Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:45:47.881Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Litigation Dilemmas: Lessons from the Marcos Human Rights Class Action

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

How do activist plaintiffs experience the process of human rights litigation under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS)? Answering this question is key to understanding the impact on transnational legal mobilization of Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., in which the US Supreme Court sharply limited the scope of the ATS. Yet sociolegal scholars know remarkably little about the experiences of ATS litigants, before or after Kiobel. This article describes how activist litigants in a landmark ATS class action against former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos faced a series of strategic dilemmas, and how disagreements over how to resolve those dilemmas played into divisions between activists and organizations on the Philippine left. The article develops an analytical framework focused on litigation dilemmas to explain how and why activists who pursue ATS litigation as an opportunity for legal mobilization may also encounter strategic dilemmas that contribute to dissension within a social movement.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aceves, William J. 2007. The Anatomy of Torture: A Documentary History of Filártiga v. Peña‐Irala. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Albiston, Catherine. 1999. The Rule of Law and the Litigation Process: The Paradox of Losing by Winning. Law & Society Review 33:869910.Google Scholar
Albiston, Catherine. 2011. The Dark Side of Litigation as a Social Movement Strategy. Iowa Law Review Bulletin 96:6177.Google Scholar
Barclay, Scott, Jones, Lynn C., and Marshall, Anna‐Maria. 2011. Two Spinning Wheels: Studying Law and Social Movements. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 54:116.Google Scholar
Barrett, Paul M. 2011. Amazon Crusader. Chevron Pest. Fraud? Bloomberg Businessweek, March 9. http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/content/11_12/b4220056636512.htm (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Bell, Derrick A. 1976. Serving Two Masters: Integration Ideals and Client Interests in School Desegregation Litigation. Yale Law Journal 85:470516.Google Scholar
Bellinger, John. 2014. In Spate of New ATS Decisions, Courts Are Divided About Meaning of Kiobel's “Touch and Concern” Standard. Lawfare blog, September 28. http://www.lawfareblog.com/2014/09/in-spate-of-new-ats-decisions-courts-are-divided-about-meaning-of-kiobels-touch-and-concern-standard (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Bennoune, Karima. 2011. The Paradoxical Feminist Quest for Remedy: A Case Study of Jane Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front and Anouar Haddam . International Criminal Law Review 11:579–87.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. The Forms of Capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. Richardson, John G., 241–58. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Bumiller, Kristin. 1987. Victims in the Shadow of the Law: A Critique of the Model of Legal Protection. Signs 12:421–39.Google Scholar
Cabello‐Barrueto, Zita. 2014. In Search of Spring: A Sister's Quest to Unearth the Truth About Her Brother's Assassination by Chile's Caravan of Death. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.Google Scholar
Claude, Richard Pierre. 1983. The Case of Joelito Filártiga and the Clinic of Hope. Human Rights Quarterly 5:275301.Google Scholar
Cleveland, Sarah. 2004. The Alien Tort Statute, Civil Society, and Corporate Responsibility. Rutgers Law Review 56:971–88.Google Scholar
Coffee, John. 2000. Class Action Accountability: Reconciling Exit, Voice, and Loyalty in Representative Litigation. Columbia Law Review 100:370439.Google Scholar
Coliver, Sandra, Green, Jennie, and Hoffman, Paul. 2005. Holding Human Rights Violators Accountable by Using International Law in U.S. Courts: Advocacy Efforts and Complementary Strategies. Emory International Law Review 19:169226.Google Scholar
Collingsworth, Terry. 2002. The Key Human Rights Challenge: Developing Enforcement Mechanisms. Harvard Human Rights Journal 15:183204.Google Scholar
Comaroff, John L., and Comaroff, Jean. 2009. Ethnicity, Inc. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Curran, Vivian Grosswald, and Sloss, David. 2013. Reviving Human Rights Litigation After Kiobel . American Journal of International Law 107:858–63.Google Scholar
Dale, John G. 2011. Free Burma: Transnational Legal Action and Corporate Accountability. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Madsen, Mikael Rask. 2012. The Force of Law and Lawyers: Pierre Bourdieu and the Reflexive Sociology of Law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8:433–52.Google Scholar
EarthRights International. 2005. Final Settlement Reached in Doe v. Unocal. http://www.earthrights.org/legal/final-settlement-reached-doe-v-unocal (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Eisenberg, Theodore, and Lanvers, Charlotte. 2009. What Is the Settlement Rate and Why Should We Care? Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 6:111–46.Google Scholar
Felsteiner, William L. F., Abel, Richard L., and Sarat, Austin. [1980] 1981. The Emergence and Transformation of Disputes: Naming, Blaming, Claiming. … Law & Society Review 15:631–54.Google Scholar
Filártiga, Dolly. 2004. American Courts, Global Justice. New York Times, March 30. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/30/opinion/american-courts-global-justice.html (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Flyvberg, Bent. 2006. Five Misunderstandings About Case‐Study Research. Qualitative Inquiry 12:219–45.Google Scholar
Folkenflik, David. 2010. A “Crude” Awakening: Chevron vs. The Documentarian. NPR All Things Considered, June 4. http://www.npr.org/templates/story.php?storyId=127410188 (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Gabel, Peter. 1984. The Phenomenology of Rights‐Consciousness and the Pact of the Withdrawn Selves. Texas Law Review 62:1563–99.Google Scholar
Garth, Bryant G. 1992. Power and Artifice: The Federal Class Action. Law & Society Review 26:237–71.Google Scholar
Green, Jennifer M. 2014. The Rule of Law at a Crossroad: Enforcing Corporate Responsibility in International Investment Through the Alien Tort Statute. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 35:10851111.Google Scholar
Greer, Jed. 2001. Plaintiff Pseudonymity and the Alien Tort Claims Act: Questions and Challenges. Columbia Human Rights Law Review 32:517–63.Google Scholar
Harris, Theresa. 2008. Settling a Corporate Accountability Lawsuit Without Sacrificing Human Rights: Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo! . Human Rights Brief 15:1013.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Paul, and Beth, Stephens. 2013. International Human Rights Cases Under State Law and in State Courts. UC Irvine Law Review 3:923.Google Scholar
Holzmeyer, Cheryl. 2009. Human Rights in an Era of Neoliberal Globalization: The Alien Tort Claims Act and Grassroots Mobilization in Doe v. Unocal . Law & Society Review 43:271304.Google Scholar
Johnson, Kevin R. 2004. International Human Rights Class Actions: New Frontiers for Group Litigation. Michigan State Law Review 2004:643–70.Google Scholar
Katotohanan at Katarungan Foundation. 1999. The Two Billion Dollar Human Rights Uproar: The Controversial Claims Against the Marcos Estate and Insights into the Motives Deceptions of a Conspiracy of Vultures. Quezon City: Katotohanan at Katarungan Foundation.Google Scholar
Keck, Margaret E., and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, David. 2004. The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Duncan. 2002. The Critique of Rights in Critical Legal Studies. In Left Legalism/Left Critique, ed. Brown, Wendy and Halley, Janet E., 178228. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1995. The Political Opportunity Structure of New Social Movements: Its Impact on Their Mobilization. In The Politics of Social Protest, ed. Jenkins, J. Craig and Klandermans, Bert, 167–98. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lakhani, Sarah Morando. 2013. Producing Immigrant Victims' “Right” to Legal Status and the Management of Legal Uncertainty. Law & Social Inquiry 38:442–73.Google Scholar
Lutz, Ellen, and Sikkink, Kathryn. 2001. The Justice Cascade: The Evolution and Impact of Foreign Human Rights Trials in Latin America. Chicago Journal of International Law 2:134.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, Catherine A. 2000. Collective Harms Under the Alien Tort Statute: A Cautionary Note on Class Actions. ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law 6:567–73.Google Scholar
Marshall, Anna‐Maria, and Hale, Daniel Crocker. 2014. Cause Lawyering. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 10:301–20.Google Scholar
Mattei, Ugo, and Lena, Jeffrey S. 2001. U.S. Jurisdiction Over Conflicts Arising Outside of the United States: Some Hegemonic Implications. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 24:381400.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Meili, Stephen. 2005 . Cause Lawyering for Collective Justice: A Case Study of the Amparo Colectivo in Argentina. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 383409. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working‐Class Americans. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Milner, Neal. 1986. The Dilemmas of Legal Mobilization: Ideologies and Strategies of Mental Patient Liberation Groups. Law & Policy 8:105–29.Google Scholar
Moyn, Samuel. 2010. The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mutua, Makau wa. 2002. Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Nader, Laura, and Todd, Harry F. Jr., eds. 1978. The Disputing Process: Law in Ten Societies. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
NeJaime, Douglas. 2011. Winning Through Losing. Iowa Law Review 92:9411012.Google Scholar
NeJaime, Douglas. 2012. The Legal Mobilization Dilemma. Emory Law Journal 61:663736.Google Scholar
Posner, Eric. 2013. The United States Can't be the World's Courthouse. Slate, April 24. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2013/04/the_supreme_court_and_the_alien_tort_statute_ending_ human_rights_suits.html (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam. 1985. Capitalism and Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ratner, Morris. 2003. Factors Impacting the Selection and Positioning of Human Rights Class Actions in United States Courts: A Practical Overview. New York University Annual Survey of American Law 58:623–49.Google Scholar
Redford, Katie, and Stephens, Beth. 2008. The Story of Doe v. Unocal: Justice Delayed But Not Denied. In Human Rights Advocacy Stories, ed. Hurwitz, Deena R., Satterthwaite, Margaret L., and Ford, Douglas B., 433–62. New York: Foundation Press.Google Scholar
Rhode, Deborah. 1982. Class Conflicts in Class Actions. Stanford Law Review 34:11831262.Google Scholar
Riles, Annelise. 2011. Collateral Knowledge: Legal Reasoning in the Global Financial Markets. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart A. 2005. Introduction: The Dynamics of Cause Lawyering—Constraints and Opportunities. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 134. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. 1974. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Shdaimah, Corey S. 2005. Dilemmas of “Progressive” Lawyering: Empowerment and Hierarchy. In The Worlds Cause Lawyers Make: Structure and Agency in Legal Practice, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 239–73. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Simpson, Susan. 2013. Alien Tort Cases Resulting in Plaintiff Victories. View from LL2 (blog), November 11, 2009 (updated March 2013). http://viewfromll2.com/2009/11/11/alien-tort-statute-cases-resulting-in-plaintiff-victories/ (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Southworth, Ann. 1999. Collective Representation for the Disadvantaged: Variations in Problems of Accountability. Fordham Law Review 67:2449–73.Google Scholar
Swift, Robert. 2013. A Short Memory. Philippine Daily Inquirer, March 22. http://opinion.inquirer.net/49279/a-short-memory (accessed May 25, 2015).Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 2005. The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tushnet, Marc. 1984. An Essay on Rights. Texas Law Review 62:13631403.Google Scholar
van Schaack, Beth. 2004. With All Deliberate Speed: Civil Human Rights Litigation as a Tool for Social Change. Vanderbilt Law Review 57:2305–48.Google Scholar
Vanhala, Lisa. 2012. Legal Opportunity Structures and the Paradox of Legal Mobilization by the Environmental Movement in the UK. Law & Society Review 46:523–56.Google Scholar
Ward, Ettie. 1988. The Litigator's Dilemma: Waiver of Core Work Product Used in Trial Litigation. St. John's Law Review 62:515–47.Google Scholar
Weekley, Kathleen. 1996. From Vanguard to Rearguard: The Theoretical Roots of the Crisis of the Communist Party of the Philippines. In The Revolution Falters: The Left in Philippine Politics Since 1986, ed. Abinales, Patricio N., 2859. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program.Google Scholar
Weinstein, Jack B. 1994. Ethical Dilemmas in Mass Tort Litigation. Northwestern University Law Review 88:469568.Google Scholar
Doe v. Unocal Corp., 963 F. Supp. 880 (C.D. Cal. 1997).Google Scholar
Doe v. Unocal Corp., 67 F. Supp. 2d 1140 (C.D. Cal. 1999).Google Scholar
Filártiga v. Peña‐Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980).Google Scholar
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333 (1977).Google Scholar
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 569 U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1659 (2013).Google Scholar
National Coalition Gov't of Burma v. Unocal, Inc., 176 F.R.D. 329 (C.D. Cal. 1997).Google Scholar
Roe v. Unocal Corp., 70. F. Supp. 2d 1073 (C.D. Cal. 1999).Google Scholar
Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (1789).Google Scholar
Brief for the Center for Justice and Accountability, National Consortium of Torture Treatment Programs and Individual ATCA Plaintiffs and Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent, Sosa v. Alavarez‐Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004).Google Scholar
Declaration of Daniel Vizmanos in support of motion to intervene. Makati, Philippines. Dec. 18, 1991.Google Scholar
Marcos Litigation Documents (on file with author).Google Scholar
Memorandum in Support of SELDA intervention in Hilao v. Marcos. Jan. 3, 1992.Google Scholar
Plaintiffs' Memorandum Sur SELDA's Motion to Intervene. Jan. 13, 1992.Google Scholar
US District Court for the District of Hawaii. In re Estate of Ferdinand E. Marcos Human Rights Litigation. Transcript of Proceedings. Jan. 20, 1992.Google Scholar
US District Court for the District of Hawaii. In re Estate of Ferdinand E. Marcos Human Rights Litigation. Transcript of Proceedings. April 29, 1999.Google Scholar
Doe v. Unocal Corp., 963 F. Supp. 880 (C.D. Cal. 1997).Google Scholar
Doe v. Unocal Corp., 67 F. Supp. 2d 1140 (C.D. Cal. 1999).Google Scholar
Filártiga v. Peña‐Irala, 630 F.2d 876 (2d Cir. 1980).Google Scholar
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333 (1977).Google Scholar
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 569 U.S. ___, 133 S.Ct. 1659 (2013).Google Scholar
National Coalition Gov't of Burma v. Unocal, Inc., 176 F.R.D. 329 (C.D. Cal. 1997).Google Scholar
Roe v. Unocal Corp., 70. F. Supp. 2d 1073 (C.D. Cal. 1999).Google Scholar
Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350 (1789).Google Scholar
Brief for the Center for Justice and Accountability, National Consortium of Torture Treatment Programs and Individual ATCA Plaintiffs and Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent, Sosa v. Alavarez‐Machain, 542 U.S. 692 (2004).Google Scholar
Declaration of Daniel Vizmanos in support of motion to intervene. Makati, Philippines. Dec. 18, 1991.Google Scholar
Marcos Litigation Documents (on file with author).Google Scholar
Memorandum in Support of SELDA intervention in Hilao v. Marcos. Jan. 3, 1992.Google Scholar
Plaintiffs' Memorandum Sur SELDA's Motion to Intervene. Jan. 13, 1992.Google Scholar
US District Court for the District of Hawaii. In re Estate of Ferdinand E. Marcos Human Rights Litigation. Transcript of Proceedings. Jan. 20, 1992.Google Scholar
US District Court for the District of Hawaii. In re Estate of Ferdinand E. Marcos Human Rights Litigation. Transcript of Proceedings. April 29, 1999.Google Scholar