (e).
195. R v Nat Bell Liquors Ltd [1922] 2 AC 128.
196. See the case cited at footnote 198, infra.
197. Young v Doyle [1923] NZLR 68 at 71, per Salmond J (SC); Hami Paihana v Tokerau District Maori Land Board [1955] NZLR 314 at 321, per Adam J (SC).
198. Mobil Oil Australia Pty Ltd v The Comr of Taxation (1962–1963) 113 CLR 475 at 494, per McTiernan and Taylor JJ (HCA).
199. See, for example, the cases cited at footnotes 127–131, supra.
200. The Australian Gas Light Co v The Valuer-General (1940) 40 SR (NSW) 126 at 138, per Jordan CJ (SC of NSW); cf Benmax v Austin Motor Co Ltd [1955] AC 370; Federal Comr of Taxation v Lister Blackstone Pty Ltd (1975) 6 ALR 423 at 432, per Shippard J (SC of NSW).
201. Re Industrial Appeals Court, ex p Henry Berry & Co (Australia) Ltd [1955] VLR 156 at 165. per Hudson J (SC of Vict).
202. R (Hanna) v Ministry of Health and Local Government [1966] NI 52 at 66, per Lowry J.
203. Cf Da Cosfa v R (1968) 118 CLR 186 at 194–195, per Windeyer J (HCA).
204. Hoddinott v Newton Chambers & Co LTD [1901] AC 49 at 56.
205. However, a restrained approach to the definition of error of law is reflected in some recent Australian decisions: see Blackwood Hodge (Australia) Pty Ltd v Collector of Customs, NSW (No 2) (1980) 3 ALR 38; Board of Control of Michigan Technological University v Deputy Comr of Patents (1981) 34 ALR 529.
206. Re Ottawa Newspaper Guild, Local 205 and the Ottawa Citizen (1966) 55 DLR (2d) 26 at 28, per Gale CJHC (Ont HC).
207. Canada Safeway Ltd v LRB (1953) 1 DLR 48 (BCCA); cf Scown v Haworth (1898) 24 VLR 313 (SC of Vict); Hill v Ziymark (1906) 3 CLR 726 (HCA).
208. Scotia Construction Co Ltd v City of Halifax (1935) 1 DLR 316 at 318, per Duff CJC (SCC); Re City of Regina and Amalgamated Transit Union, Division No 588 (1976) 67 DLR (3d) 533 at 535–536, per Culliton CJS (CA of Sask).
209. Strahan v Taree Municipal Council [1963] NSWR 59 (Land and Valuation Ct of NSW).
210. Comr of Taxation (Commonwealth) v Utah Development Co (1976) 50 ALJR 678 (HCA).
211. Ex p Parker; Re Brotherson (1956) 57 SR (NSW) 326 at 328, per Owen J (SC of NSW).
212. Wajnberg v Raynor & Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works [1971] VR 665 (SC of Vict).
213. Cf J. Dickinson, Administrative Justice and the Supremacy of Law (1927) p 55; K.C. Davis, Administrative Law Treatise (1958) vol 4, ch 29; L. Jaffe, Judicial Control of Administrative Action (1965), ch 15; H. Whitmore and M. Aronson, Review of Administrative Action (1978), p 273.
214. Currie v Comrs of Inland Revenue [1921] 2 KB 332 at 339, per Scrutton LJ, approved in Dennis v Watt (1942) 43 SR (NSW) 32 at 33, per Jordon CJ (SC of NSW).
215. D. E. Paterson, op cit, p 157.
216. R v Nut Bell Liquors [1922] 2 AC 128 at 155–156, per Lord Sumner.
217. Morgan v Licensing Control Comr [1959] NZLR 1148 at 1157, per McGregor J (SC); cf Newman Bros Ltd v Allum, S.O.S. Motors Ltd. (in Liquidation) [1934] NZLR 694 at 703, per Myers CJ (SC).
218. R v Moddie. ex p Emery (1981) 34 ALR 481 (HCA).
219. The term seems to have originated in Walsall Overseers v London & NW Railway (1878) 4 AC 30.
220. Ibid, at 40 per Lord Cairns LC.
221. R v Logan, ex p McAllister (1947) 4DLR 676 (SC of NB).
222. Woodward Stores (Westmount) Ltd v Alberta Assessment Appeal Board Div No 1 and City of Edmonton [1976] 5 WWR 496 at 512–513, per McDonald J (SC of Alberta).
223. See the Northumberland case, supra footnote 19, supra.
224. Cum omnibus ea tangentibui: Lilly's Practical Register (2nd edn. 1735), vol 1, p 363.
225. R v St Edmundsbury (Chancellor) [1947] 2 AII ER 170 at 176, per Wrottesley LJ.
226. R v Council of the Pharmaceutical Association of British Columbia, ex p Windt (1968) 65 DLR (2d) 132 at 134, per McIntyre J (BCSC).
227. Battaglia v Workmen's Compensation Board, footnote 44, supra.
228. R v The District Court of the Metropolitan Distric Holden at Sydney, ex p White (1966) 116 CLR 644 at 657–658, per Windeyer J (HCA).
229. R v Supplementary Benefits Commission, exp Singer [1973] 1 WLR 713.
230. R v Paddington North and St Malylebonc Rent Tribunal, ex p Perry [1956] 1 QB 229.
231. Kent v Elstob (1802) 3 East 18.
232. See, generally, A. S. Abel, ‘Materials Proper for Consideration in Certiorari to Tribunals: I’ (1963–1964) 15 v of Toronto LJ 102.
233. Clark v Wellinston Rent Appeal Board [1975] 2 NZLR 24 at 31, per O'Regan J (SC); cf Farrell v Workmen's Compensation Board (1960) 26 DLR (2d) 185 at 188, per Des Brisay CJBC (BCCA).
234. Pulp and Paper Workers of Canada, Watson Island Local No 4 v Celgar Ltd and LRB of British Columbia (1964) 48 WWR 555 at 561, per Aikins J (BCSC).
235. Re LRB (Nova Scotia), International Union of Operating Engineers, Local No 721 v Municipal Spraying and Contracting Ltd (1955) 1 DLR 353 at 363, per Ilsley CJ (SC of Nov SC).
236. Eli Lilly & Co v S & v Chemicals Ltd (1976) 67 DLR (3d) 342 at 349, per Dickson J (SCC).
237. Re Walker and West Hunts Municipal School Board (1973) 42 DLR (3d) 105 (SC of Nov SC).
238. Hami Paihana v Tokerau District Maori Land Board [1955] NZLR 314 at 321, per Adams J (SC).
239. A-G v Tipae (1888) 6 NZLR 157 at 174, per Ward J (CA).
240. R v Chertsey JJ, ex p Franks [1961] 2 QB. 152.
241. R v Newington Licensing JJ [1948] 1 KB 681.
242. Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1971, s 12 (5), replacing Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958, s 12 (3).
243. Landbauer v Asser [1905] 2 KB 184 at 191; cf D. S. Blaiker & Co Ltd v Leopold Newborne (London) Ltd [1953] 2 Lloyd's Rep 427.
244. Baldwin & Francis Ltd v Patents Appeal Tribunal [1959] AC 663 at p 679 per Lord Moxton of Henryton.
245. A-G of Manitoba v Kelly [1922] 1 AC 268 at 281, per Lord Parmoor (PC).
246. R v Medical Appeal Tribunal, ex p Gilmore [1957] 1 QB 574 at 582, per Denning LJ
247. Straven Services Ltd v Waimairi County [1966] LR 996 at 999, per MacArthur J (SC).
248. D. C. M. Yardley, ‘The Grounds for Certiorari and Prohibition’ (1959) 37 Canadian Bar Review 294 at 334.
249. Cf Duthie V Fernie Memorial Hospital Society (1964) 43 DLR (2d) 477 at 481, per Davey JA (BCCA); Re Alberta Labour Act; ITT Canada Ltd v Board of lndustrial Relations (1967) 60 WWR 172 at 176, per Kirby J (SC of Alberta).
250. Giacomo Costa Fu Andrea v British Italian Trading Co Ltd [1963] 1 QB 201 at 210, per Diplock LJ.
251. Re United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the US and Canada, Local 488 and Reynolds (1976) 68 DLR (3d) 81 at 86, per Cavanagh J (Alberta SC Trial Div).
252. Road and Sea Transport Ltd v Gold Line Transport Ltd (1976) 13 NBR (2d) 700 at 701, per Hughes CJNB (NBSC, AD).
253. Merrill C. Blagdon v The Public Service Commission Appeals Board and A. R. Barrie [1976] 1 FC 615 at 619–620, per Thurlow J (CA).
254. Hnatchuk v Workmen's Compensation Board [1972] 3 WWR 395 at p 397, per Culliton CJS (Sask CA).
255. Iveagh v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1964] 1 QB 395 at 410, per Lord Denning MR. In the alternative the tribunal's order may be quashed: Givaundan & Co Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1967WLR 250.
256. Re Britford Common [1977] 1 WLR 39 at 45, per Slade J.
257. Statutory Powers Procedure Act 1971 (Ont), s 20.
258. Judicature Amendment Act No 130 of 1972 (NZ), s 10.
259. For an explicit statement of this principle see R v Canada LRB, ex p Brewster Transport Co Ltd (1966) 58 DLR (2d) 609 at 620, per Riley J (Alberta SC).
260. R v Nat Bell Liquors [1922] 2 AC 128 at 155, per Lord Sumner.
261. Ricelip Parish v Henden Parish (1698) 5 Mod 416.
262. For Canada, see Re Universal Constructors and Engineering Ltd and LRB of New Brunswick (1960) 27 DLR (2d) 423 at 427, per Ritchie JA (SC ofNB); R v LRB (Nova Scotia) (1961) 29 DLR (2d) 449 at 452, per MacDonald J (SC of Nov Sc); Shumiatcher v A-G of Saskatchewan (1964) 47 WWR 57 (Sask CA); R v Hubbard [1976] 3 WWR 152 at 157, per Bouck J (BCSC); Re Miljohns and Board of Education for the Borough of Scarborough (1981) 112 DLR (3d) 552 (Ont HC, Div Ct). For New Zealand, cf Gould v Wily [1960] NZLR 960 at 962, per Shorland J (SC).
263. See, for example, Ex p Godkin; Re Fitzmaurice (1969) 90 WN (Pt 1) (NSW) 159 at 162, per Wallace P (CA of NSW).
264. R v District Court of the Northern District of Queensland; ex p Thompson (1968) 42 ALJR 173 at 176, per Barwick CJ (HCA).
265. Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1971, s 12.
266. Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cwlth), s 13(1); cf Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cwlth), s 28 (1).
267. Administrative Procedures Act, RSA 1970, c2, s 8.
268. Parl Debates, HR, 1 June 1977, p 1396.
269. Cmnd 218 (1957), para 40.
270. Report of August 1971.
271. Report of May 1973.
272. Fiordlond Venison Ltd v Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1978] 2 NZLR 341 at 350, per Cooke J (CA).
273. Re Poyser and Mills' Arbitration [1964] 2 QB 467.
274. See, for example, Planning Act 1977 (Alberta), c 89, s 83 (2)(b); cf Re Green, Michaels and Associates Ltd. and Public Utilities Board (1979) 94 DLR (3d) 641 (Alberta SC); Re Couillardand City of Edmonton (1980) 103 DLR (3d) 312 (Alberta CA).
275. Dome Petroleum Ltd v Public Utilities Board (Alberta) [1977] 2 SCR 822 (SCC); cf. Re Hannley and City of Edmonton (1978) 91 DLR (3d) 758 (Alberta SC, AD).
276. See the case cited at footnote 273, supra.
277. Re Northwestern Utilities Ltd. and City of Edmonton (1978) 89 DLR (3d) 161 at 176, per Estey J (SCC).
278. Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 (UK), 11–12 Vict c 43, commonly known as Jervis's Act.
279. Magistrates' Act, RSPEI 1951, c 89, s 7.
280. The Statutory Powers Procedure Act 1971 of Ontario, s 20, provides that the record shall include (a) any application, complaint, reference or other document, if any, by which the proceedings were commenced; (b) the notice of any hearing; (c) any intermediate orders made by the tribunal; (d) all documentary evidence filed with the tribunal; (e) the transcript, if any, of the oral evidence given at the hearing; and (f) the decision of the tribunal and the reasons therefor.
281. The Judicial Review Procedure Act 1976 of British Columbia, s 1, defines the record as including items (a) to (c) set out in the Ontario legislation, footnote 280, supra.
282. Nova Scotia Civil Procedure Rules 1972, s 56. 07 (1) and (2).
283. Re Brad's Transport and Douglas Bros. & Jones Inc. (1972) 29 DLR (3d) 555 (SC of PEI); Re Bulk Carriers (Prince Edward Island) Ltd (1974) 44 DLR (3d) 291 (SC of PEI).
284. See the Northumberland case, footnote 19 supra, at 349.
285. R. F. Reid and H. David, Administrative Law nnd Practice (2nd edn, 1978), p 387.
286. See footnotes 280 and 281, supra, and footnotes 288 and 289, infra.
287. R v Darlington County Borough Juvenile Court, ex p West Hartlepool Corpn [1957] 1 WLR 363; cf G. Sawer, ‘Error of Law on the Face of an Administrative Record’ (1954–1956) 3 v of Western Australia LR 24 at 33; J. F. Garner, Administrative Law (5th 1979). p 166–167.
288. Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cwlth of Australia), s 5 (1) (f) which recognises as a ground of review that the decision involves an error of law, whether or not the error appears on the face of the decision.
289. Judicature Amendment Act, No 130 of 1972 (NZ), s 5 which declares that, on an application for review in relation to a statutory power of decision, where the sole ground of relief established is a defect in form or a technical irregularity, if the court finds that no substantial wrong or miscarriage of justice has occurred, it may refuse relief and, where the decision has already been made, may make an order validating the decision, notwithstanding the defect or irregularity, from such time and on such terms as the court thinks fit.
290. Independent Administrative Agencies, Working Paper No 25 of 1980 of the Law Reform Commission of canada, p 151–152.
291. See footnote 88, supra.
292. Lord Diplock, ‘Administrative Law and Judicial Review Reviewed’ (1974) 33 CL J 233 at 243.
293. See the cases cited at footnotes 4, 34 and 37, supra.