Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:05:11.493Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ordering Principles: The Adjudication of Criminal Cases in Puritan Massachusetts, 1629-1650

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

Howard Schweber
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In this article I review court records from the early period of settlement in Puritan Massachusetts (1629–50). The study avoids the great controversies of the day, focusing instead on the patterns that appear in the adjudication of a great number of cases over time. In the first part of the study, a quantitative analysis is performed on a data set comprising crimes (the independent variable) and punishments, evaluated according to an ordinally ranked scale of severity. In the second part, I review the records in detail and suggest conclusions concerning the purposes of punishment and the organizing concepts that are shown to have governed the adjudication of cases in the early Massachusetts courts. The study finds that over a period of decades and a large number of cases (N=793), the actions perceived to be necessary for the restoration of communal order dictated the severity of punishment imposed. I argue that this pattern demonstrates impressive fidelity to the doctrinal principles that served as the public legitimating principles for these courts. These findings, in turn, encourage us to question accounts that purport to show that these principles were merely veils for religious, economic, or social aggrandizement, particularly when such accounts are based on interpretations of individual cases or events.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Society Review , Volume 32 , Issue 2 , 1998 , pp. 367 - 408
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 by the Law and Society Association

Footnotes

I wish to thank Edward Cook, Richard Ross, and Walter Mebane for their help and guidance in the preparation of this article. A paper on which this article is based was presented at the annual meeting of the Pacific Northwest Political Science Association in October 1995. I also thank the anonymous reviewers for Law & Society Review, who reviewed earlier drafts and helped me avoid a variety of errors. Those errors that remain are, of course, my own responsibility.

References

References

Adair, John (1982) Founding Fathers: The Puritans in England and America. London: J. M. Dent & Sons.Google Scholar
Black, Barbara Aronstein (1975) “The Judicial Power and the General Court in Early Massachusetts (1634–1686).” Unpub. Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ.Google Scholar
Bradford, William (1952) Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Breen, T. H. (1970) The Character of a Good Ruler. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Butler, Jon (1990) Awash in a Sea of Faith. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Charles Lloyd (1986) God's Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick (1983) Godly People: Essays on English Protestantism and Puritanism. London: Hambledon Press.Google Scholar
Cotton, John (1651) “Christ the Foundation of Life.” London.Google Scholar
Crawford, Michael J. (1991) Seasons of Grace. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Curry, Thomas J. (1986) The First Freedoms: Church and State in America to the Passage of the First Amendment. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Dayton, Cornelia Hughes (1995) Women before the Bar: Gender, Law and Society in Connecticut, 1639–1789. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Demos, John (1970) A Little Commonwealth. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Dow, George F., ed. (1975) Records and Files of the Quarterly Court of Essex County. Salem, MA: Essex Institute.Google Scholar
Duffy, John (1993) From Humors to Medical Science: A History of American Medicine. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Erikson, Kai (1966) Wayward Puritans. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Faber, Eli (1978) “Puritan Criminals: the Economic, Social, and Intellectual Background to Crime in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts,” Perspectives in American History, vol. 9, ed. D. Fleming. Cambridge: Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History, Harvard Univ., Crimson Printing Co.Google Scholar
Fischer, David Hackett (1989) Albion's Seed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Foster, Stephen (1971) Their Solitary Way. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Foster, Stephen (1984) “English Puritanism and the Progress of New England Institutions, 1630–1660,” in Hall, et al., eds. 1984.Google Scholar
Gouge, William (1622) Of Domesticall Duties. London.Google Scholar
Gura, Philip F. (1984) A Glimpse of Sion's Glory. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hall, David (1989) Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hall, David, ed. (1990) The Antinomian Controversy, 1636–1638: A Documentary History. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hall, David D., Murrin, John, & Tate, Thad W., eds. (1984) Saints and Revolutionaries: Essays on Early American History. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.Google Scholar
Hoffer, Peter Charles (1992) Law and People in Colonial America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hubbard, Samuel (1676) “The Happiness of a People in the Wisdome of their Rulers Directing and in the Obedience of their Brethren Attending Unto what Israel ought to do.” Boston.Google Scholar
Hull, Natalie (1987) Female Felons: Women and Serious Crime in Colonial Massachusetts. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kammensky, Jane N. (1992) “Words, Witches and Women Trouble,” 128 (3) Essex Institute Historical Collections, June, pp. 286–306.Google Scholar
Kammensky, Jane N.-(1993) “Governing the Tongue: Speech and Society in Early New England.” Unpub. Ph.D. diss., Yale Univ.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., & Verba, Sidney (1994) Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, Lyle (1980) A Search for Power: The Weaker Sex in Seventeenth-Century New England. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Konig, David T. (1979) Law and Society in Puritan Massachusetts. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Marcus, Gail Sussman (1984) “‘Due Execution of the Generall Rules of Righteousness’: Criminal Procedure in New Haven Town and County, 1638–1658,” in Hall, et al, eds., 1984.Google Scholar
Massachusetts County Court (Suffolk County) (1933) Records of the Suffolk County Court, 1671–1680. Vol. 1. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts.Google Scholar
McManus, Edgar (1993) Law and Liberty in Early New England. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Perry (1935) Review of The New Haven Colony by Isabel M. Calder, 8 New England Q. 584.Google Scholar
Morgan, Edmund S. (1997) “Subject Women,” New York Rev. of Books, April, p. 17.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, William E. (1981) Dispute and Conflict Resolution in Massachusetts, 1725–1825. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Noble, John, ed. (1904) Records of the Court of Assistants of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay, 1630–92. Boston: County of Suffolk.Google Scholar
Norton, John (1664) Sion the out-cast healed of her Wounds. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Norton, Mary Beth (1987) “Gender and Defamation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland,” 44 William & Mary Q. 3–39.Google Scholar
Norton, Mary Beth (1996) Founding Mothers & Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Pleck, Elizabeth (1987) Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Powers, Edwin (1966) Crime and Punishment in Early Massachusetts, 1620–1692. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Rutman, Darrett (1965) Winthrop's Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Salmon, Marylynn (1986) Women and the Law of Property in Early America. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Saloman, Mark Andrew (1989) “Community and Hierarchy: A Comparative Study of Law, Crime and Punishment in Colonial Massachusetts and Maryland, 1636–1699.” Unpub. Ph.D. diss., Brandeis Univ.Google Scholar
Shurtleff, Nathaniell B., M.D., ed. (1853) Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England. Boston: William White Press. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Smith, Joseph, ed. (1961) Colonial Justice in Western Massachusetts. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Speziale, Marcia Jean (1992) “The Puritan Pariah or a Citizen of Somewhere Else: Defamation in Massachusetts, 1642 to 1850.” Unpub. Ph.D. diss., Harvard Univ.Google Scholar
Stavely, Keith W. F. (1987) Puritan Legacies, Paradise Lost and the New England Tradition, 1630–1890. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Stone, Lawrence (1979) The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Stout, Harry S. (1986) The New England Soul. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Keith (1993) “Cases of Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England,” in Morrill, J., Slack, P., & Woolf, D., eds., Public Duty and Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Roger (1983) “‘Holy Watchfulness’ and Communal Conformism: The Functions of Defamation in Early New England Communities,” 56 (4) New England Q. 504–22.Google Scholar
Thompson, Roger (1986) Sex in Middlesex: Popular Mores in a Massachusetts County, 1649–1699. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (1982) Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650–1750. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Warden, G. B. (1978) “Law Reform in England and New England,” 35 (4) William & Mary Q.Google Scholar
Warden, G. B.-(1984) “The Rhode Island Civil Code of 1647” in Hall, et al., eds. 1984.Google Scholar
Weisberg, D. Kelly (1982) “Under Great Temptations Here: Women and Divorce Law in Puritan Massachusetts,” in Weisberg, D. K, ed., Women and the Law: A Social Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Whitmore, William H., ed. (1889) The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Boston: Rockwell & Churchill.Google Scholar
Winthrop, John (1644) “Arbitrary Government Described: & the Government of Massachusetts Vindicated from this Aspersion,” Papers. Boston.Google Scholar
Winthrop, John (1953) History of New England from 1630 to 1649. New York: Barnes & Noble.Google Scholar
Zeman, Thomas Edward (1981) “Order, Crime and Punishment: the American Criminological Tradition.” Unpub. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California at Santa Cruz.Google Scholar

Cases

Case reports are found in Dow 1975; Noble 1904; Shurtleff 1853; Smith 1961.Google Scholar
Edward Adams, Noble 1904:105 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
Ralfe Allen, Noble 1904:84 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
Robert Allen, Noble 1904:70 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1637).Google Scholar
Thomas Andrewe, Noble 1904:19 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
William Androws, Noble 1904:78–79 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1638).Google Scholar
William Androws, Noble 1904:87 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
“Auld Churchman” of Lynn, Dow 1975:56 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Thomas Baguely, Noble 1904:97 (“A Court at Boston,” 1640).Google Scholar
Frances Ball, Smith 1961 (Court for Small Causes, Springfield, 1648).Google Scholar
Guido Baly, Dow 1975:49 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1642).Google Scholar
William Barber, Dow 1975:57–58 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Frances Bates, Dow 1975:147 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1648).Google Scholar
Dow, John Bayly Sr. 1975:166 (Quarter Court, Salisbury, 1642).Google Scholar
John Beamis, Noble 1904:135-36 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
John Blackleech, Dow 1975:55 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1638).Google Scholar
John Boggust, Noble 1904:6 (Court of Assistants, Charleston, 1630).Google Scholar
Joyce Bradwicke, Noble 1904:32 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1633).Google Scholar
James Brittaine, Noble 1904:139 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1644).Google Scholar
wife of Hugh Browne, Dow 1975:25 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1641).Google Scholar
John Buck, Dow 1975:188 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1650).Google Scholar
William Buckland, Noble 1904:19 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
Hugh Buets, Noble 1904:101 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
Arthur Carey, Dow 1975:204 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1650).Google Scholar
William Clark, Dow 1975:58 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
William Clark, Dow 1975:91 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1645).Google Scholar
John Clois, Noble 1904:88 (Court for Small Causes, Boston, 1635).Google Scholar
Robert Cocker, Dow 1975:44 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1642).Google Scholar
Robert Coles, Noble 1904:41 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1634).Google Scholar
John Cooke, Dow 1975:20 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1640).Google Scholar
Noble, John Cooper Jr. 1904:80 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1638).Google Scholar
Joseph Cowell, Mass. County Court 1933:250 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1873);.Google Scholar
Mass. County Court 1933:401 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1874).Google Scholar
Phillip Cromwell, Dow 1975:123 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1647).Google Scholar
Phillip Cromwell, Dow 1975:137 (Quarter Court Salem, 1648).Google Scholar
Dorothy Crosbie, Noble 1904:107 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
John Crosse, Noble 1904:76 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1638).Google Scholar
Isaac Davies, Noble 1904:67 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1637).Google Scholar
James Davies, Noble 1904:93 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
John Davies, Noble 1904:81 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
John Dawe, Noble 1904:19 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
Thomas Dexter, Noble 1904:30 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1632).Google Scholar
Thomas Dexter, Noble 1904:24 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1633).Google Scholar
Joseph Duntton, Dow 1975:84 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1645).Google Scholar
Sara Ellis, Dow 1975:135 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1648).Google Scholar
John England, Dow 1975:7 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1638).Google Scholar
Benjamin Felton, Noble 1904:60 (Quarter Court, Newton, 1635).Google Scholar
Katherine Finch, Noble 1904:83 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
William Flint, Dow 1975:50 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
William Flint, Dow 1975:174 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
Ralfe Fogge, Dow 1975:185-86 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1650).Google Scholar
Joseph Fowlar, Dow 1975:113 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1647).Google Scholar
Joseph Fowlar, Dow 1975:147 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1648).Google Scholar
Nicholas Frost (Court of Assistants, 1932).Google Scholar
John Galley, Noble 1904:60 (Court of Assistants, New Towne, 1635).Google Scholar
Gervase Garford, Dow 1975:159 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
John Garland, Noble 1904:121 (General Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
Gillman, Edward, and wife, Dow, 1975:143 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1648).Google Scholar
Charles Glover, Dow 1975:158 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1648).Google Scholar
William Goodwin, Dow 1975:156 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
John Goulworth, Noble 1904:6 (Court of Assistants, Charleston, 1630).Google Scholar
Christopher Graunt, Noble 1904:103 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
John Greene, Shurtleff 1853:224 (General Court, Newton, 1638).Google Scholar
John Guppi, Dow 1975:24 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1641).Google Scholar
Edward Gyles, Noble 1904:60 (Court of Assistants, New Towne, 1635).Google Scholar
Ann Haggett, Dow 1975:174 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
Edward Hall, Dow 1975:7 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1638).Google Scholar
Samuel Hall, Dow 1975:57 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
John Hathaway, Noble 1904:70 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1637).Google Scholar
John Haule, Shurtleff 1853:241 (General Court, Boston, 1638).Google Scholar
Jane Hawkins, Shurtleff 1853:224 (General Court, Newton, 1638).Google Scholar
Hobell, John and Abigail, , Smith, 1961:209 (Court for Small Causes, Springfield, 1640).Google Scholar
John Hogges, Shurtleff 1853:202 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
Dorcas Humphreye, 2 Shurtleff 1853:12–13 (General Court, Boston, 1642).Google Scholar
Anne Hutchinson, 1 Shurtleff 209 (General Court, 1637).Google Scholar
Elizabeth Johnson, Dow 1975:44 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1642).Google Scholar
Katherine, a negro servant, Dow 1975:196 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1650).Google Scholar
Katherine, a negro servant, Dow 1975:323 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1653).Google Scholar
Nicholas Knopp, Noble 1904:11 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
Laskin, Hugh and wife, Dow, 1975:69 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1644).Google Scholar
Mary Latham, Noble 1904:139 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1644).Google Scholar
Leakes, Henry, and wife, Noble, 1904:131 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
John Lee, Noble 1904:49 (Court of Assistants, Newton, 1634).Google Scholar
Dow, John Leech Sr. 1975:159 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
John Legge, Noble 1904:14 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
Lewis (first name unknown), Noble 1904:133 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
John Luffe, Dow 1975:182 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1648).Google Scholar
John Luxford, Shurtleff 1853:283 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
Henry Lyn, Noble 1904:6 (Court of Assistants, Charleston, 1630).Google Scholar
Henry Lyn, Noble 1904:19 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
Thomas Makepeace, Shurtleff 1853:252 (General Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
John Mascoll, Dow 1975:54 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Abraham Morell, Noble 1904:106 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
Thomas Morton, Noble 1904:74 (Court of Assistants, 1630).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ursula Odle, Noble 1904:121 (General Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
Joan Oliver, 2 Shurtleff 1853:11 (General Court, Boston, 1642).Google Scholar
Mary Oliver, Dow 1975:12 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1639).Google Scholar
Mary Oliver, Dow 1975:138 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1647).Google Scholar
Mary Oliver, Dow 1975:152 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1648).Google Scholar
Mary Oliver, Dow 1975:154 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1648).Google Scholar
Mary Oliver, Dow 1975:160 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
Mary Oliver, Dow 1975:185–86 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1650).Google Scholar
Mary Osborne, Noble 1904:108 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
Nicholas and Pacie, Katherine, Dow, 1975:23 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1640).Google Scholar
Thomas Pane, Dow 1975:5 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1637).Google Scholar
John Pease, Noble 1904:59 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1636).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John and Peirce, Ellinor, Noble, 1904:107 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
John Perrye, Dow 1975:186 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1650).Google Scholar
John Pickryn, Noble 1904:6 (Court of Assistants, Charleston, 1630).Google Scholar
William Pilsberry, Noble 1904:107 (Quarter Court,Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
William and Pilsberry, Dorothy, Noble, 1904:107 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
Josias Plastowe, Noble 1904:19 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
John Pope, Noble 1904:92 (Court for Small Causes, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
Richard Praye, Dow 1975:136 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1647).Google Scholar
Robert Prise, Mass. County Court 1933:481 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1874).Google Scholar
Henry Renolds, Dow 1975:158 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
Richardson, John and Fryar, Elisabeth, Shurtleff, 1853:86 (General Court, Boston, 1644).Google Scholar
Richardson, John and Fryar, Elizabeth, Noble, 1904:139 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1644).Google Scholar
Jane Robinson, Noble 1904:89 (“A Court of Assistants or Quarter Court,” Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
George Ropps, Noble 1904:62 (“A Court at New Towne,” 1636).Google Scholar
John and Rowden, Mary, Dow, 1975:185 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1650).Google Scholar
Thomas Rowell, Dow 1975:166 (Quarter Court, Salisbury, 1642).Google Scholar
Thomas Rowlinson, Dow 1975:142–43 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1648).Google Scholar
John Russell, Dow 1975:57 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Russell, John and wife, Dow, 1975:59 (Quarter Court, 1643).Google Scholar
Richard Saltonstall, Noble 1904:11 (Quarter Court, Waterton, 1631).Google Scholar
Thomas Sams, Dow 1975:13 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1639).Google Scholar
John Sayle, Noble 1904:32 (“A Court at Boston,” 1633).Google Scholar
Robert Scarlett, Noble 1904:60 (“A Court at New Towne,” 1635).Google Scholar
Margaret Seale, Noble 1904:70 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1637).Google Scholar
Seawall, Henry & Ellen, wife, Noble, 1904:59 (10/6/35 Quarter Court).Google Scholar
Henry Sewall, Shurtleff 1853:286 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
Samuel Sherman, Noble 1904:106 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
Peter Simes, Dow 1975:35 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1642).Google Scholar
Peter Simes, Dow 1975:51 (Quarter court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Peter Simes, Dow 1975:58 (Quarter court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Peter Simes, Dow 1975:160 (Quarter court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
James Smith, Dow 1975:19 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1639).Google Scholar
Matthew Stanly, Dow 1975:180 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1649).Google Scholar
Stanly, Matthew and Andrewes, Ruth, Dow, 1975:180 (Quarter Court, Ipswich, 1649).Google Scholar
Thomas Starr, Noble 1904:73 (Quarter Court, Newton, 1638).Google Scholar
Isaac Stoughton, Noble 1904:84 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
Thomas Stoughton, Noble 1904:10 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1631).Google Scholar
William Swifte, Noble 1904:53 (Quarter Court, Newton, 1635).Google Scholar
Dorothy Talbie, Dow 1975:6 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1637).Google Scholar
Dorothy Talbie, Dow 1975:9 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1638).Google Scholar
Dorothy Talbie, Noble 1904:78 (Court of Assistants, Boston, 1638).Google Scholar
Jonathan Thing, Noble 1904:106 (General Court, Boston, 1641).Google Scholar
John Vaughan, Noble 1904:91 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
William Vinson, Dow 1975:174 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
Jonathan Wade, Noble 1904:101 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
William Wake, Noble 1904:100 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1640).Google Scholar
Wililam Wake, Dow 1975:159 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1649).Google Scholar
John Wheelright, Shurtleff 1853:67 (General Court, Boston, 1644).Google Scholar
Robert Wilson, Noble 1904:86 (Quarter Court, Boston, 1639).Google Scholar
Richard Wilson, Noble 1904:104 (“A Court at Boston,” 1641).Google Scholar
William Wilson, Dow 1975:57 (Quarter Court, Salem, 1643).Google Scholar
Robert Wyar, Noble 1904:121 (General Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar
Sarah Wythes, Noble 1904:121 (General Court, Boston, 1643).Google Scholar